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Bionik rests on the foundations of
biological evolution. Disciples of Evo-
lutionary Algorithms are convinced
of the performance of the biological
optimization-method. Of this follows:
What is Bionik?
Science for the modeling and utilizationof results of biological evolution
The task of Bionik is the analysis
of biological processes and struc-
and their synthesis for the
designs of tomorrow. The idea of
Bionik is based on the fact of evo-
lution and coevolution in nature. Technologies
of life are optimized and in harmony with one
another. It is a chance if imitating the biology to
receive an efficient solution which fits at the
same time in the environment. Because who
speaks today about gentle technology does it
mostly with a look to biology.
tures
Bionik: Building on Biological Evolution
Ingo Rechenberg
Technische Universität Berlin
Bionik und Evolutionstechnik
www.bionik.tu-berlin.de
Prepared for GECCO 2004
Bionik
Sandskink
Lasso spider waiting for a chance
Wondrous Technologies in Nature
Angler-fish with an illuminated lure
Bombardier beetle in shooting position The archer-fish aims at an insect
Ant-lion lurking in the pitfall Scarab rolling the gathered food away
Biological model simply to be mimicked
Leonardo da Vinci
Part of the outline for a flying machine
Before the examining board
The Avion III makes only small jumps
The seed of Macrozanonia macrocarpa as a model for the tailless airplane of Igo Etrich
The bat
Otto Lilienthal on August 16th, 1894
The glider mimics a bird with spread wing tips
Flight historyand Bionik
Spindle body !Wing in front !Elevator behind !
Solution of the biological evolution and the
engineering solution after 100 years development
DO 328
Tern
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
ca
Liftcoeffic
ient
Angle of incidence
1000
20 30 40o o o o o
Wing with artificialcovering feathers
�
Standard wing
Re =130 000Reflux-Bags
Bionik development in the past
Brown Skua: Aeroflexible covert feathersact as a non-return valve. The reverse flowopens - just before stall - the Reflux-Bags.
Bionik development today (covering-feather-effect)
� �
cL
cL
?
Minimum pressure
Research goal for aircraft safety
Flow separationand aircraft crash
Ideal airfoil forstall safety in flight
Movement of the separation pointto the region of minimum pressure
Braking the reverse flow throughtthe covert feathers
Covert feathers
aorta
arterial branches
10
1
0.1
0.01
10 10 10 100 3 96
D
z
mm
5%+-
arteriae
arterial branchlets
arterioles
Evolution and
mathematical3
0opt math /1 zDDi =optimization
D0 Di
30 /1 zDDi =
capillary tubes
Optimized biological solution: Proof 1
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234567 1
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of
the
ev
olu
tion
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solu
tion
Bio
logica
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ilar
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lityQ
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olu
tion
s
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logica
lQ
ua
lityQ
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=B
irdw
ingprofile
=R
oofingtiles
=P
oppycapsule
=S
altshaker
Fb
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=B
utterflyscales
stop
=A
irfoilsectionC
t bC
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Drag coefficientLi
ftco
effic
ient
0.1 0.2 0.300
0.4
0.8
1.2
Aspect ratio =3.8
cDc
L
�
Spread wing versus normal wing(Diploma thesis Michael Stache 1992)
Drag coefficient
Lift
coef
ficie
nt
0.1 0.2 0.300
0.4
0.8
1.2
Aspect ratio /2=2.3
cD
cL
�
Spread wing versus normal wing(Diploma thesis Gerhard Peintinger 1984)
Half-wing experiment
Winglets at an airplane: Pre-stage of the spread primary feathers of the bird
Boeing C-17 A Globemaster III
Multiwinglets at a glider designedwith the Evolution Strategy
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vv
v v
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2
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22
11111
2 v
v
A
AvTP
��
Is from the energetic point of view:
“a” better than “b”“b” better than “a”“a” as good as “b”
A 64000-dollar question:
A sieve shall be driventhrough the air.
?
A
A
1
2
Sievea
b
The flying fish and
The propeller-sieve-model Sieve
vv
vv
a
b
P
P
1
2
1
1
21
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a
b
v vv1
vv1
v2
v
the propeller sieve model
of Heinrich Hertel
Smooth surface:
The dirt particles
are predominantly
owerflowed by
the water-droplet.
Micro-burled
waxen surface:
The rolling droplet
washes the dirt
particles away.
Self-cleaning ability
Lotusflower
Microrelief of the leave
Bionik product
Development of the Lotus color
“Lotusan”
Mechanism of the Lotus-EffectR
Micro-burls
Optics of themoth eye
100
98
94
96
92
90
88
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800200 2000
not antireflected
moth-eye structureantireflected by a
Tra
nsm
issi
onin
perc
ent
Wavelength in nanometer
The burls work as agentle amendment ofthe refractive index
Light-reflection is avoidedby a steadily increasingrefractive index
1050 ×1050 ×
4120 ×4120 ×
420 ×420 ×
130 ×130 ×
Biologically inspired micro-structures
Veil of air bubbles
Drag minimization in nature 1
Dolphin skin
Fish slime
Five cunning techniques which reducethe flow resistance in nature
Penguin form
Drag minimization in nature 2
Drag minimization in nature 5
Drag minimization
Drag minimization in nature 4
Shark scales
in nature 3
The streamlined body of fish, sharks, wales, dolphinsand penguins, which avoids vortex formation.
The threadlike molecules of the fish slime, whichsmooth small eddies in the turbulent boundary flow.
so that the transition to turbulence is delayed.The compliant dolphin skin, which absorbs oscillations
The longitudinal grooves in the shark skin, which slowdown the flicker of the flow in the laminar sublayer.
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
Air bubbles, which leave the plumage of the penguinat high speeds and reduce the viscosity of the water.
5.
Scincus scincus
Cunning techniqueswhich reduce flowresistance of fastswimming animals
The sandfish of the Sahara may reduce the solid friction coefficient
Solid frictionSandskink(scincus scincus)
Skink
Steel
GlassNylon
Teflon
13 14 15 18 18 19 20 22 24 25 27 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 29 th August
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ERG CHEBBI: 11/08/2000 - 31/08/2000
Surface friction: SandskinkAn
gle
of
sli
din
gfr
icti
on
versus technical materials
20°22°
Sand stream measurements
Sand
Sand
stops
runs
Ingo Rechenberg andAbdullah Regaby El Khyari
Skink (2002)
Skink
Steel
15 16 18 20 20 21 21 21 21 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 30 30 th August
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ERG CHEBBI 4. - 31. 8. 2003
An
gle
of
slid
ing
fric
tio
n
Sand cylinder measurements
Sandfunnel
Sandblast
Objectplatform
Simple apparatus forthe abrasion tests
Sandtubule
Angularscale
Objectplatform
Hand lever
30 cm
Impact point of the sandblast
Impact time: 10 hours
Abrasive spot:
Steel
Glass
Simple apparatusfor the frictionmeasurements
Geckos get a grip using
van der Waals forces
The wonder of the dry adhesion
of the Gecko toes
500000 microhairs
2 kg( theoretically)
Ph
oto
:M
.M
off
et
Kellar Autumn, Ronald Fearing, Metin Siiti
Synthetic Gecko hairs promise walking up walls
(New Scientist 15. 05. 2003)
A future vision
Vegetative
cells
Heterocysts
Nosto
cm
uscoru
m
Hydrogen
generationin
nature
Heterocyst
VegetativeC
ell
Heliom
itesin
theS
ahara-
Futuristic
viewofa
100kW
solarhydrogen
farm
Bioreactor
design:A
lgaeand
purplebacteria
inthe
Sahara
Pro
ject:
tificialacteria-
lgae-
ymb
iosis
ArB
AS
Ar
BS
A
Pu
rple
bacteria
Alg
ae
So
larcell
Evap
oratio
nco
oler
Scale reduction of a growing gearwheel
Scalingsubstance
The “New Age” of manufacturing
Future ofBionik
1999
2099
Gentle manufacturingby growth
Manufacturing bymetal-cutting
From “macro”
to “nano”
Created molecule which reproduces itself
Two new fields of Bionics in the 21th century:
Replionics
Auxonics
Fill in morphofluid
Put in morpho-germ
Select product
Take out phenoduct
Instructions for the Morphojet 7
MorphJet 7
MorphJet 7
MorphJet 7
ReactionReaction
Principle outline afterJulius Rebek
Sw
arm
of
artific
iald
rag
on
flies
Transducer
Sensor
0.5 mm
Vector
ofsoundparticle
velocity
&O
scillator
Tufted
antenna
Eigenfrequency
Microsystem
“Johnston’sO
rgan”
Sound
particle
Artific
ialdra
gonfly
(MA
V)
Antenna
ofmale
midge
Fu
ture
of
Bio
nik
Cochloid cleaning the window
Artificial Ladybug -
Insectoid 2020
a study of miniatur robots
Future of
Bionik
Cogito e o sumrg
Artificial consciousness 2099