Biomolecules1

BIOMOLECULES

SHAHINA AKHTER
XI A
GULF ASIAN ENGLISH SCHOOL

BIOMOLECULES

1. ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIVING ORGANISMS

Take a living tissue, weigh & grind it in trichloroacidic acid

Thick slurry is filtered through cheese cloth

Filtrate

Retentate

Inorganic compounds ash analysis

Living tissue is weighed to get wet weight

This is dried dry weight

C CO2 + H2O

Ca, Mg, Na, K

2.BIOMOLECULES OF CELLS

CHEMISTRY

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ketone-group-2D-skeletal.svg/150px-Ketone-group-2D-skeletal.svg.pnghttp://www.daviddarling.info/images/aldehyde.pnghttp://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/gif/benz1.gifBIOLOGICAL

MICROMOLECULES

MACROMOLECULES

M < 1000 MICROMOLECULES

(i)Amino acids(ii)Sugars(iii)Nucleotides(iv)Lipids

M > 1000 BIOMACROMOLECULES

(i)Polysaccharides(ii)Nucleic acids(iii)Proteins

Acid-soluble fraction cytoplasmic composition

Acid-insoluble fraction macromolecules of cytoplasm + cell organelles

COMPONENTS

%

Water

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Ions

70 9010 155 7About 3About 2About 1

3. AMINO ACIDS

http://homepages.ius.edu/dspurloc/c122/images/aminostrc.gifBasic amino acids

Lysine

(ii)Acidic amino acids Glutamic acid

(iii)Neutral amino acidsAlanine

http://0.tqn.com/d/chemistry/1/0/6/V/1/lysine.pnghttp://image.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/904822/98885087/stock-photo-amino-acid-glutamic-acid-structural-formula-98885087.jpghttp://0.tqn.com/d/chemistry/1/0/I/V/1/alanine.pngAromatic amino acids

http://0.tqn.com/d/chemistry/1/0/4/N/1/phenylalanine.jpgPhenyl alanine

4.SUGARS

Monosaccharides : simplest sugars, which cannot be hydrolysed further into smaller sugars

Composed of 3-7 C atoms :

(i) Triose (3C) (Glyceraldehyde)

(ii) Tetrose (4C) (Erythrose)

(iii) Pentose (5C) (Ribose)

(iv) Hexose (6C) (Glucose)

(v) Heptose (7C) (Sedoheptulose)

http://img.tfd.com/mgh/ceb/thumb/Structural-formula-for-x3b1-D-glucose.jpghttp://img.tfd.com/mgh/ceb/thumb/Structural-formula-for-x3b1-d-galactose.jpgGlucose

Galactose

Monosaccharides have either a free CHO / CO group reducing sugars

Oligosaccharides : when 2/ few monosaccharides are combined by glycosidic bonds

They are named as:

(i) Disaccharides (2) : Sucrose

(ii) Trisaccharides (3) : Arabinose

(iii) Tetrasaccharides (4) :Stachyose

(iv) Pentasaccharides (5) : Verbascose

http://img.tfd.com/mgh/ceb/thumb/Formula-for-maltose-x3b1-form-indicates-reducing-group.jpgMaltose

5.LIPIDS

Heterogenous group of organic compunds

Water insoluble but soluble in non-polar organic solvents

Lipids

Straight chain compounds

Fused hydrocarbon rings+ long hydrocarbon chain e.g, cholesterol

Simple lipids

Oil Fats Waxes

Phospholipids Glycolipids Sphingolipids

Compound lipids

http://www.npalab.com/chemistry/cholesterol/index_files/cholesterol-2d.pngCHOLESTEROL

Lipids fatty acid

COOH R ( -CH3 , -C2H5 , -CH2)

http://www.chemspider.com/ImagesHandler.ashx?id=960&w=200&h=200PALMITIC ACID

Fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids butyric acid

Unsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid

http://www.lookchem.com/UserFilesUpload/323.gifhttp://0.tqn.com/d/chemistry/1/0/b/K/1/Linoleic_acid.jpgSimple lipid glycerol

Formed by esterification of glycerol with fatty acids monoglycerides , diglycerides , triglycerides

Fats high m.p & remain soilds at room temp (Butter)

Oils low m.p & remain liquids at low room temp (Sunflower oil)

http://home.roadrunner.com/~lubehawk/BioHELP!/glycerol.jpghttp://img.tfd.com/mgh/ceb/thumb/709700SX.jpgPhospholipids when lipids have P & phosphorylated organic compounds e.g. lecithin

Brains have sphingolipids

http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/excipients/current/images/ExclecithinC001_default.pngPHOSPHOLIPID - LECITHIN

6.NUCLEOTIDES

Phosphorylated nucleosides adenylic acid, guanylic acid, thymidylic acid, cytidylic acid & uridylic acid

N base attached to pentose sugar adenosine, guanosine, thymidine, cytidine & uridine

http://library.thinkquest.org/27819/media/bases.gifPurine + pyridimine monomers

Higher nucleotides store energy in their high energy P bonds

Nicotinamide + riboflavin coenzymes

Coenzymes : non protein organic moiety of holoenzyme

7.PRIMARY & SECONDARY METABOLITES

PRIMARY

SECONDARY

IDENTIFIABLE FUNCTIONS

PRDTS OF CERTAIN METABOLIC PATHWAYS

PRIMARY METABOLITES amino acids, N bases, proteins, nucleic acids, etc.

SECONDARY METABOLITES

(i) Pigments : Anthocyanin, carotenoids

(ii) Drugs : Vinblastin, curcumin

(iii) Alkaloids : Morphine, codeine

(iv) Essential oils : Lemon grass oil

(v) Lectins : Concanavalin A

(vi) Terpenoids : Monoterpenes

(vii) Toxins : Abrin, Ricin

(viii) Polymeric Compounds : Rubber, cellulose, gums

8.BIOMACROMOLECULES

M > 1000 daltons

Found in acid insoluble fraction

POLYSACCHARIDES NUCLEIC ACIDS PROTEINS LIPIDS

9. POLYSACCHARIDES

HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES(CELLULOSE , STARCH)

HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES(CHITIN)

http://cavemanchemistry.com/oldcave/projects/twine/cellulose.gifMONOMER GLUCOSE

PRESENT IN PLANT CELL WALL

Starch Glycogen Inulin

GLUCOSE

GLUCOSE

FRUCTOSE

PLANTS

ANIMALS

STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDE

STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDE

http://www.braukaiser.com/wiki/images/1/15/Glycosidic_bond.gifhttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5gzIXKpfex4/T4E5EQzlTGI/AAAAAAAAAUQ/E3oaEEZSrUk/s1600/image002-717790.png

Amylose

http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/images/amylose.gifhttp://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSdDzt8-ayCqB0o2JnMGXsjDr9RpI-Th3PSEMFHBXJ_6Zbw4ZfKUa0r1UgNHAAmylopectin

http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/images/amylopectin.gifhttp://i30.photobucket.com/albums/c349/wee-mama-xyz/graphs/Amylopectin1.jpg10.NUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA

RNA

http://www.ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/phosphodiester_bond_med.jpeghttp://www.nature.com/scitable/content/24298/sadava_11_9_large_2.jpgRIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)

http://www.museumoftheearth.org/sites/halfshell/img/molec/RNA_lg.jpghttp://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Fg10_09b_revised.gif mRNA : Carries information from DNA to ribosome

Decides sequence of amino acids

tRNA: Carries an amino acid from cytoplasm to r ibosome

rRNA: Forms parts of ribosomes

Forms part of seat of protein synthesis

11.PROTEINS

Heteropolymers containing string/strings of amino acids

Types of proteins result from 20 amino acids

Depending on

(i) no. of amino acid residues

(ii)sequence of amino acids

STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS

(i) Primary structure

http://images.tutorvista.com/content/cellular-macromolecules/protein-primary-structure.jpeg(ii) SECONDARY STRUCTURE

http://www.abcte.org/files/previews/biology/BioMod%203%5B1%5D.3%20secondary%20structure.jpg(iii) TERTIARY STRUCTURE

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/TRNA_all2.png/250px-TRNA_all2.png(iv) QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE

http://chemistry.umeche.maine.edu/MAT500/1bl8-2.jpgCLASSIFICATION

PROTEINS

FIBROUSPolypeptides arranged in parallel bundles (silk fibres, keratin & collagen)

GLOBULARPolypeptides become coiled & folded (albumin, globulin, haemoglobin )

http://www.nd.edu/~aseriann/fibglob.gifPROTEINS

SIMPLEComposed of amino acids(histones, albumins)

CONJUGATEPeptide chain & cofactor

http://www.precisionnutrition.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Figure-1-Histones-1024x1022.jpghttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Peptide.gifCONJUGATE PROTEINS

Chromoproteins pigments along with amino acids (haemoglobin)

Lipoproteins lipids in their molecules (egg yolk)

Phosphoproteins phosphate grp with amino acids (casein of milk)

Metalloproteins contain metallic ion with amino acids (Zn carbonic anhydrase)

Glycoproteins contain carbohydrates with amino acids

Nucleoproteins contain nucleic acids with amino acids (virus)

PROTEINS FUNCTIONS

Collagen Intercellular/extracellular ground substance

Trypsin Enzyme to digest protein

Insulin A hormone that regulates glucose level

4.Gamma globulin Antibody, that fights against infections5.Receptors Proteins that receive stimulus/substance6.GLUT- T Regulates transport of glucose into cells

12.CONCEPT OF METABOLISM

METABOLIC PATHWAYS DYNAMIC STATE OF BODY CONSTITUENTS

LINEAR

CIRCULAR

http://www.pancreaticdiseasecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/metabolomics_11.jpghttp://www.laetusinpraesens.org/docs/images/ching00a_files/image024.jpgMETABOLISM

ANABOLISMMore complex compounds are formed from simple ones (proteins synthesis)

CATABOLISMComplex substance is broken into 2 / more smaller substances (Digestion of proteins by peptides

13. ENZYMES
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES

Proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions in living cells

Each enzyme catalyses the reaction of 1 substrate

Each enzyme requires a specific pH & temp

They accelerate a reaction

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ENZYMES & INORGANIC CATALYSTS

Catalysts remain unchanged at the end of the reaction & they can be used again

Required in far less quantities as compared to the substrate

Do not initiate a reaction, but rate of reaction by lowering activation energy

Do not alter eqm of a reversible reaction

Form short-lived complexes with substrates

DIFFERENCES B/W ENZYMES & INORGANIC CATALYSTS

NOMENCLATURE OF ENZYMES

Adding suffix ase to the substrate on which they act e.g.,sucrase , protease etc.

Acc. To physiological activity it catalyses e.g.,oxidase , dehydrogenases, decarboxylase etc.

Acc. To source from which they are obtained e.g., papain, bromelain etc.

Some have been named like ptyalin, trypsin etc .

CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES

CLASS 1 : OXIDOREDUCTASES

Catalyse oxidation /reduction of a substance

Cytochrome oxidase oxidises cytochromes

Glycolate oxidase oxidises glycolate

Sreduced + Soxidised Soxidised + Sreduced

CLASS 2 : TRANSFERASES

They catalyse transfer of specific groups from 1 substrate to another

Glutamate pyruvate transaminase

S G + S S + S- G

CLASS 3 : HYDROLASES

Catalyse breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules with addition of H2O

Amylase hydrolases starch

CLASS 4 : LYASES

Catalyse cleavage of specific covalent bonds & removal of specific groups , without the use of H2O

Histidine decarboxylase cleaves histidine into histamine & CO2

X Y

C C X Y + C = C

CLASS 5 : ISOMERASES

Catalyse rearrangement of atoms in a molecule to form isomers

Phosphohexose isomerase converts glucose 6-phosphate into fructose -6-phosphate

CLASS 6 : LIGASES

Catalyse covalent bonding b/w 2 substrates to form a large molecule, mostly involving utilisation of energy by hydrolysis of ATP

RuBP carboxylase catalyses the joining of RuBP & CO2 in photosynthetic C fixation

MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION (LOCK & KEY HYPOTHESIS)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/e/ee/Induced-fit_model.JPGCATALYTIC CYCLE :

Substrate binds to active site of enzyme

Binding of substrate induces the enzyme to alter its shape & fit more tightly around substrate

Active site of enzyme, now in close proximity of substrate breaks the chemical bonds of substrate & an enzyme-product complex is formed

Enzyme releases the product of reaction & the free enzyme is ready to take up another molecule of substrate

http://www.classofoods.com/fotos/F_enzyme_werking.gifFACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTION

Temperature

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/add_edex_bio_enzyme-chart.jpgEffect of pH

Graph showing temperature and enzyme activity. Between 0 and 40C, enzyme activity increases steadily. It peaks at 40C (optimum temperature), then decreases rapidlyEffect of substrate concentration

http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTUhk0j-ujJOaxmCzIBC8SgGYMkr9fDN3r5O1dlw1zCxgztXvrriLHM_jXq-wEffects of chemicals

When binding of a chemical reduces / shuts off the enzyme activity, the chemical is called inhibitor.

INHIBITORS

COMPETITIVEWhen inhibitor closely resembles substrate in molecular structure & binds to active site of enzyme

NON-COMPETITIVE When inhibitor does not compete with substrate for active site

http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/ChemStructures/Suc-mal.gifhttp://karimedalla.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/competitive_inhibit_c_la_784.jpgFeed back inhibition: Enzyme activity is inhibited by prdt of same enzyme reaction

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE

INHIBITS ACTION OF HEXOKINASE

CATALYSES

PHOSPHORYLATION OF GLUCOSE

Co-factors

ENZYMES

SIMPLE ENZYMES

CONJUGATE ENZYMES

Made of 1/several polypeptide

Has non-protein moiety + polypeptide chain

http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/proteins/images/u4fg3.jpgCOFACTOR

PROSTHETIC GROUP

COENZYME

METAL IONS

TIGHTLY BOUND TO APOENZYME

BOUND TO APOENZYME DURING COURSE OF CATALYSIS

METAL IONS FORM CO-ORDINATION BONDS WITH SIDE CHAIN AT ACTIVE SITE OF ENZYME & SUBSTRATE

HAEM

NAD & NADP

Zn

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mrs. Alarmelu Natchiar as well as our principal Mrs Nasreen Banu who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful presentation on the topic BIOMOLECULES, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things
I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this presentation within the limited time.

I am making this presentation not only for marks but to also increase my knowledge .
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.Click to edit Master title style

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Biomolecules1