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BIOMOLECULESMOLECULES
of LIFETurner High School 2013
Atoms (Elements)Needed for Life to Survive
C – carbon H – hydrogen N – nitrogen O – oxygen P – phosphorus S – sulfur
Life is built from these elements.
Bonds Hold Life Together!
Inside molecules Ionic bonds: electrons are transferred
from one atom to another; weaker Covalent bonds: electrons are shared
between atoms; stronger Connecting one molecule to another
Peptide: covalent bond between amino acids Hydrogen: (+) and (-) attraction, very weak
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
There are 4 Macromolecules of Life:Organic compounds = based on carbon
These macromolecules (large molecules) are called polymers.
Polymers are made of smaller units called monomers.
Two Processes that Build & Break Apart Polymers into Monomers
• Hydrolysis (digestion) – breaking bonds between molecules.
• Dehydration Synthesis – forming bonds between molecules by removing water.
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates
- Contain ONLY C, H, O- Ratio (1:2:1)
- Main source of energy- Structural support of cell walls in plants
and exoskeletons of animals (ex. insects and crustaceans)
- Monomer (basic unit) = glucose
1
• Three types:- Monosaccharide ex. glucose- Disaccharide ex. sucrose
- Polysaccharide ex. starches
Carbohydrates1
= PROTEIN
S
- Contains: C, H, O, N- Build cells (ex. bones & muscles)- Controls metabolic reactions (ex.
enzymes speed up or slow down reactions in organisms)
- Part of cell transport- Help fight disease
Proteins2
• Monomer = amino acids
• Proteins are long chains of amino acids
Proteins2
Unsaturated fats
LIPIDS
• Contain C, H, O- Used to store energy
- Important parts of cell membranes
ex. whale blubber
- Helps animals conserve heat (insulation)
- Major component in waxy covering of plants
- Important in signaling molecules
Lipids3
• Monomer = 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids
• Sterols ex. cholesterol
• Glycerides• Monoglyceride• Diglyceride• Triglyceride
• Hormones • Phospholipids
Lipids3
• Two types:- Saturated: solid at
room temperature
ex.: animal fat, butter, waxes
- Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature
ex.: oils, omega-3 fatty acids
Lipids3
NUCLEIC
ACIDS
• Contain C, H, N, O, P, and sometimes S
• Store and transmit genetic information in a cell for proteins to be made (protein synthesis)
• Monomers = nucleotides- 5 carbon sugar- Phosphate group- Nitrogenous base
Nucleic Acids4
• RNA & DNA ATP
ENERGY MOLECULE
Nucleic Acids4