Biomolecules Unit 3

Atoms

Elements

Compounds

Periodic Table

What are biomolecules?

Monomers vs Polymers

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Amino Acids

Nucleic Acids

Minerals

Vitamins

Enzymes

Triglycerides

Chemical Reactions

Water

Acids and Bases

Solutions & Suspensions

Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

Atoms- The smallest unit of matter

Proton (+) Electrons (-) and Neutrons (neutral)

Most atoms have the same number of Protons and Electrons

Elements-any material (such as carbon, hydrogen, iron, or oxygen) that cannot

be broken down into more fundamental substances

25 essential elements

C,H,O,N making up 96% of the human body

Compounds-a substance formed when two or more different elements are

chemically bonded together.

Periodic Table

Arrangement of elements

Atomic number (number of protons)

Atomic Mass (total number of protons and

neutrons)

Isotopes- Same number of protons different

number of neutrons

Minerals and Vitamins

Vitamin Organic

Acts as a coenzyme

Needed in small amounts

Mineral Inorganic

Building materials

Used in chemical reactions

Needed in small amounts

Chemical Reactions

Reactant (to the left of the yield sign)

Product (to the right of the yield sign)

Yield sign ( the arrow, think like an equal sign)

Water

Polar compound

Hydrogen bonding

Cohesion - attraction between molecules of the same

substance

Adhesion- attraction between molecules of different

substances

Capillary action- the ability for absorbent material to rise

or fall as a result of surface tension.

Water Continued

Universal Solvent

it carries nutrients throughout the body

It removes waste from the body

Most abundant substance in the body

It does an excellent job of maintaining

homeostasis (balance in the body) (ex.

Temperature)

It is needed for digestion

Acids and Bases

pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is

0-14

Acids pH less then 7

High concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+)

Bases pH greater then 7

High concentration of hydroxide ions ions (OH-)

pH of 7 is neutral (water)

Solutions ans Suspensions

Mixture- Individual substances retains its own

property when mixed

Suspension- Mixture in which the materials do not

dissolve

Solution- Substances are evenly distributed

Solute (substance that dissolved)

Solvent (substance that the solute dissolved in)

What are Biomolecules?

Biomolecules are organic molecules made by

living organisms

These mostly consist of

Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)

Oxygen (O)

Organic Molecules?

Organic molecules are any molecule that contains

Carbon in it

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of how carbon

interacts with other elements

Organic molecules are considered to be the chemicals

of life

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen are the most

common organic elements

Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon in them

Monomers vs Polymers

Monomers- molecules that

react with similar molecules

to form a chain

Theses are usually one

unit

Polymers- A chain of many

monomers that are

chemically bonded together

Macromolecules- large

scale molecules

Synthesis of Polymers

How are Polymers formed and broken?

Dehydration synthesis or condensation- the process of

removing 1 H atom from one side of a monosaccharide

and and OH from one side of another

monosaccharide.

Removes a water molecule so that the

monosaccharides can join together

Hydrolysis - Reverses dehydration synthesis by adding

a water molecule to the polymer to separate it out into

its monomers

Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis

Carbohydrates

Includes sugars starches and cellulose

Simple Carbs = Monosaccharides

Disaccharides are “double sugars” or 2

monosaccharides joined together by a covalent

bond

Polysaccharides- multiple monosaccharides joined

together by covalent bonds

Carbohydrates Structure

Consist of Carbon: Hydrogen: Oxygen in a 1:2:1

ratio

(CH2O)n

Ring shaped

Fructose —>

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars

Major nutrients for cell

In cellular respiration cells

extract energy through a

series of reactions starting

with glucose molecules

The carbon skeleton is

also useful for helping

synthesize small organic

molecules such as amino

and fatty acids

Disaccharides

2 monosaccharides

joined together by a

covalent bond

Polysaccharides:

Macromolecules consisting of a few hundred or thousand

monosaccharides joined together

Some serve as storage materials hydrolyzed as needed to

provide sugar for the cell (starches)

Others as building material for structures that protect the

cell or organism (cellulose in plants and glycogen in

animals)

Lipids

A large biological molecule that

does not include polymers not big

enough to be considered a

macromolecule

Mix poorly if at all in water

Most are hydrophobic (water

hating)

Waxes, Fats, Phospholipids, and

Steroids

Lipids

Long Term Energy Storage

Insulation

Phospholipids make cell membranes

Hormones

Fats/Fatty acids

Fats consist of Glycerol and

fatty acids

Fatty Acids have a long

carbon skeleton (16-18

carbon atoms long) with a

carboxyl group at one end

(COOH)

Making a Fat

3 Fatty acids have to bind to a glycerol by an ester

linkage this results in a fat or Triglyceride

Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats

Have to do with the configuration of the fatty acid chain

and the Hydrocarbons on it

If there are no double bound carbons in the fatty acid

chain there are manny hydrogen atoms can bind to the

carbon skeleton

This is where the term Saturated and Unsaturated come

from

Saturated Fatty Acids- fatty acids all have single bonds.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids- in which there is one or more

double bond in the fatty acid chain

Saturated Fatty Acids

Most animal fats (lard and butter)

Solids at room temp

To many Saturated Fatty Acids in the diet can lead to a

disease called atherosclerosis (fat building up in your

arteries)

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids- contains one double

bond

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids- contains more than one

double bond

In fish and plants and usually a liquid at room

temperature (fish oil and olive oil)

Phospholipids

These make up the Cell membrane without this the

Cell will have no structure or support

Phospholipids- a lipid containing a phosphate (PO4)

group in its molecule

Glycerol is attached to 2 fatty acid chains opposed to

3

Hydrophilic (water loving) head

2 Hydrophobic (water hating) Tail

Phospholipids

Phospholipid Bilayer

Phospholipid Bilayer- characterized ny 2 layers of lipids

with their heads to the outside of the membrane and its

tails inside the membrane

Steroids

Steroids- lipids

characterized by a carbon

skeleton consisted of 4

fused rings

Cholesterol

Proteins

Protein- a biologically functional molecule that consist

of one or more peptides, each folded and coiled into

a specific 3D structure

proteins account for over 50% of the dry mass of

most cells

They are involved in almost everything an organism

does

Speed up chemical reaction, Defend the body, Aid in

storage, Cellular transport and communication, and

Add structural support to the cell and body

Proteins

Subunit- Amino acids

Amino acids are connected via peptide

bonds

Very large molecules

Globular or structural

Consist of: Amino Acids, Enzymes,

Polypeptides, and much more

Amino Acids

Amino Acids- a simple

organic compound containing

both a carboxyl (COOH) and

an amino (NH2) group

The side chain R can be

replaced with any group or

chain

20 common amino acids

Amino Acids Polymers

Amino acids are used to build

proteins

The Polymer of an amino acid

is the Polypeptide

A covalent bond between 2

amino acids is called a

Peptide bond

Repeating peptide bonds

create polypeptides

Enzymes

Enzymes- specialized macromolecules that speed up

chemical reactions

Catalyst- a chemical agent that speeds app a reactions

without being consumed by the reaction

Enzymes are the bodies catalyst

Activation energy- the amount of energy required to start a

reaction

The activation energy is the amount of energy it takes to

push a substance up “a hill” so that it can start the downward

portion of “the hill” by itself

What do Enzymes do?

They lower the activation energy needed for a

reaction!

How Does the Enzyme do that?

Substrate- the substance the enzyme acts on

The enzyme binds to the substrate to form an enzyme-

substrate complex

While the enzyme is bound to the substrate the energy

stored up in the enzyme-substrate complex makes the

activation energy lower.

Think about a lock an key in a door. You have a locked door

there is not a lot of air going through that door. Once you

put the key in the door is able to be unlocked/opened and

there can be lots of air flowing though.

Enzyme Active Sites

Enzymes will only allow certain substrates to bind to

it

Enzymes are very specific

Active site- a pocket or grove on the surface of the

enzyme that allows the substrate to bind thus

starting get catalyst

The substrate must match to active site perfectly

otherwise the enzyme wont bind to it.

Once bound the enzyme will temporarily change its

shape

Other Enzyme Effectors

There is an optimal pH and Temperature

If the pH or temp is to high or low the enzymes

wont perform as effectively or at all

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids- are polymers mad of monomers

called nucleotides

2 Types that allow the ability of reproduction

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Function of Nucleic Acids

Storage and retrieval of

information

Gene expression

Genetic Code

Nucleic Acids Structure

Nucleotides ar ether

subunit

5 Carbon sugar

(pentose) (This

determine RNA or

DNA)

Nitrogen Base (these

determine the specific

nucleic acid0

1 + Phosphate groups

DNA vs RNA

DNA

Double stranded Helix

Used in gene expression in most

organisms

RNA

Single stranded

Used solely in gene expression mainly

in bacteria

Aids in making the double stranded

DNA