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Biometrics
Identification or verification of an individual based on a physical
characteristic or trait.
Biometric ModesBiological Characteristics
FingerprintFacial RecognitionHand GeometryEye (Iris & Retina)Vein Pattern
Behavioral TraitsSignatureVoiceKeystroke Dynamics
Why use Biometrics?Biometrics has No Risk of:
Forgetting itLosing itGetting it stolenGetting it copiedLoaning it outBeing used by anyone else
Biometric Uses Financial Institutes
• ATM, Validation of credit and debit cards Law Enforcement
• Automated Fingerprint Identification System• Surveillance
Physical Access Control
• Buildings, Airports, Hospitals, Schools IT Security
• Network-systems of organizations – Internet/Intranet E-Commerce market : User Authentication Consumer Market
• PC Applications(Mouse, Keyboard, Laptop, etc.)• Time and Attendance Monitoring• Home Appliances (Door locks, Safes, etc.)
Market Drivers Real need for increased security
Traditional methods obsolete Increased identity theft and fraud
Advances in biometric technology Reliability and functionality
Price factors Weak capital markets
Competitive environment Consolidation
Industry standardization Current Events/Emotion
FingerprintMeasures ridges and minutiae
(end, fusion, bifurcation of fingerprint data)Used for over 100 yearsHighly accurateSmall devicesLatent printsEnvironmental conditions
Facial RecognitionMeasures the contours and
distances of the Eyes, Nose and Chin.May also use Thermograph matchingEasy to use/Non-cooperativeInfluenced by lighting and facial
anglesSusceptible to spoofing with glasses,
wigs, beards
Hand GeometryMeasures finger length and knuckle
thicknessIntuitive OperationUses few minutiae pointsLarge Devices limit the installation
possibilities.
Eye RecognitionIris:
Measures the shape & color of the IrisMinutiae richInconvenientExpensive
Retina:Blood Vessel Pattern
Highly Accurate Low public acceptance (Intrusive)
Vein RecognitionUses an infrared camera to
measure the veins on the wrist and back of the hand.Currently impossible to copyLarge EquipmentExpensiveUses few minutiae points
Signature RecognitionMeasures the pressure and speed
of stroke dynamicsInexpensiveIntuitive OperationSignatures may change over timeParticipation must be voluntaryLow Accuracy
Voice RecognitionMeasures the vibration of
phoneme, syllable, wordsEasy to useRemote applicationsEasy to impersonateInfluenced by health conditionsSensitive to noise
Mode ComparisonFields Pros Cons
Sample Target Industries
Fingerprint - Inexpensive - Very secure
- Latent prints - Cuts and dirt mar
image
- Law enforcement - Access Control
Face - Easy, fast - Inexpensive
- Spoofing attempts - Affected by lighting
- Surveillance
Palm/Hand Geometry
- Minimal storage requirement
- Intuitive operation
- Slow - Less accurate than
finger scanning
- Manufacturing - Shop floors
Iris Retina
- Extremely difficult to fool
- Requires expensive infrared cameras
- Nuclear facilities - Government
Voice - Inexpensive - Suitable for remote
access
- Slow - Affected by physical
condition / emotional state
- Remote banking - Remote database
access
Signature - Inexpensive - Affected by physical
condition / emotional state
- Industrial/Retail
48.8%
4.3%
2.7%
6.2%
0.4%
15.4%
10.4%
11.9%Finger-scan
Voice-scan
Signature-scan
Iris-scan
Keystroke-scan
Facial-scan
Hand-scan
Middleware
(Does Not Include AFIS Revenues)(Per International Biometric Group’s Biometric Market Report 2000-2005)
2001 Market Shares
Biometric SystemEnrollment
Identity Verification
Template ManagementDistributedCentralized
Live Scan Processing Identity Authentication
Transaction ProcessingApply Policy
MatchingEvaluation
Reject / Accept Threshold
Error RatioFRR (False
Rejection Ratio)FAR (False
Acceptance Ratio)ERR (Equal Error
Ratio)
ImplementationInteroperabilityBioAPI
ANSI Fast trackCBEFF
Common Biometric Exchange File Format
Used in BioAPIMultimode integration
Template ManagementCentralized
Template securityAdministrationCommunications Infrastructure
DistributedSmartcards2-D BarcodesMemory buttonsCounterfeiting
Modular ApplicationsINTERNETINTERNET INTRANETINTRANET BizAppsBizApps OthersOthers
WBE ComponentWBE Component
Biometric APIBiometric API
FPFPBSPBSP
FacialFacialBSPBSP
IrisIrisBSPBSP
VoiceVoiceBSPBSP
HandHandBSPBSP
OtherOtherBSPBSP
AUTHAUTHServerServer
OTTOTTServerServer
DBDBServerServer
FPFPMatchingMatching
FacialFacialMatchingMatching
IrisIrisMatchingMatching
VoiceVoiceMatchingMatching
HandHandMatchingMatching
LicenseLicenseServerServer
TemplateTemplateMgmtMgmt
PWDPWDMatchingMatching OthersOthers
BiometricBiometricMatchingMatchingServersServers
BiometricBiometricMatchingMatchingServersServers
Configuration ManagementConfiguration Management
ClientClientSideSide
ServerServerSideSide
Fingerprint in Access Control
Lowest implementation costWidest availabilityMatching technology
CorrelationMinutiae matching
Scanner technologyOpticalSolid-state/CapacitiveUltrasonic
Integration InterfacesLegacy Systems
WeigandOnly “industry standard”
Clock and DataProprietary
Vendor productsRS485TCP/IP
Graterford PrisonBarcode badge provides Guard PIN.Hydra performs fingerprint
verification.Photo of verified guard displayed
on touchscreen.Operator must visually confirm by
touching photo on screen.