Biometrics

By,

David Germakian

Derek Jaskowiak

Jada Johnson

Aaron Woolsey

Biometrics

automatic recognition of a person using distinguishing traits

Biometrics are used for two main purposes:

Identification

Asks, who is X?Compares the biometric sample to a database to find a match

Verification

Asks, is this X?Compares the biometric sample to X’s template

Biometric Technologies

FingerprintFaceRetinaDNA

VoiceSignatureKeystrokeEarHand/palm printIrisVein patternsWork dynamics

Not what you know, or what you have, but what you are!

Typical Biometric ProcessEnrollment Operation

Collect biological data of known

subject(s)

Process to extract salient features

Enroll known subjects in database

Collect biological data of unknown

subject(s)

Process to extract salient features

Compare with database ACTION

Fingerprint Analysis:How It Works

Different types of sensors: Capacitive (500 line pairs per inch standard)

Inexpensive, easily interfaced But delicate and “dry skin problem” for 20% of pop

Optical Not in contact w/ sensing device But residual prints may cause problems

Infrared Sensitive to worn or indistinct prints But finger must be moved to generate signals in detector

Ultrasonic High tolerance to dirt Not yet well developed

Fingerprint Analysis:How It Works

Save time and space by focusing in on minutiae – structural irregularities in ridge pattern such as ridge endingsOf all biometric measures, fingerprints appear easiest to implement and most practical Sensors straightforward and well developed Small processing load Intuitive requirements FAR < 1 in 100,000 FRR < 1 in 1,000

Fingerprint AnalysisCurrent Applications:

USB “thumb drive” authenticationComputer or network access Issues with hackers obtaining

biometrics

Jails and airports Security and monitoring of employees

is important

Fingerprint Analysis:Future Applications

Prevent Fraud/Identity Theft Pay By Touch

Prevent Illegal Immigration Encrypted chip w/ digital print in

travel doc

Cell Phone Access

Facial Recognition

Can a picture catch a thousand criminals?

Facial Recognition

Measures a face according to its peaks and valleys or nodal points:

Distance between eyes

Tip of the nose depth of eye

sockets

Steps to Identification

Acquisition of facial images

Image processing of the facial images

Unique feature extraction

Template creation.

Comparison of Template with Database to find a match

Currently Used

Tampa, first city to uses facial recognition software (2001)Largest police line-up ever at SuperBowl XXXVTampa’s Ybor city

Currently Used Cont’d

Virginia Beach, VAMexican Government to weed out duplicate voter registrationImmunization and Naturalization utilized facial recognition systems at the Mexico-U.S. BorderGeneral surveillance at Airports (T.F Green, SFO, Logan)

Points of Interest

Unlike the other biometrics, Facial Recognition is a passive technique that does not require the “target” to push, insert, or do anything (not as intrusive)

Can also be used for surveillance purposesDoes not require extra equipment as most places have cameras installedGood for clandestine operations

Limitations

Does not work well outside of a controlled environment.Subtle changes to one’s appearance (eyeglasses and makeup) can yield a false negativeLighting, camera angle, picture quality need to be a certain way in order to get accurate resultsFaces are not very robust, they change over timeNeed a thorough database in order to get a match

Future of Facial Recognition

Increase in accuracy as the technology continues to develop and the limitations are decreased.Governments will start to implement systems to help with border security and personal identification programs (US-VISIT program)Decrease in price-more common useCheck-cashing identity verification, computer security, etc.Lawsuits- The surveillance/clandestine nature of facial recognition technology makes it a target for the ACLU and other civil liberties groups who see it as an invasion of privacy and encroachment on the fourth amendment.

Retinal Scans

www.rpmfreelancer.com/biometrics/eye

Retinal Scans

An identification system which examines capillaries at the back of the eye.The blood vessel pattern in the retina is more unique than fingerprints.Low intensity light with an optical coupler allows pattern to be recognized and compared to information in database.Time to verify varies: normally 10-15 sec.

Retinal Scans

Currently, only used in high end security applicationsUsed to control access to areas like military installations and power plants, and other high risk security areas.Cost of proprietary hardware, installation problems. Ability to adapt with larger databases in question.

www.bbcnews.com

DNA

DNA Basics

Deoxyribonucleic AcidDNA is found in chromosomes that exist in the nucleus of cells. 4 Base Nucleotides Found in DNA

A: Adenine G: Guanine C: Cytosine T: Thymidine

Human DNA is made of 3 billion Nucleotide PairMore than 99% of DNA is the same between two individuals

How DNA is used as a Biometric

DNA samples are examined in a laboratory by a skilled technicianDNA tests look at regions of DNA that do not seem to serve any purpose Commonly called Junk DNA

Junk DNA is not vital in keeping the organism alive, but contains random changes or mutations passed down between generationsDNA tests examine these regions in two different samples and report if they are the same or different.

If they are Different

The test is conclusive

They are not from the same person

If They Match

Then they are either From the same person or Just a random match

Chance of a random match: 1 in 100To reduce the uncertainty Labs do 4 or 5 tests looking at different

regions of the DNA This can only reduce the chances of a false

match, it can not be completely eliminated

Today’s Uses

Paternity Tests Prophase Genetics

Crime Scene Investigation Innocence Project

Identify Human Remains Michael Joseph Blassie

The Future of DNA as a Biometric

Bush Administration wants 1 Billion Dollars over the next 5 years to Reduce backlog of DNA samples needing to

be analyzed Expand FBI National DNA Database of

convicted criminals

If DNA analysis can become nearer to real-time and less expensive, then it could become more of a daily use biometric

QUESTIONS?