BIOMESoftheWorld. Aquatic Biomes Figure 50.15 30 N Tropic of Cancer Equator 30 S Continental shelf Lakes Coral reefs Rivers Oceanic pelagic zone Estuaries

BIOMES BIOMES

of of

the the

WorldWorld

Aquatic Biomes

Figure 50.15

30N

Tropic of Cancer

Equator

30S

Continentalshelf

Lakes

Coral reefs

Rivers

Oceanic pelagiczone

Estuaries

Intertidal zone

Abyssal zone(below oceanicpelagic zone)

Key

Tropic ofCapricorn

Stratification in Aquatic BiomesStratification in Aquatic Biomes

(a)

Littoralzone

Limneticzone

Photiczone

Benthiczone Aphotic

zone

Pelagiczone

Intertidal zone

Neritic zone Oceanic zone

0

200 mContinentalshelf

Photic zone

Pelagic zone

Aphoticzone

Benthiczone

2,500–6,000 m

Abyssal zone)

(b)

Figure 50.16a, b


Littoral Zone: shallow area of lake – only photic zone

(a)

Littoralzone

Limneticzone

Photiczone

Benthiczone Aphotic

zone

Pelagiczone

Intertidal zone


0


Photic zone

Pelagic zone

Aphoticzone

Benthiczone

2,500–6,000 mAbyssal zone

)

(b)

Stratification in Aquatic BiomesStratification in Aquatic Biomes Limnetic Zone: deep area of lake – includes aphotic zone

“You can swim in the Lim and sit in the Lit”

(a)

Littoralzone

Limneticzone

Photiczone

Benthiczone Aphotic

zone

Pelagiczone

Intertidal zone


0


Photic zone

Pelagic zone

Aphoticzone

Benthiczone


)

(b)


Benthic Zone: bottom of lake or ocean

(a)

Littoralzone

Limneticzone

Photiczone

Benthiczone Aphotic

zone

Pelagiczone

Intertidal zone


0


Photic zone

Pelagic zone

Aphoticzone

Benthiczone


)

(b)


(a)

Littoralzone

Limneticzone

Photiczone

Benthiczone Aphotic

zone

Pelagiczone

Intertidal zone


0


Photic zone

Pelagic zone

Aphoticzone

Benthiczone


)

(b)

Figure 50.16a, b

Photic Zone: enough light for photosynthesisAphotic Zone: no light


(a)

Littoralzone

Limneticzone

Photiczone

Benthiczone Aphotic

zone

Pelagiczone

Intertidal zone


0


Photic zone

Pelagic zone

Aphoticzone

Benthiczone


)

(b)

Figure 50.16a, b

Intertidal Zone: shoreline –fluctuation between high and low tide


(a)

Littoralzone

Limneticzone

Photiczone

Benthiczone Aphotic

zone

Pelagiczone

Intertidal zone


0


Photic zone

Pelagic zone

Aphoticzone

Benthiczone


)

(b)

Figure 50.16a, b

Neritic Zone: photic zone – near shore Neritic is Near


(a)

Littoralzone

Limneticzone

Photiczone

Benthiczone Aphotic

zone

Pelagiczone

Intertidal zone


0


Photic zone

Pelagic zone

Aphoticzone

Benthiczone

2,500–6,000 m

Abyssal zone)

(b)

Figure 50.16a, b

Pelagic Zone: deep zone – includes aphotic


(a)

Littoralzone

Limneticzone

Photiczone

Benthiczone Aphotic

zone

Pelagiczone

Intertidal zone


0


Photic zone

Pelagic zone

Aphoticzone

Benthiczone

2,500–6,000 m

Abyssal zone)

(b)

Figure 50.16a, b

Abyssal Zone: deepest part of ocean

Lakes and PondsLakes and Ponds

Figure 50.17An oligotrophic lake in Grand Teton, Wyoming

A eutrophic lake in Okavango

delta, Botswana

LAKES

Lakes and Ponds Lakes and Ponds CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Lake vs. Pond - based on depth Description: Body of water surrounded

by land, less than 1% salt Vegetation: Cattails, reeds, sedges,

water lillies, algae

Animals: Fish, crayfish, snails, water insects, a few mammals (otter, muskrat), waterfowl

Importance: Drinking water, food supplies

VIDEOVIDEO

Oligotrophic vs. EutrophicOligotrophic vs. Eutrophic

Oligo - little or few nutrients - low productivity due to few producers - high oxygen content - few organisms - clean and clear

Eu - nutrient rich - high productivity due to high number of producers - low oxygen content - many organisms - murky water

Mesotrophic - an oligo that is becoming a eu eutrophication

Eutrophication: change of a lake due to increased nutrient content

- due to influx of extra nutrients - usually due to erosion, run off of fertilizers from agriculture or animal poo - extra nutrients increase the activity of the producers

Natural – long term build up of dead plants and animals increases nutrients

Cultural – increased nutrients due to human activity – agriculture and industry

Impacts:• Algal blooms – increased nitrogen and

phosphorous stimulate algal growth• Anoxia/Hypoxic – low levels of oxygen

due to increased decomposition of dead materials – can lead to fish kills

Eutrophication Animation

Wetlands: Swamps and MarshesWetlands: Swamps and Marshes

WETLANDS

Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia

WetlandsWetlands Marsh vs. Swamp: Swamps have trees Characteristics: soil is waterlogged and without

oxygen for variable periods of time - lack of O2 causes a large build up of organic material

Vegetation: grasses, reeds, sphagnum moss, trees and shrubs

Animals: beavers, otters, muskrats, game fish, lots of birds and insects

IMPORTANCE: Most biologically productive per square meter, filter water moving through them - detoxify water, control flooding

Streams and riversStreams and riversSTREAMS AND RIVERS

Figure 50.17A headwater stream in theGreat Smoky Mountains

The Mississippi River farform its headwaters

Streams and RiversStreams and Rivers

Characteristics: Flowing waterStreams tend to flow faster, are shallower, have

less nutrients and less organismsRivers are wider, deeper and thus slower - higher

nutrients, less oxygen, more organisms - nutrient content increases the farther down stream/river from the head waters (beginning) moving toward the mouth (end)

Vegetation: In water: algae, phytoplankton On bed of stream river (in photic zone), algae

and aquatic plants On shore - various grasses, shrubs and treesAnimals: invertebrates (clams, mussels, snails,

crayfish), insect larvae, fish, otters, muskrats, aquatic birds

IMPORTANCE: Water source, hydroelectric power, transportation

EstuariesEstuaries

Figure 50.17 An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia

ESTUARIES

EstuariesEstuaries

Characteristics: Where freshwater rivers meet the ocean - mixing of fresh and salt water

- salinity fluctuates - plants and animals must be

adapted - highly productive due to nutrient

input from river, frequent mixing of water by ocean tides (circulates nutrients and waste) and large photic zone

Vegetation: lots of plants - Mangroves (salt tolerant stilt-like roots, pg. 133)

Animals: fish, shellfish, birdsIMPORTANCE: control flooding-

prevent wave surges from reaching inland - highly productive

Intertidal zonesIntertidal zones

Figure 50.17

INTERTIDAL ZONES

Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast

Intertidal ZonesIntertidal Zones

Characteristics: Transition between land and ocean - experience daily extremes of salinity, oxygen content and temperature due to changing tideZones: High tide area - exposed and dry during low tide Intertidal - between low and high tide, Low tide - always underwater

Vegetation: dependent on zoneHigh - little to none - some algae unless in a tide pool (low depression in rock or sand where water remains during low tide - experiences extremes in salinity and temperature)

Intertidal - Algae with gummy coats to prevent them from drying out

Low - Larger algae, kelp (brown algae), sea grassAnimals: usually have a mechanism to hold onto

the substrata (rocks), mussels, snails, echinoderms (sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers), some fish in low tide area, crabs, barnacles, worms

IMPORTANCE: Biologically productive, species rich

Oceanic pelagic biomeOceanic pelagic biome

Figure 50.17 Open ocean off the island of Hawaii

OCEANIC PELAGIC BIOME

Ocean Pelagic BiomeOcean Pelagic Biome

Characteristics: Open ocean, about 3% salt content

Vegetation: mainly phytoplankton and algae, some sea grass and kelp

Animals: zooplankton, fish, jellyfish, whales, porpoises, sea turtles, penguins

IMPORTANCE: Most productive biome due to size (not per m2), food source (fish)

Coral reefsCoral reefs

Figure 50.17 A coral reef in the Red Sea

CORAL REEFS

Coral ReefsCoral Reefs

Characteristics: Mounds of calcium carbonate secreted by coral, shallow, warm waters, nutrient poor

Vegetation: Algae (Zooxanthelle)Symbiosis: Coral and ZooxanthelleAnimals: Coral, huge numbers of fishes,

echinoderms, shellfish (8% of fish species in 0.1% of earth)

IMPORTANCE: Biodiversity of Species, Very productive

DANGERS: Human pollution, river runoff (excess sediment and nutrients), over fishing, bleachingDead Zones: due to eutrophication

Marine benthic zoneMarine benthic zone

Figure 50.17 A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community

MARINE BENTHIC ZONE

Marine Benthic ZoneMarine Benthic Zone

Characteristics: Bottom of the Ocean, may be in a photic zone in the shallows

Neritic Zone: Shallow benthic zone, PHOTIC, supports plant life (sea grass and kelp) and a wide variety of fish and invertebrates

Abyssal Zone: APHOTIC - deepest part of sea - no vegetation - hydrothermal ventsAnimals: Decomposers, Very weird fish and invertebrates, tube worms, chemosynthetic bacteria

IMPORTANCE: Decomposition of dead materials, recycling on nutrients

Climate and Terrestrial BiomesClimate and Terrestrial Biomes

Overlapping Areas of Biomes = ECOTONE

The distribution of major terrestrial biomesThe distribution of major terrestrial biomes

30N

Tropic ofCancer

Equator

Tropic ofCapricorn

30S

Key

Tropical forest

Savanna

Desert

Chaparral

Temperate grassland

Temperate broadleaf forest

Coniferous forest

Tundra

High mountains

Polar ice

Figure 50.19

Tropical Rain forestTropical Rain forest

TROPICAL FOREST

A tropical rain forest in BorneoFigure 50.20

Tropical Rain ForestTropical Rain Forest

Rainfall: 200 – 400 cm/yearTemperature: 25 – 29 oCVegetation: Stratification, dense

canopy, broadleaf evergreen treesAnimals: High animal diversity, usually

smaller and adapted for life in canopySeasonal Variations: Little to noneOther Characteristics: Nutrient poor

soil, high rate of decomposition and turn over, extremely high biodiversity, competition for light

Layers of Tropical RainforestLayers of Tropical Rainforest

DesertDesert

Figure 50.20

DESERT

The Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona

DesertDesert

Rainfall: Less than 30 cm/yearTemperature: Wide variation both

seasonally and daily (-30 to 50 oC)Vegetation: Low, scattered, deeply rooted

succulents (Cacti), dense root mats to absorb water, adapted to heat and low water

Animals: reptiles, insects, many nocturnalSeasonal Variations: some have short wet

periods – plant growth fast and short

SavannaSavanna

Figure 50.20

SAVANNA

A typical savanna in Kenya

SavannaSavanna

Rainfall: 76 – 150 cm/yearTemperature: Continually warm, 24 – 29

oCVegetation: Scattered trees (acacia),

wide expanse of grasses, adapted to fires, deep roots

Animals: Hoofed mammals, zebras, giraffe, lions, hyenas

Seasonal Variations: Seasonal DroughtOther Characteristics: Frequent fires,

location of the LION KING

ChaparralChaparral

CHAPARRAL

An area of chaparral in CaliforniaFigure 50.20

ChaparralChaparral

Rainfall: 30 – 50 cmTemperature: Fall, Winter, Spring 10

– 12 oC, Summer 30 oCVegetation: tough evergreen woody

shrubs and small trees adapted to seasonal fires

Animals: Deer, goats, many small mammals, amphibians, birds and reptiles

Seasonal Variations: Summers are hot and dry, fall, winter and spring are cool and rainy

Temperate grasslandTemperate grassland

Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota

Figure 50.20

TEMPERATE GRASSLAND

Temperate GrasslandTemperate Grassland

Rainfall: Dry winters, Wet summers – 30 to 100 cm

Temperature: Cold Winters (-10 oC), Hot summers (30 oC)

Vegetation: ummm….GrassAnimals: Large Grazers (buffalo),

prairie dogsSeasonal Variations: dry winters,

wet summers – Fire ecology

Coniferous (Boreal) Forest or TaigaConiferous (Boreal) Forest or Taiga

Figure 50.20

Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado

CONIFEROUS FOREST

Coniferous (Boreal) Forest or Taiga Coniferous (Boreal) Forest or Taiga

Rainfall: 30 – 70 cm with periodic drought some may receive up to 300 cm (Pacific North West)

Temperature: Cold, long winters (-70 oC in Siberia), summers may be hot (30 oC)

Vegetation: Cone bearing trees (pine, spruce, fir, hemlock), conical shape helps snow fall off so branches don’t break

Animals: Moose, brown bears, Siberian tigers, lots of insects during summer

Seasonal Variations: Cold, harsh winters, warm summers

Temperate broadleaf forestTemperate broadleaf forest

Figure 50.20

TEMPERATE BROADLEAF FOREST

Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina

Temperate broadleaf forestTemperate broadleaf forest

Rainfall: 70 – 200 cmTemperature: 0 oC (winter) to 30+ oC

(summer)Vegetation: Broadleaf Deciduous Trees (drop

leaves in fall to prevent water loss in winter), conifers, shrubs and various grasses and herbaceous plants

Animals: Black bear, deer, squirrels, snakes, birds (migratory and permanent), insects

Seasonal Variations: Distinct seasons of fall, winter, spring and summer

Other: You live here

Temperate RainforestTemperate Rainforest

Temperate RainforestTemperate Rainforest

Rainfall: More than 125 cm, lots of fogTemperature: Small amount of seasonal

variation ( 3 – 18 oC)– mild winters, cool summers

Vegetation: Conifers, lots of lichens and epiphytic plants

Animals: Squirrels, mule deer, elk, birds, amphibians and reptiles

Seasonal Variations: Mild differences in season due to location near coasts

Other: Low nutrient turnover due to low temperatures. Results in a high accumulation of biological detritus on forest floor

TundraTundra

Figure 50.20

TUNDRA

Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn

TundraTundra

Rainfall: 20 – 60 cmTemperature: Long cold winters (-30 oC),

Short cool summers (10 oC)Vegetation: Herbaceous (non-woody), dwarf

shrubs and trees, lichens, moss, grassesAnimals: Ox, caribou, reindeer, Santa Claus,

Bears, wolves, foxes, lots of insects in summer

Seasonal Variations: Short growing periodOTHER: Contains permanent layer of frozen

soil call PERMAFROST

Documents

BIOMESoftheWorld. Aquatic Biomes Figure 50.15 30 N Tropic of Cancer Equator 30 S Continental shelf Lakes Coral reefs Rivers Oceanic pelagic zone Estuaries