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biomes -biomes -
terrestrial regions with characteristic terrestrial regions with characteristic types of natural, undisturbed types of natural, undisturbed ecological communities adapted to ecological communities adapted to the climate of the regionthe climate of the region
Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)
Temperate grassland
Temperate deciduous forest
Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferousforest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)
Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)
Tropical savanna,thorn forest
Tropical scrub forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Tropical rain forest,tropical evergreen forest
Desert
Ice
Mountains(complex zonation)
Semidesert,arid grassland
Tropic ofTropic ofCapricornCapricorn
EquatorEquator
Tropic ofTropic ofCancerCancer
PolarPolar
Rain forestRain forestTropicalTropical
seasonalseasonalforestforest
ScrublandScrubland
SavannaSavanna
Desert Desert
TropicalTropicalGrasslandGrassland
ChaparralChaparral
DeciduousDeciduousForestForest
Coniferous Coniferous forestforest DesertDesert
TemperateTemperate
SubpolarSubpolarTundraTundra
Wet
Cold
Dry
Ho
t
MountainMountainIce and snowIce and snow
AltitudeAltitude
Tundra (herbs,Tundra (herbs,lichens, lichens, mosses)
ConiferousConiferousForestForest
Tropical Tropical ForestForest
DeciduousDeciduousForestForest
Tropical Forest
DeciduousDeciduousForestForest
ConiferousConiferousForestForest
Tundra (herbs,Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)lichens, mosses)
Polar icePolar iceand snowand snow
LatitudeLatitude
Effects of altitude and latitudeEffects of altitude and latitude
Parallel changes occur in vegetation type Parallel changes occur in vegetation type when we travel from the equator to the when we travel from the equator to the poles or from lowlands to mountaintops.poles or from lowlands to mountaintops.
Plant Size, Shape, and Plant Size, Shape, and Survival StrategiesSurvival Strategies
1)1) Tall plants cannot survive in extreme Tall plants cannot survive in extreme coldcold
– Shrubs and grasses better adaptedShrubs and grasses better adapted
2)2) Desert plantsDesert plants– Adaptations to prevent overheatingAdaptations to prevent overheating– Adaptations to conserve waterAdaptations to conserve water– ““Succulent” Succulent” plantsplants
No leavesNo leaves Fleshy tissueFleshy tissue Stomates only open at nightStomates only open at night
Plant Size, Shape, and Plant Size, Shape, and Survival StrategiesSurvival Strategies
3)3) Tropical rainforest treesTropical rainforest trees– BroadleafBroadleaf evergreenevergreen plants plants
Collect ample sunlightCollect ample sunlight Radiate heatRadiate heat
4)4) Cold (and dry) winter climatesCold (and dry) winter climates– BroadleafBroadleaf deciduousdeciduous plants plants
Shed leavesShed leaves Become dormantBecome dormant
Plant Size, Shape, and Plant Size, Shape, and Survival StrategiesSurvival Strategies
5)5) Very cold winters, short cool Very cold winters, short cool summerssummers
– Coniferous evergreen plantsConiferous evergreen plants Narrow pointed leaves (needles)Narrow pointed leaves (needles) Waxy coatingWaxy coating Clustering of needlesClustering of needles Hold leaves year-roundHold leaves year-round
Don’t need to grow new leaves in SpringDon’t need to grow new leaves in Spring
Desert BiomesDesert Biomes
Desert BiomesDesert Biomes
• Evaporation Evaporation exceeds exceeds precipitationprecipitation
• Less than 10 Less than 10 inches of rain inches of rain per yearper year
• Sparse, widely Sparse, widely spaced , low spaced , low vegetationvegetation
DESERT BIOMESDESERT BIOMES
• Variations in Variations in annual annual temperature (red) temperature (red) and precipitation and precipitation (blue) in (blue) in tropicaltropical, , temperatetemperate and and polar or coldpolar or cold desertsdeserts.
Figure 5-12Figure 5-12
Tropical Tropical desertdesert
(Saudi Arabia)(Saudi Arabia)
Cold desert Cold desert (northwest China)(northwest China)
Temperate desertTemperate desert(Reno, Nevada)(Reno, Nevada)
““Beat the Heat” Beat the Heat” “Every Drop of Water Counts”“Every Drop of Water Counts”
Plant Adaptations• Wax-coated leaves• Deep roots and
wide-spread shallow roots
• Spongy tissue• Drop leaves• Become dormant• Store biomass in
seeds
Animal Adaptations• Hide in burrows
during day• Thick outer
coverings (insects)• Dry feces• Obtain water from
dew or food• Becoming dormant
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
FungiFungi
Gambel'sGambel'squailquail
Red-tailed hawkRed-tailed hawk
CollaredCollaredlizardlizard
JackJackrabbitrabbit
Yucca
Kangaroo ratKangaroo ratKangaroo rat
AgaveAgaveAgave
RoadrunnerRoadrunnerRoadrunner
Diamondback rattlesnakeDiamondback rattlesnakeDiamondback rattlesnakeDarklingbeetleDarklingDarklingbeetlebeetle
BacteriaBacteriaBacteria
Pricklypearcactus
PricklyPricklypearpearcactuscactus
Human ImpactsHuman Impacts
• Soil destruction by vehiclesSoil destruction by vehicles
• Depletion of underground waterDepletion of underground water
• Urban developmentUrban development
• Soil salinizationSoil salinization
• Waste storage (radioactive and toxic)Waste storage (radioactive and toxic)
• Solar cells and solar collectorsSolar cells and solar collectors
Polar TundraPolar Tundra Alpine TundraAlpine Tundra Temperate GrasslandTemperate Grassland Tropical SavannaTropical Savanna
GrasslandsGrasslands
Grassland characteristicsGrassland characteristics
• Seasonal droughtSeasonal drought• GrazingGrazing• Occasional fires (prevent trees)Occasional fires (prevent trees)
GRASSLANDS BIOMES
• Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue).
Figure 5-14Figure 5-14
Tropical grasslandTropical grassland (savanna)(savanna)
(Harare, Zimbabwe)(Harare, Zimbabwe)
TemperateTemperate grasslandgrassland
(Lawrence, Kansas)(Lawrence, Kansas)
Polar grassland (arctic tundra)Polar grassland (arctic tundra) (Fort Yukon, Alaska) (Fort Yukon, Alaska)
Tropical Grassland and Tropical Grassland and SavannasSavannas
• High average temperatureHigh average temperature
• Low to moderate precipitationLow to moderate precipitation
• Prolonged dry seasonProlonged dry season
Dry GrasslandDry Grassland Moist GrasslandMoist Grassland
WarthogWarthog Thompson'sThompson'sgazellegazelle
WaterbuckWaterbuck Grant's zebraGrant's zebra
Beisa oryxBeisa oryxTopiTopi
Cape buffaloCape buffalo WildebeestWildebeest
grazing – grass and herb eatinggrazing – grass and herb eating
Dry Thorn ScrubDry Thorn Scrub Riverine ForestRiverine Forest
Dik-dikDik-dik East AfricanEast Africanelandeland
Blue Blue duikerduiker
Greater Greater kudukudu
BushbuckBushbuck
Black rhinoBlack rhino
GiraffeGiraffe
African elephantAfrican elephant
GerenukGerenuk
browsing – twig and leaf nibblingbrowsing – twig and leaf nibbling
Temperate GrasslandsTemperate Grasslands
• Bitterly cold Bitterly cold winterswinters
• Hot, dry Hot, dry summerssummers
• Sparse, uneven Sparse, uneven precipitationprecipitation
1)1) Tall- and short-Tall- and short-grass prairies grass prairies (NA)(NA)
2)2) Pampas (SA)Pampas (SA)
3)3) Veldt (Africa)Veldt (Africa)
4)4) Steppes (Europe Steppes (Europe and Asia)and Asia)
Temperate Grasslands
• The cold winters and hot dry summers have deep and fertile soil that make them ideal for growing crops and grazing cattle.
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
FungiFungi
BacteriaBacteria
Golden eagleGolden eagle
PrairiePrairiedogdog
Blue stemgrassBlue stemBlue stemgrassgrass
CoyoteCoyoteCoyote
GrasshopperGrasshopperGrasshopper
GrasshoppersparrowGrasshopperGrasshoppersparrowsparrow
Pronghorn antelopePronghorn antelopePronghorn antelope
PrairieconeflowerPrairiePrairieconeflowerconeflower
Temperate Temperate tall-grass tall-grass prairieprairie
Polar GrasslandsPolar Grasslands(Artic Tundra)(Artic Tundra)
• Bitterly coldBitterly cold
• Frigid windsFrigid winds
• Ice and snowIce and snow
PermafrostPermafrost
Producer toprimaryconsumer
Primary to secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All consumersand producers to decomposers
LemmingLemming
ArcticArcticfoxfox
Horned larkHorned lark
MosquitoMosquito
Grizzly bearGrizzly bear
Long-tailed jaegerLong-tailed jaeger
CaribouCaribou
Willow ptarmiganWillow ptarmiganWillow ptarmigan
Snowy owlSnowy owlSnowy owl
Dwarf willowDwarf willowDwarf willow
Mountain cranberryMountain cranberryMountain cranberry
Moss campionMoss campionMoss campion
PolarPolar
GrasslandsGrasslands
(Artic tundra)(Artic tundra)
Temperate Shrubland or Temperate Shrubland or ChaparralChaparral
• Dense growth of low-Dense growth of low-growing, evergreen growing, evergreen shrubsshrubs
• Mild wintersMild winters• Long, hot, dry summersLong, hot, dry summers• Referred to as Referred to as
“Mediterranean climate” “Mediterranean climate” along coastal areasalong coastal areas • People like to live in People like to live in
this biomethis biome
Chaparral
• Chaparral has a moderate climate but its dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires.
Figure 5-18Figure 5-18
Temperate coniferous forestsTemperate coniferous forests Temperate deciduous forestsTemperate deciduous forests Tropical rain forestsTropical rain forests
Forest BiomesForest Biomes
FOREST BIOMES
• Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate, and polar forests.
Tropical rainTropical rain forestforest
(Manaus, Brazil)
TemperateTemperate deciduous forestdeciduous forest
(Nashville, Tennessee)
Polar evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest, taiga)Polar evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest, taiga)(Moscow, Russia) (Moscow, Russia)
Tropical Rain ForestsTropical Rain Forests
• Warm temperaturesWarm temperatures• High humidityHigh humidity• Heavy daily rainfallHeavy daily rainfall
• Most biologically Most biologically diverse biome diverse biome
• Nutrient Nutrient poorpoor soils soils
ShrubShrublayerlayer
CanopyCanopy
EmergentEmergentlayerlayer
UnderstoryUnderstoryUnderstory
GroundlayerGroundGroundlayerlayer
HarpyHarpyeagleeagle
TocoTocotoucantoucan
WoolyWoolyopossumopossum
BrazilianBraziliantapirtapir
Black-crownedBlack-crownedantpittaantpitta
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45H
eigh
t (m
eter
s)
stratificationstratification
Temperate RainforestTemperate Rainforest
• Occurs in coastal Occurs in coastal temperate areastemperate areas– Coast of North America Coast of North America
from Canada to northern from Canada to northern CaliforniaCalifornia
• Ample rainfall or moist, Ample rainfall or moist, dense ocean fogsdense ocean fogs
• Spruce, Douglas fir, Spruce, Douglas fir, redwoodsredwoods
Temperate Temperate Deciduous Deciduous
ForestForest
• Long, warm Long, warm summerssummers
• Cold wintersCold winters• Abundant Abundant
precipitationprecipitation• Nutrient rich Nutrient rich
soilssoils
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
BacteriaBacteria
FungiFungi
Wood frogWood frog
RacerRacer
Shagbark hickoryShagbark hickory
White-tailedWhite-taileddeerdeer
White-footedWhite-footedmousemouse
White oakWhite oak
GrayGraysquirrelsquirrel
HairyHairywoodpeckerwoodpecker
Broad-wingedBroad-wingedhawkhawk
Long-tailedweaselLong-tailedLong-tailedweaselweasel
May beetleMay beetleMay beetle
MountainwinterberryMountainMountainwinterberrywinterberry
Metallic wood-boringbeetle and
Metallic wood- Metallic wood- boring beetle boring beetle and larvaeand larvae
Evergreen Coniferous ForestsEvergreen Coniferous Forests ‘Boreal’ or ‘Taiga’‘Boreal’ or ‘Taiga’
• 6060°° N Latitude N Latitude• Long, dry and extremely Long, dry and extremely
cold winterscold winters• Short, mild summersShort, mild summers• Plant diversity is lowPlant diversity is low• Deep layer of Deep layer of
decomposed conifer decomposed conifer needles provide rich needles provide rich source of peat bogssource of peat bogs
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
BacteriaBacteria BunchberryBunchberry
StarflowerStarflower
Fungi
SnowshoeSnowshoeharehare
BebbBebbwillowwillow
MooseMoose
WolfWolf
Balsam firBalsam fir
Blue jayBlue jay Greathornedowl
GreatGreathornedhornedowlowl
WhitespruceWhiteWhitesprucespruce
Pine sawyer Pine sawyer Pine sawyer beetle and beetle and larvaelarvae
MartenMartenMarten
Human impacts on forestsHuman impacts on forests
• Clearing of tropical forests for agriculture, Clearing of tropical forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timberlivestock grazing, and timber
• Clearing of temperate deciduous forests Clearing of temperate deciduous forests for timber, agriculture and urban for timber, agriculture and urban developmentdevelopment
• Clearing of evergreen coniferous forestsClearing of evergreen coniferous forests• Conversion of diverse forests to less Conversion of diverse forests to less
biodiverse tree plantationsbiodiverse tree plantations
Tree Tree PlantationPlantation
(monoculture)(monoculture)
MOUNTAIN BIOMES• High-elevation
islands of biodiversity
• Often have snow-covered peaks that reflect solar radiation and gradually release water to lower-elevation streams and ecosystems.
HUMAN IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
• Human activities have damaged or disturbed more than half of the world’s terrestrial ecosystems.
• Humans have had a number of specific harmful effects on the world’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains.
Natural Capital Degradation
Desert
Large desert cities
Soil destruction by off-road vehicles
Soil salinization from irrigation
Depletion of groundwater
Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction
Oil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra
Overgrazing by livestock
Release of CO2 to atmosphere from grassland burning
Conversion to cropland
Grasslands
Natural Capital Degradation
Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban development
Conversion of diverse forests to tree plantations
Damage from off-road vehicles
Natural Capital Degradation
Forests
Pollution of forest streams
Natural Capital Degradation
Mountains
Agriculture
Timber extraction
Mineral extraction
Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs
Increasing tourism
Urban air pollution
Increased ultraviolet radiationfrom ozone depletion
Soil damage from off-roadvehicles
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZGCZY47YS0&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active