Biomass Resources in Pakistan

8/18/2019 Biomass Resources in Pakistan

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Biomass Resource

Pakista

Conversion Technolo


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What is Biomass?

•Biomass is biological material derived from livrecently living organisms. In the context of bioenergy this is often used to mean plant based but biomass can equally apply to both animal vegetable derived material.


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Chemical Composition

Chemical composition of Biomass Based on;

• Carbon

• Mixture of organic molecules i.e. H,O,N

• Other small quantities (Alkali, Alkaline earth &


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Why is biomass a renewable energy so


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Why Biomass is Preferred over Fossil

Renewable/ Non Renewable Sources

Toxic/ Non-Toxic Emissions

Global Warming

Depletion with Time


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Biomass Resources in Pakistan Agricultural Residues

• Wheat straw, rice husk, rice straw, cane trash, bagasse, cotton sof the major crop residues in Pakistan.

Sugar cane:

• During the year 2010-11, around 63,920,000 metric tons of sugagrown in Pakistan which resulted in trash generation of aroundmetric tons. As per conservation estimates, the bioenergy pote

trash is around 9,475 GWh per year.Cotton:

• The production of cotton sticks during 2010-2011 was approxim1,474,693 metric tons which is equivalent to power generationaround 3,071 GWh.


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Animal Manure:

• Pakistan is the world’s fourth largest producer of milk. The cattl

population is around 67,294,000 while the animal manure gene

estimated at 368,434,650 metric tons. Biogas generation from

a very good proposition for Pakistan as the country has the pote

electrical energy equivalent to 23,654 GWh


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Municipal Solid Waste:

• The generation or solid wastes in 9 major urban centers is around

tons per annum which is increasing by 2.5% per year due to rapid

population and high rate of industrialization. The average calorif

in Pakistan is 6.89 MJ/kg which implies power generation potent13,900 GWh per annum.


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Conversion Technologies

Thermal Conversion: •

These are processes in which heat is the dominant mechanism to biomass into another chemical form.

Combustion:

• Combustion is the process with which everyone is familiar by whimaterials are allowed to burn in the presence of air or oxygen with

heat.• Combustion of Biomass material:

• When the flammable fuel material is a form of biomass the oxidatpredominantly the carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) in the cellulose, hlignin, and other molecules present to form carbon dioxide (CO2) a


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Gasification:

• Gasification is a partial oxidation process whereby a carbon sourcnatural gas or biomass, is broken down into carbon monoxide (CO

(H2), plus carbon dioxide (CO2) and possibly hydrocarbon molecumethane (CH4).

• Low temperature gasification

• If the gasification takes place at a relatively low temperature, suc1000ºC, the product gas will have a relatively high level of hydroc

to high temperature gasification• High temperature gasification

• Higher temperature gasification (1200ºC to 1600ºC) leads to fewthe product gas, and a higher proportion of CO and H2.


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Pyrolysis:

• Pyrolysis is the precursor to gasification, and takes place as part o

and combustion. It consists of thermal decomposition in the abseis essentially based on a long established process, being the basisburning.

• Lower vs. higher temperature pyrolysis

• Lower temperatures (around 400ºC) tend to produce more solid pyrolysis), whereas somewhat higher temperatures (around 500ºmuch higher proportion of liquid (bio-oil), provided the vapor residown to around 1 sec or less. After this, secondary reactions takeincrease the gas yield.


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Biochemical conversion:• Biochemical conversion makes use of the enzymes of bacteria an

organisms to break down biomass. In most cases micro-organismperform the conversion process;

Anaerobic digestion:

• Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the process whereby bacteria break dmaterial in the absence of air, yielding a biogas containing metha

Fermentation:

• Fermentation is the process used in brewing and wine making forsugars to alcohol (ethanol CH3CH2OH). The same process, followecan be used to obtain pure ethanol (bioethanol) for use as a trans


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Transesterification:• This chemical conversion process can be used to convert straigh

vegetable oils into biodiesel.

• Converting vegetable oils into biodiesel

• Instead, SVO (Straight Vegetable Oil) and filtered waste vegetab

be reacted with methanol (or ethanol) to change the triglyceridemethanol (or ethanol) monoesters, each with single fatty acid ch

acid methyl ester (FAME), commonly known as biodiesel.


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Biomass Resources in Pakistan