BIOMASS AS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOURCE FOR THE FUTURE

Fundamentals of Conversion Processes

Edited By

WIEBREN DE JONG

J. RUUD VAN OMMEN

AlchE,§, ~----· --

WILEY

CONTENTS

PREFACE xili

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xvü

PART 1 SOCIAL CONTEXT AND STRUCTURAL BASIS OF BIOMASS AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 1

1 Introduction: Socioeconornic Aspects of Biornass Conversion 3 Wiebren de Jong and J. Ruud van Ommen

1.1 Energy Supply: Economic and Environrnental Considerations 4 1.2 Ways to Mitigate Threats to a Sustainable Energy Supply 16 1.3 What is Sustainable Supply of Biomass? 20 1.4 Resources and Sustainable Potential of Biornass 25 1.5 A Brief Introduction to Multiproduct Biornass Conversion Techniques 29 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 30 Key Concepts 30 Short-Answer Questions 30 Problems 32 Projec~ 32 Internet References 33 References 33

V

vi

2 Biomass Composition, Properties, and Characterization Wiebren de Jong

2.1 Physicochemical Properties 2.2 Main Structural Organic Constituents 2.3 Minor Organic Constituents 2.4 Inorganic Compounds 2.5 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis 2.6 Heating Values 2.7 Ash Characterization Techniques . Chapter Summary and Study Guide Key Concepts Short-Answer Questions Problems Projects Internet References References

PART II CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES OF BIOMASS PROCESSING

3 Conservation: Mass, Momentum, and Energy Balances Wiebren de Jong

3.1 General Conservation Equation 3.2 Conservation of Mass 3.3 Conservation of Energy 3.4 Conservation of Momentum Chapter Summary and Study Guide Key Concepts Short-Answer Questions Problems Projects Internet Reference References

4 Transfer: Basics of Mass and Heat Transfer Dirk J.E.M. Roekaerts

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Transport Terms in the Governing Equations 4.3 Radiative Heat Transfer 4.4 Convective Heat and Mass Transfer 4.5 Transfer of Heat and Mass with Phase Change Chapter Summary and Study Guide

CONTENTS

36

37 42 45 49 52 57 59 61 62 62 63 65 65 65

69

71

73 74 80 90 92 92 93 93 95 96 96

97

100 100 103 108 110 124

CON1ENTS vü

Key Concepts 124 Short-Answer Questions 125 Problems 125 Projects 127 References 128

5 Reactions: Thennodynamic Aspects, Kinetics, and Catalysis 129 Martina Fantini, Wiebren de Jong, and J. Ruud van Ommen

5.1 Reaction .Kinetics 130 5.2 Chemical Equilibrium 138 5.3 Catalysis 148 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 154 Key Concepts 155 Short-Answer Questions 155 Problems 155 Projects 156 References 158

6 Reactors: ldealized Chemical Reactors 159 Lilian de Mart{n and J. Ruud van Ommen

6.1 Preliminary Concepts 160 6.2 Batch Reactors (BRs) 163 6.3 Steady-State Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 167 6.4 Steady-State Plug Flow Reactors (PFRs) 168 6.5 Residence Time and Space Time for Flow Reactors 173 6.6 Deviations from Plug Flow and Perfect Mixing 176 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 180 Key Concepts 181 Short-Answer Questions 181 Problems 181 Project 182 References 183

7 Processes: Basics of Process Design 184 Johan Grievink, Pieter L.J. Swinkels, and J. Ruud van Ommen

7.1 Scope 186 7.2 Characterization of Biomass Processing 187 7.3 Analyzing the Outside of a Process 189 7.4 Analyzing the Inside of a Process 192 7.5 A Design Procedure for Biomass Conversion Processes 195 7.6 Interface with Supply Chain: Input-Output Diagram 201 7.7 Division in Subprocesses 206 7.8 Process Design: Functional Block Diagram 207

viii

7.9 Example of Analysis and Evaluation in Process Design 7.10 lntegrating Process Units into the Functional Network 7.11 Application Potential Chapter Summary and Study Guide Key Concepts Short-Answer Questions Problems Projects Internet References References

PART III BIOMASS CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES

8 Physical Pretreatment of Biomass Wiebren de Jong

8.1 Jntroduction 8.2 Harvesting and Transport 8.3 Storage 8.4 Washing 8.5 Size Reduction 8.6 Particle Size Characterization 8.7 Screening and Classification 8.8 Methods of Moisture Reduction 8.9 Compaction Technologies 8.10 Sequencing the Pretreatment Steps Chapter Summary and Study Guide Key Concepts Short-Answer Questions Problems Projects Internet References References

9 Thennochemical Conversion: Direct Combustion Rob J.M. Bastiaans and Jeroen A. van Oijen

9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fundamental Conversion Processes 9.3 Particle Conversion Modes 9.4 Combustion Systems 9.5 Emissions Chapter Summary and Study Guide Key Concepts Short-Answer Questions

CONI'ENTS

212 222 224 224 225 225 226 229 229 229

231

233

235 236 241 242 243 247 249 249 257 261 261 261 262 263 264 265 265

268

270 271 273 283 288 294 295 295

CONIENTS ix

Problems 295 Projects 296 Internet References 296 References 297

10 Thermochemical Conversion: (Co)gasification and Hydrothermal Gasification 298 Sascha R.A. Kersten and Wiebren de Jong

10.1 What is Gasification? A Chemical and Engineering Background 300 10.2 A Short History of Gasification 317 10.3 (Co )gasification Technologies for Dry Biomass 318 10.4 Gasification in an Aqueous Environment: Hydrothermal

Biomass Conversion 329 10.5 Gas Cleaning for Biomass Gasification Processes 337 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 348 Key Concepts 348 Short-Answer Questions 349 Problems 350 Projects 353 Internet References 353 References 353

11 Thermochemical Conversion: An Introduction to Fast Pyrolysis 359 Stijn R.G. Oudenhoven and Sascha R.A. Kersten

11.1 Introduction 361 11.2 A First Look at a Liquefaction Process 362 11.3 A First Look at Fast Pyrolysis Oil 363 11.4 Chemistry and Kinetics of Pyrolysis 364 11.5 Processes at the Particle Level 368 11.6 A Closer Look at Pyrolysis Oil 371 11.7 Fast Pyrolysis Processes 374 11.8 Catalytic Pyrolysis 377 11.9 Oil Applications 378 11.10 Outlook 380 Appendix 11.1 Single-Particle Model (Based on the Model by Di Blasi, 1997) 380 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 383 Key Concepts 383 Short-Answer Questions 383 Problems 384 Projects 384 Internet References 385 References 385

X

12 Thennochemical Conversion: Torrefaction Jaap H.A. Kiel, Arno H.H. Janssen, and Yash Joshi

12.1 lntroduction 12.2 Fundamentals of Torrefaction 12.3 Advantages of Torrefaction 12.4 Torrefaction Technology 12.5 Torrefaction: An Enabling Technology 12.6 The Future of Torrefaction Chapter Summary and Study Guide Key Concepts Short-Answer Questions Problems Projects References

13 Biochemical Conversion: Biofuels by Industrial Fermentation Maria C. Cuellar and Adrie J.J. Straathof

13.l lntroduction 13.2 First-Generation Bioethanol Processes 13.3 Second-Generation Bioethanol Processes 13.4 Butanol 13.5 Diesel-like Products 13.6 Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Comparison of

Fermentative Biofuels 13.7 Outlook Chapter Summary and Study Guide Key Concepts Short-Answer Questions Problems Projects References

14 Biochemical Conversion: Anaerobic Digestion Robbert Kleerebezem

14.l Introduction 14.2 Biochemical Fundamentals 14.3 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 14.4 Process Engineering 14.5 Outlook and Discussion Chapter Summary and Study Guide Key Concepts Short-Answer Questions Problems

CONTENTS

388

388 389 392 392 397 398 399 399 399 400 401 401

403

404 406 417 428 429

432 436 437 438 438 438 439 439

441

442 443 453 454 463 466 466 466 467

CONTENTS xi

Project 467 References 468

15 Biorefineries: Integration of Different Technologies 469 Wiebren de Jong

15.1 What is a Biorefinery and What is the Diffe1ence with an Oil Refinery? 470

15.2 Types of Biorefineries 474 15.3 Economic Considerations Evaluating Biorefinery Concepts:

Basic Methods for Assessing Investmentsand Cost Prices 481 15.4 Outlook to the Future of Biorefineries 492 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 493 Key Concepts 493 Short-Answer Questions 493 Problems 494 Projects 497 Internet References 500 References 500

PART IV END USES 503

16 High-Efficiency Energy Systems with Biomass Gasifiers and Solid Oxide Fuel CeUs 505 P. V. Aravind and Ming Liu

16.1 Introduction 506 16.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 507 16.3 Biomass Gasifier-SOFC Combination 512 16.4 Concluding Remarks 520 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 520 Key Concepts 521 Short-Answer Questions 521 Problems 521 Projects 522 Internet References 522 References 523

17 Synthesis Gas Utilization for Transportation Fuel Production 525 J. Ruud van Ommen and Johan Grievink

17 .1 lntroduction 5 26 17.2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 527 17.3 Synthetic Natural Gas Synthesis 535 17.4 Methanol Synthesis 537

xü

17 .5 Comparison of the Different Options Chapter Summary and Study Guide Key Concepts Short-Answer Questions Problems Projects Internet References References

18 Chemistry of Biofuels and Biofuel Additives from Biomass /sabel W. C.E. Arends

18.1 Introduction 18.2 Bioethanol and Biodiesel 18.3 Conversion of Sugars to Hydrocarbon Fuels 18.4 Greenness of the Conversion of Platform Molecules

into Biobased Fuel Additives 18.5 Direct Aqueous Reforming of Sugars Leading to a

Range of Alkanes 18.6 Future Generations of Biofuel Chapter Summary and Study Guide Key Concepts Short-Answer Questions Problems Projects Internet References References

INDEX

CONTENTS

538 540 540 541 541 544 545 545

547

548 548 553

557

564 566 566 567 567 568 568 568 569

571