AP Biology Term 4 Quiz 1Plants: Structure and Function

Name: ____________________________________Date:______________________

Section I: Multiple-Choice QuestionsUse the table below to answer question 1-3. In a study on seed germination of radish seeds, five beakers were set up containing equal numbers of seeds. The beakers were subjected to the conditions indicated in the table below.

1. The experimental design allows testing of which of the following?(A) Only the effect of temperature on germination(B) Only the need for oxygen for germination(C) Only the effect of light on germination(D) The effects of both temperature and oxygen on germination(E) The effects of both temperature and light on germinationD

2. Germination would be expected to occur first in which beaker?(A) 1(B) 2(C) 3(D) 4(E) 5A

3. Comparing results from which of the following pairs of beakers would help determine if enzymes are necessary for germination?(A) 1 and 2(B) 1 and 3(C) 1 and 4(D) 2 and 4(E) 3 and 4A

4. Ethylene is an organic compound produced by ripening fruits. In a controlled experiment, researchers found that ethylene gas stimulated the ripening process in newly harvested fruits. Which of the following describes the most likely connection between natural ethylene production and fruit ripening? (A) As a result of metabolic inactivity, newly harvested fruits are unable to absorb ethylene gas from the atmosphere. (B) Ethylene gas is a chemical signal through which ripening fruits trigger the ripening process in other fruits. (C) Because of normal phenotypic variation, only some of the fruits in a given generation are expected to produce ethylene gas. (D) The rate of ethylene gas production by ripening fruits is an indicator of the relative age of an ecosystem. B

5. On a large volcanic island, researchers are studying a population of annual herbaceous plants. Which of the following observations best supports the prediction that speciation will occur within the existing plant population? (A) Individuals of the species sometimes reproduce asexually by producing runners. (B) Lava has separated the population into two areas: an upland forest and a lowland marsh. (C) Multiple groups of birds depend on the fruit produced by the plants as a source of food. (D) The plants produce more seeds during warm summers than they do during cool summers. B

6. kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. Which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell? (A) Homologous chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) will move toward opposite poles of the cell. (B) Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell. (C) The nuclear envelope will break down, and the spindle will begin to form. (D) The chromatin will decondense, and the daughter cell will enter interphase. B

7. Thrips are insects that feed on rose pollen. Scientists noted that the thrips population increased in the spring and decreased dramatically during the summer. The researchers hypothesized that food abundance was the limiting factor for the population. Which of the following types of data would be most useful for the scientists to collect at regular intervals on a designated test plot of rose plants?(A) Amount of sunlight (hours/day)(B) Mean temperature (°C)(C) Density of rose pollen produced (g/m2)(D) Amount of pollen produced by each flower (g/flower)C

8. Data regarding the presence (+) or absence (-) of five derived traits in several different species areshown in the table below.

Which of the following cladograms provides the simplest and most accurate representation of thedata in the table?

A B C D

A

A student placed 20 tobacco seeds of the same species on moist paper towels in each of two petri dishes. Dish A was wrapped completely in an opaque cover to exclude all light. Dish B was not wrapped. The dishes were placed equidistant from a light source set to a cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark. All other conditions were the same for both dishes. The dishes were examined after 7 days, and the opaque cover was permanently removed from dish A. Both dishes were returned to the light and examined again at 14 days. The following data were obtained.

9. According to the results of this experiment, germination of tobacco seeds during the first week is

(A) increased by exposure to light(B) unaffected by light intensity(C) prevented by paper towels(D) accelerated in green-leaved seedlings

A10. The most probable cause for the difference in mean stem length between plants in dish A and plants in dish B is which of the following?

(A) Shortening of cells in the stem in response to the lack of light(B) Elongation of seedlings in response to the lack of light(C) Enhancement of stem elongation by light(D) Genetic differences between the seedsB

11. Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that thedifference in leaf color is genetically controlled?

(A) The number of yellow-leaved seedlings in dish A on day 7(B) The number of germinated seeds in dish A on days 7 and 14(C) The death of all the yellow-leaved seedlings(D) The existence of yellow-leaved seedlings as well as green-leaved ones on day 14 in dish BD

12. Additional observations were made on day 21, and no yellow-leaved seedlings were found alive in either dish. This is most likely because

(A) yellow-leaved seedlings were unable to absorb water from the paper towels(B) taller green-leaved seedlings blocked the light and prevented photosynthesis(C) yellow-leaved seedlings were unable to convert light energy to chemical energy(D) a higher rate of respiration in yellow-leaved seedlings depleted their stored nutrientsC

Questions 13-16

A student performed 2 studies to investigate the factors that affect the germination of peony seeds.

Study 1

Peony seeds were placed in dry containers. Some of the containers were stored at 5°C for either 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks. The temperature and time periods were defined as the storage temperature and the storage period, respectively.

The peony seeds were divided evenly so that there were 20 sets of 25 seeds. Twenty petri dishes were then prepared. Each contained damp paper. Each set of seeds was placed in a separate petri dish. Each petri dish was maintained at 1 of 4 temperatures for 30 days. The temperature and time periods were defined as the germination temperature and the germination period, respectively. Table 1 shows the number of seeds that germinated in each dish.

Table 1

torageperiod(weeks)

Number of peony seeds that germinated when maintained at a germination temperature of:

13°C 18°C 23°C 28°C

0 4 6 810

0 0 3 715

0 2 82224

0 0 61821

00001

Study 2

Peony seeds were placed in dry containers. The containers were stored at various temperatures for 10 weeks.

The peony seeds were divided evenly so that there were 20 sets of 25 seeds. Twenty petri dishes were then prepared. Each contained damp paper. Each set of seeds was placed in a petri dish. The petri dishes were maintained at 1 of 4 temperatures for 30 days. Table 2 shows the number of seeds that germinated in each dish.

Table 2

Storagetemperature(°C)

Number of peony seeds that germinated when maintained at a germination temperature of:

13°C 18°C 23°C 28°C

0 5101520

1516 0 0 0

24236 0 0

2121 4 0 0

11000

13. In general, the results of Study 1 suggest that peony seeds that are placed in a petri dish containing damp paper are most likely to germinate when they are maintained at which of the following temperatures?

A. 13°C

B. 18°C

C. 23°C

D. 28°C

B

14. Suppose another set of 25 peony seeds had been included in Study 2 and these seeds had a storage temperature of 25°C and a germination temperature of 18°C. Based on the information provided, the number of seeds that would have germinated after being maintained for 30 days would most likely have been closest to:

A. 0.

B. 8.

C. 16.

D 24.

A

15. In Study 2, at the storage temperature of 5°C, as germination temperature increased from 13°C to 28°C, the number of seeds that germinated:

A. decreased only.

B. increased only.

C. decreased, then increased.

D. increased, then decreased.

D

16. Which of the following sets of seeds were exposed to the same conditions prior to being placed in the petri dishes?

A. The seeds from Study 1 that were stored for 8 weeks and the seeds from Study 2 that were stored at 5°C

B. The seeds from Study 1 that were stored for 8 weeks and the seeds from Study 2 that were stored at 15°C

C. The seeds from Study 1 that were stored for 10 weeks and the seeds from Study 2 that were stored at 5°C

D. The seeds from Study 1 that were stored for 10 weeks and the seeds from Study 2 that were stored at 15°C

C

17. While conducting experiments, a scientist notices that a particular plant behaves in a peculiarway. Through further study, she concludes that statoliths are not produced in this plant. Whichof the following best describes events that she saw during her experiments?(A) The plant was unable to send shoots upward and roots downward in a manner consistentwith the control group.(B) Stomata remained closed for extended periods of time when compared to the controlgroup.(C) The plant did not grow toward a light source when placed in the dark.(D) The plant was unable to produce fruit.A

18. Chrysanthemums typically bloom in the fall. A local florist, however, wants to hinder theblooming of the Chrysanthemums until May for Mother’s Day. Which of the following will behis best strategy for stalling the flowering process until May?(A) Store the plants indoors next to a window without shades.(B) Place lights on timers so that the plants are exposed to short periods of light in the middleof the night.(C) Place the plants into a dark room before sunset where they will receive no light until aftersunrise.(D) Place the plants next to a window in an airtight bins flushed with ethylene.B

19. Each of the following is involved in response to stress EXCEPT:(A) Ethylene

(B) Abscisic acid(C) Photoperiodism(D) Turgor movemen

C

20. An experiment on plant defenses was conducted on three identical groups of lima bean plants. The first group was treated with a solution containing a chemical similar to an organic compound that is released by herbivore-damaged plants (solvent plus chemical). The second group was treated with only the solvent used in the first treatment. The third group was left untreated. One week after the treatment phase, the numbers of carnivorous ants (predators of herbivores) found residing on the plants in each group were determined. The results of the experiment are provided below.

Based on the information in the graph, how many times more ants are found on plants exposed to the solvent plus chemical compared to plants exposed to the solvent only? Give your answer to the nearest tenth.

Question 125: 2 . ≤ x ≤ 2 6 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 1 0

Section II: Free Response Questions

Directions: Read each question carefully and completely. Write your response in the space provided for each question. Only material written in the space provided will be scored. Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted lists, or diagrams alone are not acceptable.

Trichomes are hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis of plants that are thought to provide protection against being eaten by herbivores (herbivory). In a certain plant species, stem trichome density is genetically determined.To investigate variation in stem trichome density within the plant species, a student counted the number of trichomes on the stems of six plants in each of three different populations. The student used the data to calculate the mean trichome density (numbers of hairs per square centimeter) for each population. The results are provided in the table below

(a) On the axes provided, create an appropriately labeled graph to illustrate the sample means of the three populations to within 95% confidence (i.e., sample mean± 2 SEM). (b) Based on the sample means and standard errors of the means, identifythe two populations that are most likely to have statistically significant differences in the mean stem trichome densities. Justify your response. (c) Describe the independent and dependent variables and a control treatment for an experiment to test the hypothesis that higher trichome density in plants is selected for in the presence of herbivores. Identify an appropriate duration of the experiment to ensure that natural selection is measured, and predict the experimental results that would support the hypothesis.

2. An absorption spectrum indicates the relative amount of light absorbed across a range of wavelengths. The graphs above represent the absorption spectra of individual pigments isolated from two different organisms. One of the pigments is chlorophyll a, commonly found in green plants. The other pigment is bacteriorhodopsin, commonly found in purple photosynthetic bacteria. The table above shows the approximate ranges of wavelengths of different colors in the visible light spectrum.(a) Identify the pigment (chlorophyll a or bacteriorhodopsin) used to generate the absorption spectrum in each of the graphs above. Explain and justify your answer.(b) In an experiment, identical organisms containing the pigment from Graph II as the predominant lightcapturing pigment are separated into three groups. The organisms in each group are illuminated with light of a single wavelength (650 nm for the first group, 550 nm for the second group, and 430 nm for thethird group). The three light sources are of equal intensity, and all organisms are illuminated for equallengths of time. Predict the relative rate of photosynthesis in each of the three groups. Justify yourpredictions.(c) Bacteriorhodopsin has been found in aquatic organisms whose ancestors existed before the ancestors of plants evolved in the same environment. Propose a possible evolutionary history of plants that could have resulted in a predominant photosynthetic system that uses only some of the colors of the visible lightspectrum.

3. Identify and explain TWO different structural or physiological adaptations that could account for two different species of plants having different transpiration rates.

Discuss the patterns of sexual reproduction in plants. Compare and contrast reproduction in nonvascular plants with that in flowering plants. Include the following topics in your discussion: (a) alternation of generations (b) mechanisms that bring female and male gametes together (c) mechanisms that disperse offspring to new locations

Seeds that are randomly positioned when planted in a pot of soil placed on a window sill produce seedlings with downward growing roots and upward growing shoots. Above ground, the shoots are oriented toward light. Describe the physiological mechanisms that occur to produce:

a) the downward growth of the rootsb) the upward growth of the shoots

STANDARDS: NOT MORE THAN FIFTEEN TOTAL POINTS WERE GIVEN.

ONE POINT FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING:__ The hormone involved is auxin.__ In vertical roots or stems, auxin is uniformly distributed.__ In horizontally placed roots, auxin accumulates on the lower side.__ The accumulation of auxin on the lower side in roots inhibits cell elongation in the area.__ In horizontally placed stems, auxin accumulates on lower side.__ Accumulation of auxin in stems is stimulatory.__ In a laterally illuminated stem, auxin accumulated on the shady side.__ There is lateral transport of auxin from the sunny to the shady side, or from top to bottom in horizontally placed stems and roots.

TWO POINTS FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING:__ Auxin is produced in the stem apex.__ Auxin causes cell elongation in stems.__ Optimum for root growth is an amount much less than for stem growth.__ In high concentration, auxin is inhibitory in both stems and roots.__ Lateral movement of auxin requires energy.__ Auxin movement is too fast to be explained by diffusion.__ The perception of auxin in stem tips is light promoted (carotenes or flavenes).__ Discussion of the perception of gravity.__ Evidence that the site of perception is the tip.

FIVE POINTS FOR THE FOLLOWING:

The downward growth of roots...the geotropic response of root is dependent on the production of a growth inhibitor or inhibitors produced in the root cap. The inhibitor(s) move from the cap through the apex to the elongating cells. If the root is horizontal, a large part of the substance is transported laterally to the lower side. The difference in concentration produces unequal growth,...the lower side is more inhibited and root therefore turns down.

4. Plants are responsive to light.A. Describe the mechanism by which phototropism takes place.1 point for each of the following (4 point max)_Auxin migrates to the shady side of the shoot when exposed to light._As auxin migrates, it acidifies the cell wall._The drop in pH results in the activation of expansin proteins_Expansin proteins interfere with hydrogen bonding between cellulose fibers OR “breakdown” cellulose._Ions are shuttled in and water follows resulting in expansion of the weakened cell walls._When the “shady side” cells expand greatly and the “sunny side” cells do not, the plant grows toward thelight.