Biology Yr 12

2005

2010Higher School Certificate

Trial ExaminationBiology

General Instructions

Reading time 5 minutes

Working time 3 hours

Write using black or blue pen

Draw diagrams using pencil

Board-approved calculators may be used

Write your student number and/or name at the top of every page

Total marks 100

Section I Pages 220 Total marks (75)

This section has two parts, Part A and Part B

Part A 20 marks

Attempt Questions 120

Allow about 35 minutes for this part

Part B 55 marks

Attempt Questions 2129 Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part

Section II Pages 2140 Total marks (25)

Attempt ONE question from Questions 3034

Allow about 45 minutes for this section

This paper MUST NOT be removed from the examination room

Section I

Total marks (75)

Part A 20 marks

Attempt Questions 120Allow about 35 minutes for this part

Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question and indicate your choice with a cross (X) in the appropriate space on the grid below.

ABCD

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1. What is the role of enzymes in metabolism?

(A) They slow down chemical reactions so that more product is formed.

(B) They produce chemical reactions that would not normally occur. (C) They improve the absorption of nutrients in the body.

(D) They reduce the activation energy needed for chemical reactions.

2. Observe the flow diagram below.

Which body mechanism is described by this flow diagram?(A) Enantiostasis

(B) Excretion

(C) Positive reinforcement

(D) Homeostasis3. Observe the following image of human blood, as seen under a light microscope.

. What are the three large objects, in the middle of picture, most likely to be?

(A) Red cells, as they are large and carry more oxygen that white cells(B) Dust contamination, from a dirty slide

(C) Platelets, as they have dark clotting material inside them

(D) White cells, as they are larger than the other cells and have a nucleus 4. Under which of the following conditions is pulse oximetry used?

(A) When pulse rate or blood flow is low, during cardiac failure

(B) When monitoring oxygenation and pulse rates throughout anaesthesia(C) When blood pressure needs to be determined, during surgery(D) When levels of energy being used by the patient needs to be determined

5. The diagram below compares the length of loop of Henle for a beaver, human and kangaroo rat. The loop of Henle is located in the nephrons of the kidney tubules.

Based on this information, which organism is suited to survive in hot dry desert conditions?

(A) The beaver, because it has a short loop of Henle and so loses less water in its urine

(B) The kangaroo rat, because it has a longer loop of Henle and can reabsorb more water back into its bloodstream

(C) The human, because it has a medium length loop of Henle and can cope with a larger range of water availability

(D) Neither organism, as water reabsorption occurs mainly in Bowmans capsule, not the Loop of Henle6. What is the role of anti-diuretic hormone?

(A) It controls the amount of water reabsorbed in the nephron of the kidney.(B) It controls water balance by regulating the transfer of potassium and sodium ions in the kidney.(C) It is released during stress to increase heart rate and provide glucose to muscles.(D) It is released before meals to stimulate hunger and the secretion of saliva.7. Observe the following article.

Ancient Greenlander unlocks DNA secretsEmail to friendPrintEnlarge text11 February 2010

Near-complete nuclear genome obtained from an ancient human. Scientists have sequenced the DNA from four frozen hairs of a man who died 4 000 years ago in Greenland. This takes genetic technology into several new realms. The sequencing project described here, is a direct test of the extent to which ancient genomics can contribute knowledge about now-extinct cultures. Not only can the findings help transform the study of archaeology, but they can help answer questions about the origins of modern populations and disease, they said.

To which area of science does this example belong, in supporting the theory of evolution?

(A) Biogeography

(B) Comparative anatomy

(C) Biochemistry

(D) Comparative embryology

8. This Punnet square represents a cross between a yellow pea plant and a green pea plant. (code: Y = yellow; y = green. Yellow is dominant.)yy

YYyYy

yyyyy

What will be the expected ratio of phenotypes in the offspring?

(A) One yellow : one green

(B) Three yellow : one green(C) All green

(D) One yellow : three green9. Human blood group is controlled by three alleles, IA, IB, and i. The IA and IB alleles are co-dominant, and the i allele is recessive.

The table illustrates the genotype and resulting phenotype of the different human blood groups.

GenotypePhenotype

(Blood group)

IAIAor

IAiType A

IBIBor

IBiType B

IAIBType AB

iiType O

What would be the possible blood types in offspring from a mother with type AB blood and a father with type O?

(A) All AB

(B) All type O

(C) Type A or type B

(D) Type AB or type O

10. Why do scientists often use models to describe the process by which DNA controls the production of polypeptides?

(A) Models show chemical interactions more accurately.(B) Models give a better visual representation of relationships and processes.(C) Models are cheaper to produce than the real thing.(D) Models are easier to make than complex biochemical reactions.11. How does artificial pollination, by an orchardist, alter the genetic variability of a population?

(A) It reduces the variability, if selecting for a few common favourable characteristics.(B) It increases the variability, as both humans and the environment are selecting for favourable characteristics.(C) It has no effect on variability, as only the environment can select for favourable characteristics.

(D) In the long term, it increases the variability, by introducing new genes into the population.12. Why are organ transplant patients, given drugs to suppress their immune system?

(A) To prevent infection by drug resistant bacteria

(B) To prevent the body from rejecting the donated organ

(C) To stimulate the immune system and make it stronger

(D) To allow the body to use all of its energy to recover from the surgery13. What methods are commonly used in town water treatment, to ensure it is fit for drinking?

(A) Filtration, chlorination and regular testing for pathogens

(B) Filtration and boiling to kill all microbes

(C) Filtration and the addition of antibiotics, to kill all microbes(D) Filtration, distillation and regular testing for microbes

14. How are viruses different to prions?

(A) Viruses must invade a host cell to reproduce; prions dont.(B) Viruses are infectious; prions are not.(C) Viruses cause disease; prions dont.

(D) Viruses contain nucleic acid; prions dont.15. Observe the following diagram.

Which term defines the group of factors represented in the shaded triangles?

(A) Antibodies(B) Antibiotics(C) Antigens(D) Anti-inflammatories16. How does vaccination help to prevent infection from disease?

(A) Vaccination kills any disease-causing microbes, before they infect the body.(B) Vaccination stimulates the immune system to produce an acquired immunity to the disease.(C) Vaccination stimulates the production of natural antibiotics in the body.(D) Vaccination deactivates any poisons produced by microbes, when they invade the body and replicate.17. Which of the following is an example of a non-infectious disease?

(A) Scurvy, which is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C

(B) Peptic ulcer, which is caused by the Heliobacter pylori bacterium

(C) HIV, which is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency virus

(D) Toxic shock syndrome, which is caused by the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium18. The diagram below is a section from a DNA molecule.

X

Which type of chemical is labelled X in the diagram?

(A) Phosphate

(B) Purine(C) Sugar

(D) Hydrogen bond

19. This following pedigree shows the inheritance of a gene for a genetic disease.

What is the only possible genotype for individual 1 in generation III?

(A) Heterozygous

(B) Homozygous recessive

(C) Homozygous dominant

(D) Sex-linked

20. What is epidemiology?

(A) The study of diseases of the skin

(B) The study of the cause and effects of a disease

(C) The study of infectious diseases

(D) The study of methods of preventing entry of diseases into a country

Section I (continued)Part B 55 marks

Attempt Questions 2129Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part

Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Question 21 (7 marks) Marks

Select ONE named Australian endothermic organism and ONE named Australian ectothermic organism;

Use the grid lines below to construct a table to compare the response of EACH animal to a decrease in ambient temperature.

In your table, outline how each response assists with temperature regulation.7

Question 22 (9 marks) Marks

During the study of Maintaining a Balance, you were required to determine the

effect of increasing carbon dioxide levels, on the pH of water.4(a)Discuss the method and equipment used.(b) Describe ONE possible risk in this investigation and ONE precaution needed to reduce risk.2(c) Identify the control used.1(d) Outline any trends obtained in the data you collected.1(e) Explain ONE way of improving the reliability of the results.1Question 23 (4 marks) Marks

(a) Compare the difference in urine concentration of marine fish and freshwater fish.2(b) Explain how this difference in concentration is related to each organisms environment.2Question 24 (6 marks)

Draw a sequence of sketches, to show how a change in DNA sequence can affect cell activity.6Question 25 (7 marks) Marks

(a) Define the term transgenic species.1(b) Outline ONE method used to produce a transgenic species.2(c) Discuss TWO ethical issues arising from the development and use of transgenic

technology.2(d) Name ONE genetically altered plant and describe the effect that reproductive technology

has on its genetic diversity.2Question 26 (4 marks) Marks

The diagram below shows forelimbs from a human, dog, whale and bird.

(a) Analyse the structure of forelimbs, from different vertebrates, as shown in the diagram.2(b) Explain how the Darwin/Wallace theory of evolution, by natural selection, is supported by

this example.2Question 27 (8 marks) Marks

The darker shading, on the world map below, illustrates areas with higher incidence of the disease, malaria.

(a) Name the type of pathogen that causes malaria.1(b) Account for the distribution of global incidence of malaria, shown on the map.2Question 27 continues on the next page

Question 27 (continued) Marks

(c) Outline how Kochs postulates may be used, to determine if a particular pathogen is the

cause of malaria in humans.4(d) Explain why it would be difficult, ethically, to justify the use of Kochs postulates on a pathogen that may affect humans.1Question 28 (5 marks) Marks

(a) Identify the main components of the human immune response.2(b) Explain how vaccination may prevent infection.1(c) Sir Macfarlane Burnett is one of the founders of modern immunology.

Justify this statement.2Question 29 (5 marks) Marks

The data in the table shows the number of new cases of lung cancer in New South Wales

from 1998 to 2006.

Sex 199819992000200120022003200420052006

Number

New casesMales 190218101868184818111785202018781949

Females87186396695610161026110412161188

(a) Use the data to draw an appropriate graph. (label axes)4

(b) Identify any trends from your graph.1

Section IITotal marks (25)

Attempt ONE question from Questions 3034 Allow about 45 minutes for this sectionAnswer the questions in the spaces provided.

Pages

Question 30Communication22-25

Question 31Biotechnology26-28

Question 32Genetics: The Code Broken?29-32

Question 33The Human Story33-35

Question 34Biochemistry36-40Question 30 Communication (25 marks)Marks

(a)Explain the role of EACH of the following in generating a response:6

Stimulus

Receptor

Messenger

Effector

Question 30 continues on the next page

Question 30 (continued)Marks

(b)(i) On the diagram identify any SIX parts of the human ear, by completing the

labels.3

(ii) Describe the function of ONE part of the ear, labelled in (b)(i).3Question 30 continues on the next page


(iii) Identify the role of the eustachian tube.2

(c) (i) Some stimuli do not generate an action potential.

Explain this statement and justify the importance of this.4



(ii) On the diagram below, using arrows, locate and label the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata.3

(d)During the study of Communication, you analysed secondary sources to determine changes in the lens of the eye, when focusing on objects at different distances.

Describe the findings of your analysis.4

End of Question 30Question 31 Biotechnology (25 marks)Marks

(a) (i) Define the term biotechnology.2(ii) Identify an early (10,000 years ago), recent (18th-19th century) and contemporary example of biotechnology.3

(b)Describe ONE of the following:6 The production of monoclonal antibodies The production of recombinant vaccines



(c)Observe the following image.

Outline the role of messenger RNA and transfer RNA in protein production.

6


Question 31 (continued)Marks(d) (i) Describe the role of restriction enzymes in biotechnology.4

(ii) During the study of Biotechnology, you analysed secondary information regarding complementary DNA.

Explain the production of complementary DNA and identify one application of this technology.4

End of Question 31

Question 32 Genetics: The Code Broken? (25 marks)Marks

(a)Observe the following image.

Define selective breeding. 1(b)Identify what is meant by genetic linkage.1Question 32 continues on the next page

Question 32 (continued)Marks(c) Using an example, describe polygenic inheritance.3

(d) (i) If a person with blood type O and a person that is heterozygous for blood type A 5

were to have a child; what are the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios?

Genotype of parent with blood type O

Genotype of parent with heterozygous blood type A ..

F1 Genotype:.F1 Phenotype:(ii) Explain why a person with blood type A cannot donate blood to a person with

blood type B.2Question 32 continues on the next page


(e) (i) Compare base substitution and frameshift mutations.4

(ii) During the study of Genetics: the Code Broken?, you were required to analyse information from secondary sources AND describe the effect of one named genetic mutation on human health.

Explain the effects, on human health, of the mutation.

In your answer name the type of mutation.4

(f) Evaluate the impacts of the human genome project on our society.5

End of Question 32

Question 33 The Human Story (25 marks)Marks(a)Complete the table, which represents the hierarchical classification of humans. 5HierarchyHuman classification at hierarchical levelFeature that supports human classification at each level

KingdomAnimaliaEukaryotic, motile, multicellular, heterotrophic

ChordataPossess a vertebral column

ClassBody hair, females possess mammary glands

OrderPrimates

FamilyHominidae8-9 month gestation period, tailless primates, larger and stronger males than females

GenusHomo

SpeciesSapiens

(b)Describe polymorphism and clinal gradation.

Use examples in your answer.6Question 33 continues on the next page

Question 33 (continued)Marks(c)Observe the following image.

Development of culture has been a significant feature of human evolution.

Justify this statement.4

Question 33 continues on the next pageQuestion 33 (continued)Marks(d)Compare prosimians, apes and humans.6

In your answer, refer to structure/funtion, intelligence and social interaction.(e)During the study of The Human Story, you were required to use secondary information to assess the contributions of ONE significant person/group of people to our understanding of human evolution.

Identify the person/group of people AND describe their contribution.4

End of Question 33 Question 34 Biochemistry (25 marks)Marks

(a)Below is an image of a chloroplast.

(i) Identify the method by which this image may have been produced.1

(ii) What is the average size of a chloroplast?1



(b)Photosynthesis is one of the most important biochemical reactions. The study of photosynthesis increases our understanding of life itself and may have many future implications.

Justify this statement.5



(c)Referring to significant individuals, outline the progress that occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries in the scientific understanding of plant growth.5

(d)Define the process of homogenisation.2

(e) (i) Identify what a coenzyme is.1

(ii) Identify a coenzyme involved in the light reaction.1

Question 34 continues in the next page


(f) (i) On the diagram below, label the stroma and thylakoids.2

(ii) Describe the stoma.2

(iii)Identify the location of chlorophyll within plant cells.1

Question 34 continues in the next page


(g)During the study of Biochemistry, you processed information on the nature and organisation of the bonds of ATP.

Describe the structure of the biologically important part of ATP.

You may use diagrams to illustrate your answer.4

End of paper

POLLUTION

I

IMMUNE

RESPONSE

corrective mechanisms switched off

conditions

returned

to set point

corrective

mechanisms activated

change

detected

Ulna

Radius

Phalanges

Metacarpals

Carpals

Humerus

Bird

Whale

Dog

Human

Unaffected female

Unaffected male

Affected female

Affected male

2

1

2

1

4

3

2

III

II

TOXINS

BACTERIA

PARASITES

VIRUSES

TOXINS

FUNGI

conditions in the body

change from set point

Immune

System

1

STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: ..

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Biology Yr 12