BIOLOGY WORKSHEET CHAPTER 7: MUTATION · Biology Tutorial Worksheet SB015 1 I KMPK CHAPTER 7: MUTATION SUBTOPIC : 7.1 and 7.2 7.1 Mutation classification and types Learning outcomes:

Biology Tutorial Worksheet SB015

1 I KMPK

CHAPTER 7: MUTATION SUBTOPIC : 7.1 and 7.2

7.1 Mutation classification and types

Learning outcomes:

a) Define mutation

b) Classify mutation to i. gene / point mutation ii. chromosomal mutation

c) State two types of mutation: i. Spontaneous mutation ii. induced mutation

d) Define mutagen

e) State types of mutagen: i. physical ii. chemical

7.2 Gene mutation

Learning outcomes:

a) Define gene mutation

b) State and explain four types of gene mutation

c) Explain base substitution

d) Sate the effect of base substitution, base insertion and base deletion

e) Explain base insertion and base deletion as frameshift mutation

7.1 MUTATION CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES (C1)

1.

Class of mutation Type of mutation

1.

2.

1.

2.

2.

BIOLOGY WORKSHEET

Definition of mutation :

Types of mutagen & example Mutagen : Definition


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7.2 GENE MUTATION

1. Explain four types of gene mutation (C2)

Based on Figure 1. Complete the table below.

Type of gene

mutation

Description Examples

AAA ATG CTT CTC

AAA ATG TTT CTC

Base insertion

Loses of nucleotide pairs or bases in gene /

DNA

Base invertion

AAA ATG CTT CTC

AAA TAG CTT CTC

Figure 1


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2. Explain base substitution (e.g sickle cell anaemia as missense mutation)

Figure 2 shows 3 types of base substitution.

Figure 2

a) Based on Figure 2 explain the effect of base substitution.

Type of base substitution

Explanation

Missense mutation

Mutation that change____________________________, specifying a different

amino acid. Result :__________________________________________________

Nonsense mutation

Mutation that change________________________________ (UAA, UGA, UAG). Result :____________________________________________________

__________mutation

An alteration in a _____________________________ that does not result in an

amino acid change in a polypeptide.

b) Below is the base sequences for the normal protein for normal hemoglobin and the base

sequences for the sickle cell hemoglobin.

mRNA mRNA

Glu Glu Glu

Missence mutation

Silent mutation

Nonsense mutation


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i) What type of gene mutation above?

___________________________________________________________________________

ii) Transcript and translate the normal and sickle cell DNA.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

iii) Based on (b) (i) explain the type of gene mutation involves in sickle cell anemia.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

iv) Among symptoms of sickle cell anemia are fatigue, pale and shortness of breath. Explain

why?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Explain base insertion and base deletion as frameshift mutation (C3)

Figure 3 shows frameshift mutation

Figure 3


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a) State two types of gene mutation that may cause frameshift mutation.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

b) Based on Figure 3 explain frameshift mutation.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

c) Explain why frameshift mutation is said to be harmful?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


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CHAPTER 7 : MUTATION SUBTOPIC : 7.3

7.3 Chromosomal mutation

Learning outcomes:

a) Define chromosomal mutation

b) State two types of chromosomal mutation

c) Explain changes in chromosomal structure / chromosomal aberration

d) Define mutagen

e) State types of mutagen: i. physical ii. chemical

7.3: CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION

1. Describe chromosomal mutation.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

2. Complete the organizer below to classify the chromosomal mutation.

3. Complete the table below to show the types of chromosomal mutation

Chromosomal aberration Alterations in Chromosome Number

Explanation:

Explanation:

Chromosomal mutation

aneu 1.

2.

3.

4.

Autosomal

abnormalities

Autoploidy

BIOLOGY WORKSHEET

Aneuploidy

Autopolyploidy

Turner syndrome


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4. Complete the compare-and-contrast table of types of chromosomal aberration

Type Description Examples

ABCDEF ABCEF

Duplication

ABCDEF

Part/segment of a chromosome becomes

oriented in the reverse( turned around 180) of

its usual direction, rearrange the linear gene

sequence.

ABCDEF

Translocation

ABCDEF

5. FIGURES below show the change of chromosome because of mutation. Name each type of

chromosomal aberration shown and explain your answer.

a) ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b) ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c) ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


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d) ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

6. Alteration of chromosomal number occur due to non-disjunction. What is non-disjunction and

when does it occur?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

7. Draw chromosomes for P,Q,R, S, T and U in the diagram below to show non-disjunction of

sex chromosomes during meiosis.

8. Aneuploidy is a type alteration of chromosome number.

a) What is aneuploidy?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

P Q R

S T U


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b) Explain autosomal abnormalities and their symptoms. Complete the table below.

Autosomal

abnormalities Chromosome Symptom

Monosomy 21

Trisomy 21

(Down syndrome)

c) Explain sex chromosome aneuploids and their symptoms. Complete the table below.

Sex abnormalities Explanation Symptom

Turner

Klinefelter

9. Euploidy / polyploidy is a condition where an individual has more than two sets of

chromosomes. Two types of euploidy are autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy.

a) What is the difference between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy? How does each arise?

Autopolyploidy Allopolyploidy

Condition

b) Identify the type of euploidy / polyploidy shown below

i)

ii)


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TEST YOURSELF

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

7.1 Mutation classification and types

1. Which of the following statement is TRUE about mutation?

A. Mutation can only occur spontaneously

B. Mutation will affect the base sequence of the DNA

C. Mutation does not change the genotype of an individual

D. Mutation can be inherited if it occurs in the somatic cell.

2. Mutation csn occur due to error during

A. Translation

B. Transcription

C. DNA replication

D. Crossing over

3. Those mutations that arise in the absence of known mutagen are known

A. Induced mutations

B. Fused mutations

C. Spontaneous mutations

D. None of the above

4. Which the following mutagens can inhibit spindle formation during cell division?

A. A. Chlorine

B. Colchicines

C. Gamma ray

D. Ultra-violet ray

5. A mutagen is defined as

A. an enzyme that repairs mutations

B. a chemical or physical agent that induces mutations

C. an inhibitor of gene modification

D. a molecule which stabilizes DNA thus prevents mutations from occurring

6. Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes may occur during meiosis I of spermatogenesis. Which

of the following are the possible genotypes of the zygote if the normal ovum is fertilised by

these two types of sperms?

A. XXY and YO B. XXY and YO

C. XYY and YO D. XYY and XO


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7. Which of the following statements regarding mutation is NOT TRUE?

A. Mutations are often beneficial to a population

B. Harmful mutations are prevented from accumulating in a population by natural selection

C. Mutation is a source of variation between individuals as new alleles are produced

D. Dominant mutations are easily detected while recessive mutations remain undetected for

generations

7.2 Gene mutation

The table below shows four types of gene mutation which cause changes in the sequence of

bases in a normal gene.

TACCTTGTCCAT

Normal sequence

of gene bases

TACCTTGGTCCAT Mutation I

TACCATGTCCAT Mutation II

TACCTTGCCAT Mutation III

TACTTCGTCCAT Mutation IV

Below are answers (types of mutations) for questions 8 to 11 :

A. deletion of a base

B. insertion of a base

C. inversion of a base

D. substitution of a base

Which is the type of gene mutation for...?

8. mutation I ( )

9. mutation II ( )

10. mutation III ( )

11. mutation IV ( )


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12. A nonsense mutation

A. usually results in the formation of an abnormally short polypeptide

B. causes one amino acid to be substituted for another in a polypeptide chain

C. is resulted from the deletion of one or two bases, leading to a shift in the reading frame

D. is resulted from the insertion of one or two bases, leading to a shift in the leading frame

13. The insertion of a base pair into the genetic code will cause a frameshift mutation unless the

number of base pairs inserted is

A. one

B. two

C. ten

D. three

14. Figure below shows a type of gene mutation.

What is the type of gene mutation shown?

A. Base deletion

B. Base inversion

C. Base substitution

D. Frameshift mutation

15. In sickle-cell anaemia,

A. Glutamic acid is substituted with valine on the β-polypeptide chain

B. Glutamic acid is substituted with valine on the α-polypeptide chain

C. Valine is substituted with glutamic acid on the β-polypeptide chain

D. Valine is substituted with glutamic acid on the α-polypeptide chain

16. Which the following statement about non-disjunction is FALSE?

A. may produce a polyploidy

B. Turner Syndrome is a result of non-disjunction

C. Non-disjunction only happens during anaphase I meiosis

D. Abnormalities in the number of sex chromosomes and autosomes can happen

17. The effect of a nonsense mutation is a gene by

A. altering the codon of DNA

B. introducing a stop codon into mRNA

C. presenting transcription of mRNA

D. changing the amino acid in the encoded protein


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18. The type of point mutation that usually affects only a single amino acid is called

A. Base deletion

B. Base inversion

C. Base substitution

D. Frameshift mutation

19. The gene arrangement on a chromosome changes from ABCDEF to ABCDEDEF.

This is an example of

A. Deletion C. Inversion

B. Duplication D. Insertion

20. A frameshift is caused by

I. a base substitution

II. a deletion

III. base inversion

IV. base insertion

A. I only C. I and III

B. II only D. II and IV

21. A___________ is one of the DNA mutation that most likely be damaging to the protein they

specifies

A. codon deletion

B. point mutation

C. codon substitution

D. base-pair deletion

22. Which of the following is caused by gene mutation?

A. Cri-du-chat

B. Down syndrome

C. Sickle cell anaemia

D. Klinefelter syndrome

23. Which of the following is caused by deletion of a large part of short arm of chromosome 5?

A. Cri-du-chat

B. Thalassemia

C. Down syndrome

D. Sickle cell anemia


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7.3 Chromosomal mutation

24. Which of the following may result in polyploidy?

A. Translocation

B. Non-disjunction

C. Crossing over

D. Independent assortment of chromosomes

25. Cri- du-chat syndrome is a result of

A. Non-disjunction of the sex chromosome

B. Non-disjunction of the chromosome-21

C. Gene mutation

D. Deletion of the short arm of chromosome-5

26. Which of the following is TRUE about triploids?

A. Usually fertile

B. Cannot undergo meiosis

C. Formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes

D. Triploid occurs when there are less than triploid sets of chromosomes

27. A male with underdeveloped testes and some breast development most likely has

A. Down syndrome

B. Monosomy 21

C. Turner syndrome

D. Klinefelter syndrome

28. Which of the following conditions is NOT an example of a chromosomal mutation?

A. Inversion

B. Duplication

C. Substitution

D. Translocation

29. Chromosomal mutation requires the presence of another chromosome.

A. Inversion

B. Translocation

C. Duplication

D. All of the above

30. Which type of chromosomal mutation occurs when two simultaneous break in a chromosome

lead to the lost of a segment?

A. Inversion

B. Translocation

C. Deletion

D. Duplication


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31. The figure below shows the karyotype of an individual.

What is the correct statement regarding this karyotype?

A. Turner Syndrome

B. Down Syndrome

C. Klinefelter Syndrome

D. Polyploidy

32. Polyploidy refers to

A. multiple ribosomes present on a single mRNA

B. a chromosome which has replicated but not divided

C. an individual with complete extra sets of chromosomes

D. extra copies of a gene adjacent to each other on a chromosome

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BIOLOGY WORKSHEET CHAPTER 7: MUTATION · Biology Tutorial Worksheet SB015 1 I KMPK CHAPTER 7: MUTATION SUBTOPIC : 7.1 and 7.2 7.1 Mutation classification and types Learning outcomes: