BiologyThe Study of LifeHow do we classify and study life?

Section 1:The Hierarchy/Organization of Living Things

Atoms- ____________________Atoms- ____________________ Molecules- __________________Molecules- __________________ OrganellesOrganelles CellsCells

Unicellular v. MulticellularUnicellular v. Multicellular

Cell SpecializationCell Specialization

Stem CellsStem Cells Tissues- __________________Tissues- __________________ Organs- __________________Organs- __________________ Organs Systems- ____________Organs Systems- ____________ Organism- ________________Organism- ________________ Population- ________________Population- ________________ Community- _______________Community- _______________ Ecosystem- ________________Ecosystem- ________________ Global/Biome- _________________Global/Biome- _________________

Section 4:The Hierarchy/Levels of Biological Organization

I- Atomic (Chemical Level)-I- Atomic (Chemical Level)-

Atom is the basic unit of all matterAtom is the basic unit of all matter

II- Molecules: Atoms combine through chemical bonding to form II- Molecules: Atoms combine through chemical bonding to form the the molecules that are essential to life such as : H2O, O2, molecules that are essential to life such as : H2O, O2, Carbs, Lipids, Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic AcidsProteins, and Nucleic Acids

III. Cellular level: The chemicals of life interact to form life at the cellular level

Cell- basic unit of structure and function of living things

Cell Types:Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic

STEM CELLS:STEM CELLS: Undifferentiated or Non-Undifferentiated or Non- specialized cells that have the specialized cells that have the potential to perform any of the potential to perform any of the cellular functions in people.cellular functions in people.

IV. Tissue: Is a group of cells acting together to perform the same function

V. Organ: A group of tissues acting together for a commonpurpose

VI. Organ System: a group of…….

VII. Organism: A group of systems that work together or any individual living

thing

VIII. Population: a group of similar organisms (species) living in a specific geographic area which are interdependent

Can be single celled or multicellular

IX. Community: The interaction of a group of populations (different species)…

all living

X. Ecosystem: The interaction of all of the biotic and abiotic factors within a

certain geographic range

XI. Biome: The interaction of closely related ecosystems

XII. Biosphere: The interaction of all biotic and abiotic factors on the planet,

interacting on a global scale

Levels of Biological Organization (Summary)

Section 2. Characteristics of Living ThingsMade up of cellsObtain and use materials and energyRespond to stimuli within the environmentMaintain a stable internal environment

(Homeostasis)Growth and developmentReproductionUniversal genetic codeLiving things evolve (Change over time)

A. Made of Cells1. Smallest units considered alive

Prokaryote= First CellProkaryote= First Cell Eukaryote= True CellEukaryote= True Cell

Life can either be Unicellular or Multicellular.Life can either be Unicellular or Multicellular.

Multicellular life uses Specialized/Differentiated cells.Multicellular life uses Specialized/Differentiated cells.Cells of Nervous System, Heart, SkeletalCells of Nervous System, Heart, Skeletal

B. Obtain and use Material and Energy Metabolism – the sum of all the chemical

reactions in an organism Mechanisms for Obtaining Energy:

Autotroph: Capable of synthesizing own food sourcePhotoautotroph:Photosynthesis: Converting solar energy into chemical energy (sugars)

Chemoautotroph:Synthesizes chemicals to produce energySulfanogens

Obtain and use Material and EnergyHeterotroph: Must obtain food from an

outside source

Consumers and Predator Prey Relationships

C. Response to the EnvironmentOrganism detect and respond to

environmental stimuliStimulus – a signal to which an organism responds

Visual, Olafactory, Auditory, Sensory

D. Maintain Stable Internal EnvironmentHomeostasis – stable internal environment, in Homeostasis – stable internal environment, in spite of unstable external environmentspite of unstable external environment

Body Temp Regulation Body Temp Regulation and Fight or Flight and Fight or Flight ResponseResponse

E. Living Things Grow and Develop Every organism has Every organism has

a pattern of growtha pattern of growth

and developmentand development

Growth: _______________Growth: _______________

Development: ___________Development: ___________

F. Universal Genetic Code All organisms store All organisms store

genetic informationgenetic information

in DNA, which is in DNA, which is

copied and passed copied and passed

to offspringto offspring

F. Universal Genetic Code Central Dogma: all Central Dogma: all living things read the living things read the

same genetic same genetic code the same way.code the same way.

F. Universal Genetic Code

G. Reproduction Asexual – single organism produces a cloneAsexual – single organism produces a clone Sexual – cells from 2 parents unite to form a Sexual – cells from 2 parents unite to form a

new organismnew organism

H. All Living Things Evolve Genetic Change over timeGenetic Change over time

1. Any living part of the environment1. Any living part of the environment

2. Animals, plants, mushrooms, 2. Animals, plants, mushrooms, bacteria, etcbacteria, etc

B. Abiotic FactorsThe physical components of an ecosystem

1. Any nonliving part of the environment1. Any nonliving part of the environment

2.Sunlight, Heat, precipitation, humidity, wind, 2.Sunlight, Heat, precipitation, humidity, wind, soil, etcsoil, etc.

Weather and Geology

Section 4:Life Processes: How we maintain life NutritionNutrition

Nutrients – chemical that an organism Nutrients – chemical that an organism needs needs to grow and liveto grow and live

Autotroph – an organism that Autotroph – an organism that produces its own produces its own foodfood

Heterotroph – can not make their own Heterotroph – can not make their own foodfood

IngestionIngestion

DigestionDigestion

TransportTransport

the process by which substances enter and the process by which substances enter and leave cells and become distributed within the leave cells and become distributed within the cells cells

Small, simple organisms – diffusionSmall, simple organisms – diffusion

Larger, multicellular organisms – circulatory Larger, multicellular organisms – circulatory systemsystem

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ALyEeBrnRg&feature=related

RespirationRespiration

when organisms obtain their energy by when organisms obtain their energy by releasing the chemical energy stored in releasing the chemical energy stored in nutrientsnutrients

aerobic respirationaerobic respiration

anaerobic respirationanaerobic respiration

SynthesisSynthesis

combining simple substances chemically to combining simple substances chemically to form more complex substancesform more complex substances

AssimilationAssimilation

GrowthGrowth

the process by which living organisms the process by which living organisms increase in size increase in size

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc

Cellular specializationCellular specialization

ExcretionExcretion

the removal of waste from the organism’s the removal of waste from the organism’s bodybody

RegulationRegulation

all the activities that help to maintain an all the activities that help to maintain an organism’s homeostasisorganism’s homeostasis

Hormones – the body’s chemical Hormones – the body’s chemical messengersmessengers

ReproductionReproduction

the process by which living things produce the process by which living things produce new organisms of their ownnew organisms of their own

asexual reproductionasexual reproduction

sexual reproductionsexual reproduction

Metabolism:All the chemical reactions occurring with the cells of an organism

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in

foodsfoods

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration

6O6O22 + C + C66HH1212OO66 6CO 6CO22 + + 6H6H22OO

Section 5:Classification of Living Things

All Living things can be classified: TaxonomyAll Living things can be classified: Taxonomy

Domain (Eukarya)Domain (Eukarya)

Kingdom (Animalia)Kingdom (Animalia)

Phylum (Chordata)Phylum (Chordata)

Class (Mammalia)Class (Mammalia)

Order (Primate)Order (Primate)

Family(Hominidae)Family(Hominidae) Genus (Homo) Genus (Homo)

Species (SapiensSpecies (Sapiens))

Section 4:The Hierarchy/Organization of Living Things

Caroleus (Carl) Linnaeus: Caroleus (Carl) Linnaeus: Binomial NomenclatureBinomial NomenclatureTwo Names: __________ and __________Two Names: __________ and __________

Section 4:The Hierarchy/Organization of Living Things

All Members of the Family All Members of the Family HominidaeHominidae (Hominids) (Hominids) but only last frame represents members of the but only last frame represents members of the Genus Genus HomoHomo

Last Last two are two are homo homo sapienssapiens

Hypothesis based Science: Utilizes the Scientific Hypothesis based Science: Utilizes the Scientific Method to derive possible solutions to a problemMethod to derive possible solutions to a problem

In order to test a Hypothesis we must develop a In order to test a Hypothesis we must develop a Controlled ExperimentControlled Experiment

Two Groups:Two Groups:a.a.Control Group: Group that does not contain our Control Group: Group that does not contain our testing variabletesting variable

Gives us a baseline to use in comparisonGives us a baseline to use in comparisonb. Experimental Group: Group that contains our b. Experimental Group: Group that contains our

tested factor= tested factor= VARIABLEVARIABLE

Theories of Life:Theories of Life:Vitalism: _________________Vitalism: _________________

Spontaneous Generation: Belief that life arose Spontaneous Generation: Belief that life arose from non-living thingsfrom non-living things

Recipe for Mice:Recipe for Mice: Recipe for Bees: Kill a bull, Recipe for Bees: Kill a bull, Bury it upright so its Bury it upright so its horns stick out from horns stick out from

ground: Let sit a week ground: Let sit a week

Recipe for Maggots:Recipe for Maggots:Leave meat in sun for three days! Leave meat in sun for three days! It will produce maggotsIt will produce maggots

Which groups represent control groups?Which groups represent control groups?Which groups represent experimental groups?Which groups represent experimental groups?

CASE STUDY 2: MIMICRY HYPOTHESISCASE STUDY 2: MIMICRY HYPOTHESIS

Eastern Coral Snake Eastern Coral Snake (Poisonous)(Poisonous)

Scarlet King Snake Scarlet King Snake (Non-Poisonous)(Non-Poisonous)