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BIOLOGY TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
INVERTEBRATES COURSE (BIO 201)
1
BIOLOGY TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
INVERTEBRATES COURSE (BIO 201)
Invertebrates Theoretical Lectures will be every Tuesday at 11:00 in …… Hall.
Invertebrates Practical lectures will be every Thursday at ….. in Biology lab.
Lecturer: Dr. Duran Kala
Lab assistant: Yad Sirwan
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Exams and Grades:
3
In Invertebrates course will be:- Midterm practical exams = 7%- Lab Manuals = 10 %- Theoretical Midterm exams = 30%- Presentations = 5 %- Final Practical exam = 8 %- Final Theoretical exam = 40%- Total = 100%
4
BIOLOGY
The hierarchy ofbiological
classification's eight
major taxonomic ranks.
Kingdom Protozoa5
A summary of the different kinds of proposed classification
schemes presented in this article is summarized in the
table below.
Linnaeus
1735[1]
Haeckel
1866[29]
Chatton
1925[30][31]
Copeland
1938[32][33]
Whittaker
1969[22]
Woese et al.
1977[4][34]
Woese et al.
1990[35]
Cavalier-Smith
1993[36][37][38]
Cavalier-Smith
1998[39][25][40]
2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms 2 empires 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 6 kingdoms 3 domains 8 kingdoms 6 kingdoms
(not treated) Protista
Prokaryota Monera Monera
Eubacteria Bacteria Eubacteria
Bacteria
Archaebacteria Archaea Archaebacteria
Eukaryota
Protista Protista Protista
Eucarya
Archezoa
Protozoa
Protozoa
Chromista Chromista
Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae
Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae
Fungi Fungi Fungi Fungi
Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia6
Six kingdoms
Kingdom Protozoa7
Kingdom Protozoa8
The Protozoans
Ciliates
Amoeboid Protozoans
Flagellated Protozoans
Kingdom Protozoa9
Kingdom Protozoa
Defining Characteristics
– All are unicellular eukaryotes
– What is a prokaryote?
– Many species are both heterotrophic and
autotrophic simultaneously or at different stages of
the lifecycle
Eukaryote Cell
Prokaryote Cell
Kingdom Protozoa12
Adaptability
Protozoans are ecologically important primary
producers, consumers and as vital links in the
food chain
Humans are greatly effected by parasitic
protozoans either directly or indirectly
– Effects range from irritating - fatal
Malaria (Plasmodium spp.) worldwide epidemic
Kingdom Protozoa13
Reproduction
Asexual reproduction – Replication of chromosomes and the splitting of the
parent into two or more parts
– Binary fission
– Multiple fission
– Budding
Protozoans are problematic in their associations as colonial forms
Kingdom Protozoa14
Asexual Reproduction
Amoeba
CiliateFlagellate
Kingdom Protozoa15
Classification
Kingdom Protozoa
Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates)
The Sarcodinids (Amoeboid
Protozoans)
Phylum Foraminifera
Phylum Radiozoa
The Flagellated Protozoans
Phytoflagellated protozoans
Zooflagellated protozoans
Kingdom Protozoa16
Phylum Ciliophora
Defining characteristics
– Body externally ciliated in at
least some lifecycle stages
Have the highest degree of
subcellular specialization
and are considered
advanced protozoans
Paramecium feces
Kingdom Protozoa17
Cilia
Cilia
– Hair-like structures by
which the organism
moves, collects food
and senses their
surroundings
Fastest of all the
protozoans
Cilia structure
Ciliate Biology
Oral groove
Cytostome
Cytoproct
Contractile vacuole
Paramecium
Kingdom Protozoa19
Ciliate Lifestyles
65% of all ciliate species are free-living and mobile
Some ciliates form colonial aggregations and have sessile habits
Other ciliates have symbiotic relationships in invertebrates and vertebrates
Vorticella
Kingdom Protozoa20
The Sarcodinids (Amoeboid Protozoans)
Contains 4 phyla:
Foraminifera,
Radiozoa,
Amoebozoa, and
Heliozoa
Most reproduce
asexually through
binary fission
Characterized by pseudopodia
Food is usually captured by phagocytosis
Body types range from free flowing to rigid with skeletal supports
Kingdom Protozoa21
Phagocytosis
Kingdom Protozoa22
Amebas and Humans
Kingdom Protozoa23
Phylum Foraminifera
Defining characteristics
– Individuals secrete multi-chambered tests (shell), generally made of calcium carbonate (CaCo3)
Foram. tests
Kingdom Protozoa24
Foraminiferans
Extremely abundant, most are benthic and marine
Feed on diatoms and algae, very slow movers
Organisms are extremely common and form ooze– White cliffs of Dover are foraminiferan tests
Kingdom Protozoa25
Phylum Radiozoa
Defining characteristics– Body is divided into distinct
zones separated by a perforated membrane or capsule
Have pseudopodia supported with thin microtubules that give a spiny rayed appearance
Kingdom Protozoa26
Radiolarians
Have shells made of silicon dioxide that can be very intricate
Feed on diatoms and other phytoplankton
Benthic individuals move by use of pseudopodia
– Can occur in large concentrations that form ooze as well
Kingdom Protozoa27
The Flagellated Protozoans
Characterized by the
possession of a
definite body shape
and the possession of
one or more flagella
Most species are
free-living and mobile
Noctiluca
Kingdom Protozoa28
Phytoflagellated Protozoans
Have chlorophyll and obtain energy directly
from the sunlight
Some are strictly autotrophic or heterotrophic
– Some are a combination of both
Both the Euglena and the dinoflagellates are
examples of phytoflagellated protozoans
Kingdom Protozoa29
Dinoflagellates
Know for bioluminescence and highly toxic red tides – Dense aggregations produce saxitoxin killing fish and
crustaceans
Also contaminates shellfish causing diarrheic shellfish poisoning
Some benthic dinoflagellates produce a neurotoxin that accumulates in tropical fish called Ciguatera
Kingdom Protozoa30
Kingdom Protozoa31
Phytoflagellated Protozoans
Noctiluca
Euglena
Ceratium
Chlamydomonas
Kingdom Protozoa32
Zooflagellated Protozoans
Free-living forms– Most individuals are sessile and have a single
flagellum that beats to obtain food and nutrients
Parasitic forms– 25% of zooflagellate spp. are parasitic in humans,
invertebrates, and other vertebrates
– Usually have complex lifecycles with intermediate hosts
– Malaria is caused by the genus Plasmodium technically a member of the phylum Sporozoa
Kingdom Protozoa33
Zooflagellated Protozoans
Choanoflagellates
Malaria (Plasmodium)