BIOLOGY SPRING SEMESTER FINAL--STUDY GUIDE

Cell Organelles

For questions 1-10: Write the function for each organelle

1. Nucleus2. Ribosomes3. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum4. Vacuole5. Cell Wall6. Chloroplast7. Golgi Apparatus8. Lysosome9. Mitochondria 10. Cell Membrane

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Use the following pictures to answer questions 11-15.

A. B. C.

11. Image A is a diagram of which type of cell?12. Image B is a diagram of which type of cell?13. Image C is a diagram of which type of cell?14. Is image A a prokaryote or eukaryote?15. Is image B a prokaryote or eukaryote?

16. What is the main difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?17. What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?18. The eukaryotic organism described below should be classified as what?

Experimental Observations1. Nucleus is present.2. Cell wall is present.3. Chloroplasts are mitochondria are both present.

19. Use the system below to classify each organism as a plant, animal, or bacteria.

20.

21. Mark true or false for the following statements about prokaryotes:

They have a nucleus

They existed on Earth before eukaryotes

The organelles in their cytoplasm are surrounded by membranes.

22. What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotes do not?

23. Studying a picture of a cell taken with an electron microscope, you find that the cell has no nucleus and no mitochondria, but it does have a plasma membrane and a cell wall. You conclude that the cell is probably from what type of organism?

24. Refer to the illustration above. Which structure immediately identifies this cell as a eukaryote?

25. What 2 things are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

26. What characteristics help you distinguish a plant cell from other types of cells?

Osmosis and Diffusion

27. Osmosis is the movement of ____________________ across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

HINT: HYPERTONIC OR HYPOTONIC?

28.

29. Some peeled pieces of apple were placed in distilled water and some in very salty water.

What will happen to the cells in each solution?

Distilled Water:

Salty Water:

30. A person with swollen gums rinses his mouth with warm salt water, and the swelling decreases. What has happened to the cells in his gums because of the salt water?

31. What will most likely happen to the cells when they are placed in distilled water?

32. The student observed that the cells in the 20% salt solution changed in size (they shrunk). What is causing this change in size?

33. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

34. A scientist wants to investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis in a plant species. In an experiment, he will expose these plants to different light intensities and measure the amount of gas produced with a special sensor.

What should he collect data on for this experiment—Light Intensity, Oxygen, or Carbon Dioxide?

31 - 33.

35. A scientist wants to measure how much gas is released by a plant to estimate how fast it is photosynthesizing.

Which gas is being produced for the scientist to measure?

What SI unit should he use to measure the amount of gas?

36. A scientist wanted to determine the best level of light intensity for photosynthesis in an aquatic plant. He varied the light intensity and measured the amount of a gas produced by the plant at each level of light intensity.

Which is the dependent variable in this experiment?

37. What organelle should a scientist view to see the site of photosynthesis in a plant cell?

What scientific tool does the scientist need to use to view the organelle?

38. How do plants get their food from this cycle?

39. A horticulturist hypothesized that if he increases the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air of his greenhouses, then his plants will absorb carbon more quickly. He collected the following data from an experiment performed on his plants.

Was his hypothesis supported by the data? Why or why not?

40. Which process coverts CO2 and H2O into glucose?

41.

HINT: Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, or Organism?

42. What is the main function of leaves?

43.

Which process is occurring (photosynthesis or cellular respiration)?

Explain what is happening in the graph.

44. What is most likely the function of a group of cells that contains a high number of chloroplasts?

45.

Hint: You release energy when you’re exercising. How can you tell? What scientific tool would you use to measure that? (Think about the exercise lab!)

46. What is the main function of cellular respiration? What is the equation?

47.

What are the three stages of cellular respiration in the correct order? (HINT: LOOK AT THE PICTURE. THEY’RE ON THERE… IN ORDER).

48. Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Ex. Gases used, Gases produced, Purpose, Energy, etc.

Mitosis v. Meiosis

49. What must happen before both mitosis and the first division of meiosis to make cell division occur properly?HINT: Think about the cell cycle!

50. The diagram shows the early development of a vertebrate embryo. According to this information, how many cells will be present after the fourth cleavage?

51. Cytokinesis is the division of what cell part?

52. The body cells of a bison have 50 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be found in the gametes produced in this animal?

53. Based on the pictures, what is the correct sequence for cell mitosis?

54. What is the final result of mitosis? (What do you end up with in the end?)

55. Why is it necessary to reduce the chromosome number to half in meiosis?

56. What is the outcome of the process in the diagram?Sex cells or daughter cells?Identical or different?

57. In what phase does the movement of individual chromosomes towards opposite poles occur?

58. In what phase does the arrangement of chromosomes along the equator of the cell occur?

DNA and RNA Structure and Function

59.

60. What sequence would be produced if a messenger RNA stand is coded from the DNA sequence CCCGGAATT?

61. What molecule that contains the genetic code?

62.

66. Genetic material is classified according to the function it performs. Which term describes a segment of DNA that codes for an inherited trait?

63.

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67. Based on the model, what happens during DNA replication?

How is the second segment different from the first?

Genetics

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74.

A gardener wants to produce only round seeds. Which set should he use, Set 1 or Set 2? Why?

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78. Does this karyotype belong to a male or female? Normal or Mutated?

Evolution

79. What geological findings best support the idea that organisms and environments have changed over time?

80. There are currently millions of species of organisms and new species are still being discovered. Based on Darwin’s theory of evolution, how have these millions of species developed?

81. What is considered by most biologists to be the most accurate in supporting the theory of evolution?

82. Although the arctic fox and the kit fox are closely related, they look very different. Why has this occurred? (Hint: think about where they live)

83. Ancestors of the koala lived on the ground, but modern koalas live in trees and eat eucalyptus leaves, which are poisonous to most other animals. What caused the difference between the ancestor and modern koalas?

84. Why do butterflies and birds have wings if they are not closely related?

85. Fossils of Archaeopteryx show that this animal had feathers, like a bird. It also had a bony tail, teeth, and claws on its wings, like a reptile. What do these fossils tell us about the relationship between birds and reptiles?

86. A scientist in South Carolina observed that wild dogs in that area looked more like wild dingoes from Australia than domestic dogs from the United States.

What evidence would best support the hypothesis that South Carolina wild dogs are more closely related to dingoes than to domestic dogs?

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Classification and Animal Behavior

89.

Which leaves can the caterpillars eat? Did the caterpillars learn to eat these or inherit the ability to eat them?

90. Male bowerbirds build and decorate bowers, which are structures used for courtship and mating. Each species of bowerbirds builds a unique type of bower. A researcher raised a male bowerbird in isolation from all other birds. During this time, he observed that the bird built bowers like those of its own species.

What would most likely happen if a male bowerbird were raised with bowerbirds of a different species?

91. Joshua is studying the mating behavior of hanging flies. Female hanging flies typically require their male mates to bring them a gift, such as a moth to eat. Joshua raised a group of female and male hanging fly larvae in isolation from adult hanging flies. When these larvae became adults, the females also required a gift from their mates.

Which explanation is the best for this behavior?

92. Give two examples of learned behaviors.

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95.

Based on this chart, which is the best way to tell how related the three organisms are?

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99. A dog retrieving a ball is a form of which type of behavior?

100. Miss Steinmetz receives a day old duckling as a gift. It soon follows her wherever she goes. This is an example of _____________.