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7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
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Comparing the Cell to a Factory
1. Eukaryotic Cell Structures
A.Organelles:
•Structures within a eukaryotic cell
• perform important cellular functions
B. Cytoplasm:
* Gel/liquid portion that surrounds the
organelles.
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Comparing the Cell to a Factory
Plant Cell
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (free)
Ribosome
(attached)
Mitochondrion
Golgi
apparatus
Vacuole
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Chloroplast
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Comparing the Cell to a Factory
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosome (free)
Ribosome
(attached)
Golgi
apparatus
Mitochondrion
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Centrioles
Animal Cell
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Nucleus
C. Nucleus:
* control center of the cell.
(The nucleus contains nearly all the
cell's DNA and with it the coded
instructions for making proteins and
other important molecules.)
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Nucleus
D. nuclear envelope:
*membrane
composed of 2 layers
E. nuclear pores:
(small hole) allows
materials to move in
and out of the
nucleus.
Nuclear
envelope
Nuclear
pores
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Nucleus
F. chromatin: granular material in the nucleus
* consists of DNA bound to protein.
Chromatin
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Nucleus
G. chromosomes:
*In cell division; condensed chromation
* contain the genetic information
( that is passed from one generation of cells to
the next.)
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Nucleus
H. nucleolus:
* assembly of ribosomes begins.
Nucleolus
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Nucleus
The Nucleus
Nucleolus Nuclear envelope
Nuclear
pores
Chromatin
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Ribosomes
I. Ribosomes:*small particles of RNA and protein found
throughout the cytoplasm
*assembles proteins by following coded
instructions that come from the nucleus
(One of the most important jobs carried out in
the cell is making proteins.)
.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
J. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
*Factory
*lipid components of the cell
membrane, proteins, and other
materials that exported are assembled
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. two types of ER:
a. rough ER: involved in protein
synthesis
(Ribosomes are found on the
surface of rough ER.
Rough ER is abundant in cells that
produce large amounts of protein
for export. )
b. Smooth ER: contains collections of
enzymes that perform specialized
tasks
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Golgi Apparatus
K. Golgi apparatus:*post office
*modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage or secretion outside the cell.
(From the Golgi apparatus, proteins are then “shipped” to their final destinations throughout the cell or outside of the cell.)
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Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus appears as a stack of closely
apposed membranes.
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Lysosomes
L. Lysosomes:
*small and filled with enzymes.
*break down lipids, carbohydrates, and
proteins into small molecules
*break down old organelles
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Vacuoles
M. Vacuoles
*saclike structures
*store materials such as water, salts,
proteins, and carbohydrates.
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Vacuoles
a. plant cells have a
single, large central
vacuole filled with liquid.
(The pressure of the
central vacuole allows
plants to support heavy
structures such as leaves
and flowers. ) Vacuole
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Vacuoles
(Vacuoles are also found
in some unicellular
organisms and in some
animals.
The paramecium contains
a contractile vacuole that
pumps excess water out
of the cell.)
Contractile vacuole
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Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Mitochondrion
N. Mitochondria :“Power house”
* convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that the cell can use.
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Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
ChloroplastO. Chloroplasts
•capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy
(in a process called photosynthesis.)
*contain the green pigment chlorophyll
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Cytoskeleton
P. Cytoskeleton:
*network of protein filaments
•helps to maintain cell shape.
• cell movement
1. The cytoskeleton is made up of:
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Cytoskeleton
a. Microfilaments:
1. threadlike structures made up of
the protein
2. form extensive networks
3. produce a tough, flexible
framework that supports the cell.
4. help some cells move.
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Cytoskeleton
b. Microtubules
* hollow structures made up of
proteins
1. maintain cell shape.
2. important in cell division.
3. form cilia and flagella--enable
some cells to swim rapidly
through liquids.
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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Cell membrane
Microtubule
Microfilament
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Cytoskeleton
Q. Centrioles:
*in animal cells
* located near the nucleus
* help to organize cell division.
- or -
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In the nucleus of a cell, the DNA is usually visible
as
a. a dense region called the nucleolus.
b. the nuclear envelope.
c. granular material called chromatin.
d. condensed bodies called chloroplasts.
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7-2
Two functions of vacuoles are storing materials
and helping to
a. break down organelles.
b. assemble proteins.
c. maintain homeostasis.
d. make new organelles.
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Chloroplasts are found in the cells of
a. plants only.
b. plants and some other organisms.
c. all eukaryotes.
d. most prokaryotes.
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7-2
Which of the following is NOT a function of the
Golgi apparatus?
a. synthesize proteins
b. modify proteins
c. sort proteins
d. package proteins
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7-2
Which of the following is a function of the
cytoskeleton?
a. manufactures new cell organelles
b. assists in movement of some cells from one
place to another
c. releases energy in cells
d. modifies, sorts, and packages proteins