Biology Notebook: 06.01 The Classification of Living Organisms Objectives:

• Describe classification as a work in progress • Discuss the characteristics of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya • Describe classifications by cladistics • Summarize how molecular evidence reveals species relatedness • Identify the structures and shapes of viruses • Describe different types of viral infections

Key Questions and Terms Notes

Classification of Living Things What is hierarchy? Who was Carolus Linnaeus and what did he create?

What is taxonomy? What three kingdoms did Linnaeus divide nature?

How did Linnaeus divide plants and animals into smaller categories?

What are the seven major taxa of modern Linnaean taxonomy?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

What are the current five kingdoms of life? What is binomial nomenclature? How are the names created in binomial nomenclature?

Domain System: What did Carl Woese use to determine links between organisms?

Are all organisms with similar physical characteristics related to one another?

What are the three domains Woese and his colleagues proposed?

1. 2. 3.

What mnemonic device can be used to

remember the order of Linnaean taxonomy? Alternative Classification Systems: Phylogeny and Cladistics

What is phylogeny? What does a phylogenetic tree represent and how are species linked together?

What is cladistics? What is a cladogram? What is a clade? What are ancestral traits? What is a derived trait? Explain how organisms are placed in a cladogram.

Alternative Classification Systems: Genetic Connections How do genetic connections help to organize species?

What are some disadvantages of using genetics for categorization?

Classification of Non-Living Things What is a virus? How are viruses categorized? List and describe the four main viral shapes. 1.

2. 3. 4.

Viral Infections Describe a lytic infection. What is a lysogenic infection? What are the steps of a lytic infection? What are the steps of a lysogenic infection? How are viruses used in gene therapy? What is the main difference between bacteria and virus?

Classification Comparisons Using the review to complete the chart below.

Linnaean Taxonomy Cladistics Genetic Connections Advantage Disadvantage Advantage Disadvantage Sample Question: Which of the following is NOT true about viruses?

A. Viruses have a protein coat. B. Viruses have their own genetic material. C. Viruses can reproduce on their own. D. Viruses are classified by shape.

Name _______________________________ Class________ Date ________________________

Bacteria Concept Map Using the terms and phrases provided below, complete the concept map showing the characteristics of bacteria. bacillus metabolizing their hosts secreting toxins coccus photosynthetic spirillum heterotrophic prokaryotic

Name __________________________________ Date _____________________________

The Shapes of Bacteria Worksheet Thousands of different types of bacteria are known and have been observed. Scientists can tell these organisms apart by the shape of the bacteria or by the way they join together. Use the following website: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/bacteria.htm or your notes to fill in the meaning of the term on the line next to the term. 1. bacillus ___________________________ 4. diplo ___________________________ 2. coccus ___________________________ 5. strepto ___________________________ 3. spirillum ___________________________ 6. staphylo ___________________________ Use the terms you defined above to name the bacteria in each diagram below. Write the name on the line below each diagram. Note: Some names will combine two of the terms. For instance, a chain (strepto) of round (coccus) bacteria is called streptococcus.

Biology Notebook: 06.03 Protists Objectives:

• Identify the three main types of protest • Identify the three types of locomotion used by protozoa • Compare the three phyla of fungus-like protest, their role in the ecosystem, and how they

differ from the true fungi

Key Questions and Terms Notes The Kingdom of Protists

What are protists? What are slime molds? Why are protists “misfits”? How are protists distinguished from one another?

Describe animal-like protists. Describe fungus-like protists. Describe plant-like protists. What are the similarities of all protists?

Animal-Like Protists What are protozoa? What characteristics do they share with animals?

What is mobility? Define heterotrophic. Describe the process of how animal-like protists consume food.

List and describe the three common forms of locomotion of animal-like protists.

1. 2. 3.

Plant-Like Protists What does autotrophic or photosynthetic mean?

How do plant-like protists make their food? Describe the plant-like protest phyla:

• Chlorophyta • Chrysophyta • Pyrrophya • Euglenophyta • Rhodaphyta • Phaeophyta

Fungus-Like Protists How are fungus-like protists similar to the fungus kingdom?

What are the key characteristics of fungus-like protists?

What are flagellated spores? List and describe the types of fungus-like protists.

1. 2.

Sample Question: If a scientist observes a protist that is moving and determines it is heterotrophic, he or she can then hypothesize that the protist belongs in which group of protists?

A. Plant-like B. Fungus-like C. Animal-like D. Virus-like

Name: _________________________________Period: ______ Date: ____________________

Protist Kingdom Describe the Protist Kingdom

• This organism belongs to the domain Eukarya, the domain that includes humans. • Protists are a group of all the eukaryotes (with nucleus) that are not fungi, animals, or plants.

As a result, it is a very diverse group of organisms. • The term protista was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Protists were traditionally placed

into one of several groups based on similarities to a plant, animal, or fungus. • There are three (3) types of protists: the animal-like protozoa, the plant-like protophyta

(mostly algae), and the fungus-like slime molds and water molds. • Kingdom Protista includes all eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi. • Kingdom Protista is very diverse. It consists of both single-celled and multicellular organisms.

Three (3) Types of Protists

A. PROTOZOANS (ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS CLASSIFIED BASED ON MOVEMENT. Type of Protozoa How It Moves Example (Genus) Amoeboid pseudopods Amoeba

Ciliate ______________ _______________

Flagellate _______________ _______________

Sporozoans Does not move as adults

___________________

B. ALGAE/SEA WEEDS (PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS BASED ON COLOR) • Plant-like protists are called algae. They include single-celled diatoms and multicellular

seaweed. Example: The giant kelps • Like plants, algae contain chlorophyll and make food by photosynthesis. • Types of algae include red and green algae, euglenoids, and dinoflagellates.

Types of Algae Origin of Chloroplast Type of Chloroplast Red Algae

_____________________

two membranes, chlorophyll like the majority of cyanobacteria

Green Algae

____________________

two membranes, chlorophyll like a minority of cyanobacteria

Euglenoids

_____________________

three membranes, chlorophyll like green algae

Dinoflagellates

____________________

three membranes, chlorophyll like red algae

C. FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS • Fungus-like protists are molds. They are absorptive feeders on decaying organic matter.

They resemble fungi • they reproduce with spores as fungi do • molds have cell walls made of cellulose, whereas fungi have cell walls made of chitin. • Like other protists, they have complicated life cycles with both asexual and sexual

reproduction. They are motile • during some stages of their life cycle. Two major types of fungus-like protists are slime

molds and water molds. Major Types __________________________

____________________________

D. Lists Human Diseases Caused by Protozoans or Animal-like Protists • - • - • - • -

E. Lists Economic Importance of Algaes/Sea Weeds or Plant-like protists

• - • - • - • -

Name: _________________________________Period: ______ Date: ____________________

KINGDOM FUNGI

A. Describe the characteristics of fungi. They’re not animals or plants, and definitely not protists. So they cannot photosynthesize or eat. And they are much more than mushrooms.

• - • - • - • - • - B. Complete data by writing spore-forming structures and names of fungi.

Classification of Fungi

Spore-forming Structures & Characteristics

Examples: Identify names of the images below.

Phylum Zygomycetes.

• Sporangiospores: spores produced by a sporangium

• mainly terrestrial, live in

soil and compost and on foods such as bread

_______________________________________ _______________________________________

Phylum Ascomycetes

• ________________: spores produced by an ascus

• have many different

shapes, considerable variation exists even within species

_________________________________ _________________________________

Phylum Basidiomycetes

• _______________: spores produced by a basidium,

• Found everywhere

__________________________________

Give Importance of Fungi:

• - • - • - • -