Biology Lab Vocabulary Review

7/28/2019 Biology Lab Vocabulary Review

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Biology 1001 Lab

Section TF9C

Practical Review Sheet

Scientific methods- scientific investigation share some common elements and procedures

Independent variables-the variable you have control over, what you can choose and manipulate.

Dependent variables-the end impact, what is observed in response to the experimental conditions.

Controlled variables-a variable that is kept constant

Control the independent variable is held at an established level, contain point its set on.

Graphs

Line graph- show changes in the quantity of the chosen variable and emphasize the rise and fall of the

values over the range

Bar Graph-used for data that represent separate or discontinuous groups or nonnumerical categories

Microscopes

Type of microscopes- The Compound Light Microscope (two eyepieces), 2d

The Stereo Microscope- 2 lens, 3d view

Parts of microscopes (function)

Cell division

Mitosis - Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus

into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei

Meiosis - Meiosis is a two-part cell division process in organisms that sexually reproduce. Meiosis

produces gametes with one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. There are two stages of

meiosis: meiosis I and meiosis II. At the end of the meiotic process, four daughter cells are produced.

Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis-

Mitosis is a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two

genetically identical daughter cells.

Meiosis, on the other hand, is a division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and giving

rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the original cell.

Independent assortment- genes for one trait are not inherited together with another trait.Random


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Law of segregation- 2 alleles coding for the same trait separate during gamete formation

Drosophila-medium

Sexing the fly-? Dont remember

Zea mays-???

Phenotype- observable characteristics

Genotype- Genotype refers to the genetic traits in an organism.

Homozygous-Having two identical alleles that code for the same trait

Heterozygous- having two different alleles for a single trait

Monohybrid -mating between individuals who have different alleles at one genetic locus of interest

Dihybrid- a cross between F1 offspring (first-generation offspring) of two individuals that differ in two

traits of particular interest

Chi square- determine if your null hypothesis (something you want to test if it is true or untrue) can be

accepted or rejected

Degree of freedom- the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary

Fungi and protest- Protists are generally unicellular. Fungi are multicellular. Fungi are mainly

saprotrophic, while protists are not (they can be heterotrophic, autotrophic, parisitic and saprotrophic).

They have different cell wall compositions (Fungi cell wall is made of chitin, protist ones aren't). I am

pretty sure protists reproduce mainly asexually and fungi reproduce sexually by producing spores.

Diatoms-important autotrophic protists found in plankton

Hyphae- is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus

Mycelium- the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae

Amoeba- shapeless unicellular organisms.

Autotroph- "self-feeding"

Heterotrophic- An organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic

substances for nutrition.

Paramecia- In general, they feed on bacteria and other small cells, making them heterotrophs

Different types of Algae- Green (desmids, spirogyra) Brown (dyctiota, ectocarpus)


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Zygomycota- is a phylum of fungi. The name comes from zygosporangia, where resistant spherical

spores are formed during sexual reproduction.

Pilobolus crystallinus- It is unique in that it adheres its spores to vegetation, so as to be eaten by grazing

animals. It then passes through the animals' digestive systems and grows in their feces.

Ascomycota- Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi. The defining feature of this fungal

group is the "ascus". Asexual only.

Ascocarp- the fruiting body (sporocarp) of an ascomycete fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven

hyphae and may contain millions of asci,

Ascospores- An ascospore is a spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus

Asci- an ascus (plural asci; from Greek "skin bag") is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in

ascomycete fungi.

Basidiomycota- Basically, Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae, and specialized

club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores. Sexually reproducing

Basdiocarp- is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the spore-

producing hymenium is borne.

Stipe- stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom

Gills- under the cap of some mushroom species, used by the mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal,

and are important for species identification

Pileus- cap of a mushroom

Lichens : any of numerous complex plantlike organisms made up of an alga and a fungus growing in

symbiotic association on a solid surface (as a rock)

Foliose- a lichen whose thallus is flat and leafy

Crustose- a lichen whose thallus is thin, crusty, and closely adherent to or embedded in the surface on

which it grows.

Fruticose- having a shrubby often branched thallus that grows perpendicular to the substrat

Plant diversity I

Non vascular plants- plants without a vascular system (xylem and phloem). Although non-vascular

plants lack these particular tissues, a number of non-vascular plants possess tissues specialized for

internal transport of water.

Xylum- function is to transport water,


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Phlomem- living tissue that carries organic nutrients

Bryophytes (mosses) leaves are gametophytes and round thingy on top is sporpophyte. Live in moist

environments.

Fern (ptherophyta) heart shaped gametophyte, has rhizoids, leafy sporophyte

Archegonia Female

Antheridal Male

Lycopodium strobilus: tiny pine looking end of a selaginella or a lycopodium that contains microspores

and megaspores

Adaptations that lead to the movement of plants from water to land: search for sunlight, competition

for nutrients.

Liveworts (Marchantia, from the class model) Femal looks like an octopus, male like a cone, leaves areflat, water habitat

Different type of vascular and seedless plants: Lycophyta-club mosses (selaginela and lycopodium)

Pterophyta (fern, horsetail, whisk ferns)

Seeded vascular: Angiosperms and gymnosperms.

Gymnosperms: seeds are coated. Pines and ginkos.

Angiosperm: Flower plants, have seeds as fruits.

Cones: gymnosperms, wind pollination, ovule of the pine, sporophyte megasporocyte through meiosis

produces gametophyte megaspores.

Seed

Parts of the flower form and function

Fruit: coated seed.

Double fertilization

Pine life cycle

Angiosperm life cycle

Monocots and diocots: "Monocot" and "dicot" are short for "monocotyledon" and "dicotyledon".

Monocotyledons have veins going up to the top of the leaf and no midrib, while dicotyledons have veins

branching out from a thick, center midrib. Also, monocot flowers have petals in multiples of 3 but dicot

flowers have petals in multiples of 4 or 5.


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Diffusion: Movement of water from HIGH to LOW concentration

Osmosis: any water movement

Hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic

Dialysis tubing experiment

IN the bag: starch and glucose

IN the beaker: solution of I2KI

At the end fill three test tubes: First water: Control, then bag, then beaker. And run two tests: I2KI for

presence of starch and Benedicts (needs heating) for reducing sugar.

Results: Contents of bag turns purple means the membrane is permeable for I2KI. Contents of bag turn

red means positive for glucose bag is not permeable for glucose.

Enzymes: we use to make the cheese is called Emporase. Purified enzymes, such as rennin (rennilase)

are isolated from the stomach lining of calves. However genetically engineered enzymes, such as

chymosin (Chy-max TM) or Emporase TM, which we used, are added to milk to speed up the rate of

curdling. We use protease to cut down the cheese.

What are they made of: aminoacids

How do they function: by binding to specific receptors and speeding up the rate of reaction

How does temperature and pH affect their function?

Sponge- porifera, parazoa, no symmetry at all, live in water use OSCULUM for water to pass through so

they can eat

Hydra: cnidarian, radial eumtazoa, mouth only cavity, tissues but no complex organs, tentacles

Planarians: acoelomate, bilateral protostome, muscles and cilia, non parasitic and falttened.

Clamworms: Anelida, coelomate, bilateral. Live in mud or ocean floor, segmentation

Earthworm: anelida, coelomate, bilateral protostome, terrestrial burrowing in rich organic matter

Clams: Mollusca, protostome coelomate must have a external shell, mantle, which secretes the shell, a

visceral mass which hold all organs and a muscular foot for locomotion.

Crayfish: arthropoda, coelomate, protostome. Exoskeleton that they shed periodically

Grasshoppers: terrestrial arthropod, spiracles allow for breathing, open vascular system.

Sea Star: Echinodermata, radial, moves about by suction cups called tube feet


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Chordata: have a head and move using apendages.

Symmetry Bilateral (three tissue layers) Radial (two tissue layers)

Coelomates have a fluid filled body cavity called a coelom with a complete lining called peritoneum

derived from mesoderm (one of the three primary tissue layers). The complete mesoderm lining allows

organs to be attached to each other so that they can be suspended in a particular order while still being

able to move freely within the cavity. Most bilateral animals, including all the vertebrates, are

coelomates.

Pseudocoelomate animals have a pseudocoel (literally false cavity), which is a fully functional body

cavity. Tissue derived from mesoderm only partly lines the fluid filled body cavity of these animals. Thus,

although organs are held in place loosely, they are not as well organized as in a coelomate. All

pseudocoelomates are protostomes; however, not all protostomes are pseudocoelomates. An example

of a Pseudocoelomate is the roundworm.

Acoelomate animals, like flatworms, have no body cavity at all. Organs have direct contact with theepithelium. Semi-solid mesodermal tissues between the gut and body wall hold their organs in place.

Diploplastic: only have an ectoderm and an endoderm; they have no mesoderm (Cniddari-hydra)

Triploplastic: three primary tissue layers: a ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm (deuterostomes and

protostomes)

Protostomes vs deuterostomes In protosomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth and the second

opening forms the anus. In deuterostomes, the blastopore develops into the anus and the second

opening forms the mouth. for protostomes, During early cell divisions the cells almost immediately

become determined. Deuterostomes are not cell specific, so protostomes have determinate cleavagewhile deuterostomes have indeterminate cleavage.

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Biology Lab Vocabulary Review