+

Biology I

Environmental

+Interest Grabber – Notebook #1

Levels Within Levels

An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment. Within an ecosystem, there are several levels of organization. Your school and its grounds are similar to an ecosystem.

+Interest Grabber cont. 1. What living things are found in and

around your school? 2. What nonliving things are found in your

school? 3. Into what large groups are the students

in your school divided? 4. Into what smaller groups are these large

groups divided? 5. Are these groups ever divided into even

smaller groups? If so, what are these groups?

+Interest Grabber 1. What living things are found in and around your school? Living things in the school are students, teachers,

principal, assistant principals, clerical staff, custodians, lunchroom staff. Students may also include animals in science labs. Living things around the school include grass, trees, shrubs, insects, birds, and so on.

2. What nonliving things are found in your school? The building, furniture, desks, books, papers, and so

on 3. Into what large groups are the students in your school

divided? 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th grades, or years 4. Into what smaller groups are these large groups

divided? Classes 5. Are these groups ever divided into even smaller groups?

If so, what are these groups? Students may say that science classes are divided

into lab groups; other classes may be divided into groups for projects.

+Ecological Levels of Organization

+Food Web- A network of complex feeding interaction between various organisms in an ecosystem

+Ecological Pyramids-based on the number of organisms at each trophic level

Pyramid of NumbersShows the relativenumber of individualorganisms at eachtrophic level.

Biomass PyramidRepresents the amount ofliving organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, thegreatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid.

Energy PyramidShows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat.

+Trophic Levels

+Trophic Levels

+The Water Cycle

+The Carbon CycleCO2 inAtmosphere

CO2 in Ocean

+The Nitrogen Cycle

N2 in Atmosphere

NH3

NO3-

and NO2-

+The Oxygen Cycle

+NOTEBOOK #21. List the levels of organization from individual to

biosphere.2. What is a food web?3. Where in an energy pyramid do you find the

first trophic level?4. Where do you find high level consumers in and

energy pyramid?5. What role do decomposers play in the

ecosystem? (relate the answer to energy.)6. Where does the energy come from that enters

the energy pyramid?7. Why are the water, carbon, nitrogen and

oxygen cycle so important to life on our planet?

+Interest Grabber – Notebook #3

Fitting InOrganisms not only live together in

ecological communities, but they also constantly interact with one another. These interactions, which include predation and competition, help shape the ecosystem in which they live.

1. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of predation.

2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition.

+Interest Grabber 1. Based on your own experiences, define

predation. Give one example of predation. Predation is an interaction in which one

organism captures and feeds on another organism. Some examples of predation: a hawk captures and feeds on a rabbit; a cat captures and feeds on a mouse.

2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition.

Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. Some examples of competition: crop plants and weeds compete for food, water, and sunlight; wolves and foxes compete for the same food (rabbits).

+Biotic and Abiotic Factors- biotic refers to all the of the living things in the environment, abiotic refers to the nonliving things in the environment

Biotic Factors

ECOSYSTEM

Abiotic Factors

+Competition

When organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource.

+Predation- an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism

+Symbiosis – Any relationship in which two species live closely together.

There are 3 :*mutualism*commensalism*parasitism

+Mutualism – both benefit

+Commensalism – one benefits the other is neither helped or harmed

+Parasitism- one benefits the other is harmed

+Niche – full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which he organism uses those conditions

Species of Warblers

Bay-Breasted WarblerFeeds in the middlepart of the tree

Yellow-Rumped WarblerFeeds in the lower part of the tree andat the bases of the middle branches

Cape May WarblerFeeds at the tips of branchesnear the top of the tree

Spruce tree

+NOTEBOOK #41.What is the difference between

biotic and abiotic?2.What is competition?3.What is predation?4.What is symbiosis?5.Describe mutualism. Give an

example.6.Describe commensalism. Give an

example.7.Describe parasitism. Give an

example.8.What is a niche?

+Interest Grabber – Notebook #5

Who’s There?If you have ever been to a zoo or a botanical garden, you may have noticed that the signs that identify the animals or plants also identify the part of the world where these organisms are found. Different kinds of animals and plants are found in different parts of the world.

+Interest Grabber 1. Describe the climate where you

live. 2. What types of plant and animal

life are found in your area? Describe a few of the major characteristics of these organisms.

3. Suppose that you had to move to an area with a climate that was very different from the climate you now live in. How would the plant and animal life in this new area be different from the plant and animal life where you live now?

+Interest Grabber 1. Describe the climate where you live. 2. What types of plant and animal life are found in

your area? Describe a few of the major characteristics of these organisms.

Questions 1–2: Answers will vary depending on the part of the country in which students live.

3. Suppose that you had to move to an area with a climate that was very different from the climate you now live in. How would the plant and animal life in this new area be different from the plant and animal life where you live now?

Sample answer: If the new climate were much colder, animals would probably have thicker fur. Plants would have shorter growing seasons and would produce seeds that could withstand the cold.

+The Greenhouse Effect-Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and a few other atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature range.

+Heating of the Earth’s Surface

Sunlight

Some heatescapesinto space

Greenhousegases trapsome heat

Atmosphere

Earth’s surface

Sunlight

Most direct sunlight

Sunlight

Sunlight

Sunlight

90°N North Pole66.5°N

23.5°N

0°

23.5°S

66.5°S90°S South Pole

Arctic circle

Tropic of Cancer

Equator

Tropic of Capricorn

Arctic circle

Greenhouse Effect

Different Latitudes

+10 Major BiomesBiome- group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities

Ten Major BiomesBiome Precipitation Temperature Soil Diversity Trees GrassesTropical Rain Forest high hot poor high dense sparse

Tropical Dry Forest variable mild rich moderate medium medium

Tropical Savanna variable mild clay moderate sparse denseDesert low variable poor moderate sparse sparseTemperate Grassland moderate summer hot rich moderate absent dense

Temperate woodland and Shrubland

summer low, winter moderate

summer hot poor low medium medium

Temperate Forest moderate summer moderate, winter cold

rich high dense sparse

Northwestern Coniferous Forest

high summer mild, winter cold

rocky, acidic low dense sparse

Boreal Forest moderate summer mild, winter cool

poor, acidic moderate dense sparse

Tundra low summer mild, winter cold

poor low absent medium

+The World’s Major Land Biomes

Tropical rain forestTropical dry forestTropical savanna Temperate woodland

and shrubland

DesertTemperate grassland

Boreal forest(Taiga)

Northwesternconiferous forest

Temperate forestMountains andice caps

Tundra

+Aquatic EcosystemSpoonbill

Duck

DragonflyPhytoplankton

FrogWater lilies Mosquitolarvae

SnailDivingbeetle

Trout

Pickerel

Duckweed

Snail Benthiccrustaceans

Hydra

Frogs lay eggs in the shallowwater near shore.The eggs hatch in the water as tadpolesand move to the land as adults.

The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nestingplaces for birds and otherorganisms.

The roots of water liliescling to the pond bottom,while their leaves, on longflexible stems, float on thesurface.

The bottom of the pond isinhabited by decomposers andother organisms that feed onparticles drifting down from thesurface.

Fish share the pondwith turtles and other animals. Many of them feed on insectsat the water’s edge.

Plankton and the organisms thatfeed on them live near the surfacewhere there is enough sunlight forphotosynthesis. Microscopic algaeare among the most importantproducers.

Crayfish

+Marine Ecosystem

landCoastalocean

Openocean

Oceantrench

Aphotic zone

Photic zone

Continentalshelf

Continental slope andcontinental rise

Abyssalplain

200m1000m

4000m

6000m

10,000m

+NOTEBOOK #61.What is the Greenhouse Effect?2.What causes the Greenhouse

Effect?3.How do the sun’s rays influence the

Earth’s temperature?4.How are the different types of

biomes determined?5.What type of biome do we live in?

+Interest Grabber- NOTEBOOK #8How Fast Are We Growing?Until about 500 years ago, the world’s

human population remained fairly stable. Then, as advances in medicine, agriculture, and technology occurred, the human population began growing very rapidly. Today, the world’s human population is greater than 6 billion people, and it continues to grow, but at a slower rate.

+Interest Grabber cont.

1. The human population is increasing by about 1.4 percent each year. Assume that the population is 6 billion (6,000,000,000). How large will the population be in one year?

2. If the human population continues to grow at a rate of 1.4 percent per year, the population would double in size (to 12 billion people) in only 51 years! What effect might this increase in population have on the environment and on other people?

+Interest Grabber 1. The human population is increasing by about 1.4

percent each year. Assume that the population is 6 billion (6,000,000,000). How large will the population be in one year?

6,000,000,000 X 0.014 = 84,000,000 people will be added in one year, so the population would be 6.08 billion in one year.

2. If the human population continues to grow at a rate of 1.4 percent per year, the population would double in size (to 12 billion people) in only 51 years! What effect might this increase in population have on the environment and on other people?

Students might suggest that this increase in the population would increase the need for roads, medicines, food, and all necessary resources. In addition, people would be living in more crowded areas, and pollution would increase because there would be more vehicles on the roads.

+Concept Map – Population Growth Population

Growthcan be

represented bycharacterized by characterized by represented by

which cause a

Exponentialgrowth

Logisticgrowth

Fallinggrowth rate

S-shapedcurve

Limits ongrowth

No limits on growth

J-shapedcurve

Constantgrowth rate

Unlimitedresources

+Logistic GrowthAs resources become less available, the growth of a population slows or stops.•Logistic Growth – occurs when the growth of a population slows or stops following a period of exponential growth.

+Logistic Growth Curve – S shape

Num

ber o

f Yea

st C

ells

Time (hours)

Carrying capacity

+Carrying Capacity

Carrying capacity – largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support

+Exponential GrowthUnder ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially.•Exponential growth – occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate.

+Exponential Growth – J shape

+Human Population Growth

Agriculturebegins

Plowingand irrigation

Bubonicplague

IndustrialRevolutionbegins

+Distribution

U.S. Population Rwandan PopulationMales MalesFemales Females

+NOTEBOOK #91.What is logistic growth?2.When does logistic growth occur?3.What “ shape” graph is commonly seen

with logistic growth?4.What is exponential growth?5.When does exponential growth occur?6.What “ shape” graph is commonly seen

with exponential growth?7.How does human population growth in

humans occur? Logistically or exponentially?

+Interest Grabber – NOTEBOOK #10Name That Resource!

A situation that causes the growth of a population to decrease is called a limiting factor. Some limiting factors depend on the size of the population. Other limiting factors affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size.

+Interest Grabber cont. 1. Imagine a small island that has a

population of five rabbits. How might each of the following factors affect the rabbit population?

a. climate b. food supply c. predation

2. Now imagine another small island that has a population of 500 rabbits. How would the same factors affect this population?

3 Which of the factors depend on population size? Which factors do not depend on population size?

+Density-Dependent Limiting Factors• Density dependent limiting factor – limiting

factor that depends on population size• Become limiting only when the population

density reaches a certain level.• Types:

CompetitionPredationParasitismDisease

+Density-Dependent Limiting Factor

Growth of Aphids

Exponential growth

Steady populationsize

Peak populationsize

Rapid decline

Steady populationsize

+Density Independent Limiting FactorDensity-independent limiting factors- affect all

populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size.• Types:

Unusual weatherNatural disastersSeasonal cyclesCertain human activities

• Ex. damming rivers, clear-cutting forests

+Biological Magnification- increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web

Fish-Eating BirdsMagnification ofDDT Concentration

10,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000,000

1

1000

LargeFish

Small Fish

Zooplankton

Producers

Water

+Biodiversity Hot Spots

+NOTEBOOK #111.What is a density-dependent

limiting factor?2.Give and example.3.What is a density-independent

limiting factor?4.Give an example.5.What is biological magnification?