Biology Final Study Guide

8/3/2019 Biology Final Study Guide

1/4

Biology Study Guide

- Isomorphic life cycle having a single or a similar form

- Heteromorphic life cycle having different forms (as in both sporophyte and gametophyte)

- Autotrophy - the ability to be self-sustained by producing food from inorganic compounds.

Without sunlight

- Photoautotrophy carrying out photosynthesis to acquire energy

- Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants and some other organisms use

sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen is byproduct.

- Gametophyte the sexually-reproducing plant, the one that produces gametes

- Sporophyte the asexually-reproducing, or spore-bearing, plant. (diploid) Spores

produced are haploid and are products of meiosis.

- Syngamy fertilization where two gametes unite to form a diploid embryonic sporophyte.

- Gymnosperm - A plant, such as a cycad or conifer, whose seeds are not enclosed within an

ovary.

- Angiosperm Flowering plants with encased seed

Chapter 7

- Protostomic developmentBlastopore becomes adult animals mouth. Spiral cleavage. Coelom

forms as a split in cell mass. Determinate development.

- Deuterostomic development Blastopore becomes the anus and mouth forms later. Radial

cleavage. (echinoderms and chordates) Coelom forms as an outgrowth of archenteron.

Indeterminate development.- Echinoids sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars

- Deuterostomes - Phylum Echinodermata and Chordata- Echinodermata includes sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers- Chordata includes animals with backbones - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and

mammals- Echinodermata: Body pentaradially symmetrical, around an oral-aboral axis;

endoskeleton of calcium carbonate; a water vascular system, tube feet.- Sea Star (Asteroidea):

o Has arms or rays.o Madreporite - to one side of central disk near junction of two arms. Here,

seawater enters the water vascular system.o Dermal branchiae - (fingerlike) important part of respiratory system.o Pedicellariae - chewing action around the bases of spineso Ambulacral groove - runs the length of each rayo Ampullae- on the reverse side of tube feet (expand and contract)o Locomotion - tube feet (also for attachment)o Feeding - Predators on mussels, oysters, snails, barnacles, polychaetes and

many other animals. To feed, a sea star places its body over the prey and


2/4

secretes enzymes to partially digest it. Food fragments are then taken into thepyloric stomach and digestive gland for further digestion and absorption.

o Development As do all echinoderms, a sea star begins life as a larva. The first larval

stage is a bilaterally symmetrical, free-swimming larva called abipinnaria. The bipinnaria gradually changes its body form to become a

many armed brachiolaria larva. The brachiolaria eventually settles downand metamorphoses into an adult sea star.

o Chordata - Bilaterally symmetrical; a notochord; pharyngeal gill slits; a dorsal,tubular nerve cord; a post-anal tail.

o Subphylum Urochordata - tunicates, sea squirts, salpso Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets, marine fishlike animals. They lack a

backbone, a skeletal system, and a well-defined head.o Vertebrates

Superclass Agnatha - lack paired appendages and have no jaws;skeleton of cartilage, not bone. Notochord is present.

Class Myxini - hagfis. Mouths have four pairs of tentacles. Class Cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys, jawless. Live in sea and

occasionally in fresh water. Superclass Gnathostomata - jawed vertebrates, usually two pairs of

appendages Class Chondrichthyes - fishes whose skeletons are composed of cartilage

instead of bone. The sharks, skates, and rays. Class Osteichthyes - Largest of fish groups. All have skeletons of bone

and are commonly called bony fishes. Class Amphibia - Frogs, toads, and salamanders. Class Reptilia - lizards, snakes, turtles, and alligators. Most have

appendages but some do not. Class Aves - All birds. Feet covered with scales, evidence of reptilian

ancestry.

Class Mammalia - Includes all mammals, including humans. All have hair.o Bony fishes are different from sharks in that sharks have skeletons composed of

cartilage.

Chapter 9

- Spirogyra reproduces sexually by a process called conjugation. Conjugation tubes from

cells in each filament empty contents from cell of (-) filament and goes to (+). The two

haploid nuclei fuse to produce a diploid zygote with protective wall. Zygotes called

zygospore. Eventually germinates and undergoes meiosis. Each haploid cell that results

then grows into a new generation of haploid individuals.- Diatoms: Gametic meiosis sexual life cycle [phylum: diatoms]

- Spirogyra: zygotic meiosis [phylum: chlorophyta (green algae)]

- Macrocystis: alternation of generations [phylum: phaeophyta (kelps, brown algae)]

- Laminaria: alternation of generations [phylum: phaeophyta (kelps, brown algae)]

- Fucus: gametic meiosis [phylum: phaeophyta (kelps, brown algae)]

- Chlamydomonas: zygotic meiosis [phylum: chlorophyta (green algae)]


3/4

- Ulva: alternation of generations [phylum: chlorophyta (green algae)]

- Diatoms have two valves in their cell walls. Glasslike cell walls (frustules).

- Cell walls made of polymerized silica.

- Centricradially symmetrical

- Pennatebilaterally symmetrical

- Diatoms lack flagella. They move by secreting material through a long groove, called a

raphe, that runs parallel to the main axis of the frustule.

- Diatomaceous earthaccumulations of glass-like frustules from fossil diatoms.

Phaeophyta

- Holdfast: root-like attachment that anchors the alga in place. Not photosynthetically

active.

- Receptacles contain the conceptacles. Conceptacles contain the antheridia and oogonia.

- Cell walls cellulose.

Chlorophyta

- Ulva alternation of generations is isomorphic.

- Isomorphic: same form (indistinguishable difference) heteromorphic: different in size and

appearance.

Chapter 10

- Plant cell walls made of cellulose- Sporophyte spores gametophyte archegonium and antheridium egg sperm

zygote Sporophyte

- Everything in this alternation of generations is mitosis EXCEPT production of spores

which is product of meiosis.

- Plants are heteromorphic

- Unlike higher plants, bryophytes contain no vascular tissue (non-vascular)

- Vascular tissue cells joined into tubes through which water and the products of

photosynthesis are transported

- Bryophytes consist of liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.

- Mosses are more advanced- Gemmae cups the cup-shaped structure on the upper surface of the thallus in which

asexual buds are produced.


4/4

Chapter 11

- Two characteristics that unite ferns

o

All have flagellated spermo Sporophyte generation is the most prominent

- Developmental name for fiddlehead is circinate vernation

- Frond, petiole, blade, pinnae, rachis, fiddlehead, rhizome

- Sori are on the underside and produce spores.

- Sporangium release spores into air through dehiscence process (splits open).

Chapter 12

- Angiosperms are of the phylum anthophyta.

- They differ from all other plants in two ways

o They reproduce by means of flowers

o Seeds are enclosed in fruits

- Monocotsin 3s usually, leaf venation usually parallel

- Dicotsin 4s or 5s usually, leaf venation usually netlike

Documents

Biology Final Study Guide