Biology Final Exam2014

NOTE!Pictures have been added to the notes to help you study. No pictures from the test are in the notes. All questions that

have a picture are indicated on the slide.

Category 1 Cell Structure and Function

Cells

A scientist wants to test the effects of acid rain on the cells of plants that live in a pond. What two pieces of equipment would be needed?

What do you need to look at cells? • Microscope

What do you need to test acid in cells?

• pH probe

Cells

How are viruses and cells alike?• Both contain genetic material (DNA)

Category 2 – DNA and Genetics

DNA

Describe the structure and components of the DNA

molecule:

3 part nucleotide:

• Phosphate + sugar = backbone• Nitrogenous base pairs (A-T, C-G)• Double helix

DNALac genes make a protein used to

synthesize lactose (sugar)

When would Lac genes be expressed?

• Lac genes are expressed (shown) when lactose is detected in the body

DNA

What is a nucleic acid? • DNA & RNA

What is the function of nucleic acid?•Store and transmit hereditary information

DNAThe gene in some plants quickly

converts the sugar to starch after it is picked.

Some plants have a “Sh2” gene that Stops the sugar from converting to starch.

Why would some plants have more sugar and less starch?

• Plants that express (show) the SH2 gene cannot convert sugar to starch.

DNA

What is the process where the DNA nucleotides (blue) are copied into complementary strand of RNA (red)?

• Transcription

What is the Purpose?• Brings the instructions from the nucleus to the

ribosomes to make proteins.

There is a completely different picture on the test

DNA

What is this process? • Translation

What is the purpose?• mRNA (blue) is read• tRNA (green)brings

amino acids. • forms a polypeptide

There is a completely different picture on the test

Category 3Evolution & Classification

EvolutionWhat is homologous?• homo (same) + logous (relationship)

Why are homologous structures evidence for common ancestry?• Traits are passed to

their descendants.

Evolution The environment does not cause

alleles/genes to change. Genes change over time in response to the environment.

A mountain range separates a particular species of animal; climates on each side of the mountain range are very different. One side has alleles for arid weather and one has alleles for humid weather. Explain why the population on the arid side of the mountain survive.

• They have a higher frequency of an allele that provides resistance to dry weather.

Evolution

The fossil record is incomplete because its occurrences are based on chance.

Fossils are created by quick burial. Most remains are destroyed by normal events: eaten by animals , weathered away or decomposed by microorganisms.

How would erosion prevent rapid burial of organisms? • It confuses or destroys parts of the

organisms that will eventually become fossils.

Evolution

Traits are genetically based. Individuals with adaptive traits more likely to survive and pass on those traits to their offspring. What is this process called?• natural selection

How do mutations on the DNA cause an increase in genetic diversity? • mutations cause organisms to develop

differently.

EvolutionEndosymbiosis explains the complexity of eukaryotes’ unique features (organelles)Chloroplasts (energy storage)

Mitochondria (energy release - ATP) Similar to prokaryotic cells.

What is endosymbiosis? • Endon (inside) + sym (together) + biosis

(living).

What advantage did endosymbiosis give early eukaryotes?

• Small bacteria cells were “engulfed” by larger cells that provided energy for the cell.

Evolution

Based on the cladogram above, which animals developed from three germ layers, have protostome development but do NOT have a coelom or radial symmetry?

Flatworms & RoundwormsThere is a completely different cladogram on the test

Evolution

Because an animal like the Puma may have several different common names, how does the taxonomic system help avoid confusion of giving multiple names to individual species like the Puma?

• The taxonomic system names and organizes organisms into groups that have biological significance.

Evolution

Scientist have observed many close similarities in the DNA sequences of animals like, whales and dolphins. This observation is evidence of what?

• Recent common ancestor.

Evolution

The graph shows the relationship between neck length and survival rate. What can be determined with the information given?

• Over time, having a long neck is an adaptive advantage

% surviving

Neck length

There is a completely different picture on the test

Evolution

• Oldest layers of undisturbed S. rock will be located beneath the upper layers.

Scientist often use the relative positions of fossils in sedimentary rock layers to draw conclusions about the sequential nature of groups or organisms in the fossil record. Why are scientists able to use such observations as a key to the relative age of fossils?

Evolution

A farmer sprays his crops with a pesticide to kill the insects. In the beginning, a few insects were able to survive the pesticides. These insects had an allele that resisted the pesticide. How does a pesticide become less effective to the same insect population over time?• Over time, the frequency of the allele for

resistance is increased.

EvolutionWhen genes are transferred from one population to another, evolution occurs. For example, if all blue birds were to leave North Ireland and move to South Ireland, the following generation would probably have fewer blue birds in N. Ireland. The transfer of genes from one population to another is caused by what mechanism; genetic drift, gene flow, gene therapy or gene mutation?

• Gene Flow

Classification

What is this organism?• Euglena

What kingdom is it?• Bacteria? – no has nucleus• Plant? – no it moves • Fungi? - no cell wall • Animal? – no it is single celled• Protist? - yes

There is a completely different picture on the test

ClassificationAn organism has a circular chromosome located in a region of the cell called the nucleoid, a rigid outer cell wall, and a semi-permeable cell membrane. Which kingdom does it belong to?

• Eubacteria

There is a completely different picture on the test

Classification

Having a standard taxonomic system benefits the scientific community by allowing scientists from all over the world to do what?

• Have a common understanding in the classification of organisms.

Classification

You have a unicellular heterotrophic eukaryote under your microscope. To which kingdom does it belong?

• Protista

Category 4 Processes & Systems

Processes & SystemsIn a plant, most water is conducted from the roots to the leaves through structures known as?

• Xylem vessels • Moves water

Processes & Systems

Endocrine glands dump the hormone adrenaline into the blood stream. The blood system carries the hormones through the body. Each hormone acts only on the organ that recognizes it. In this process, what body systems are working together.

• Endocrine system - makes hormones• Circulatory system - moves hormones in

blood

Processes & SystemsHormones are released from glands that perform certain functions in the body. When enough of that hormone is released, feedback interactions tell the gland to stop producing that hormone. Feedback interactions in the human body are important because they…• Keep the internal body environment

at homeostasis (same).

Processes & SystemsOn a steep hillside, a tree’s trunk is upright and vertical, not tilted. Why? • The tree grows opposite direction of gravity.

What is this process called? • Gravitropism

Processes & Systems

Endocrine System – maintains the homeostasis of a body by filtering and secreting fluids.

Excretory System – eliminates wastes from a body.

When an animal is dehydrated the endocrine system produces chemical hormones that signal the body to reabsorb water. During this process the kidneys work with what other system?• The excretory system

Processes & SystemsDigestion breaks down food using chemical and mechanical actions to extract nutrients from food. Where does digestion begin and end? • mouth esophagus stomach

intestines rectum.

What is the function of the small intestines?

• Absorbs nutrients for energy

What is the function of the large intestines

• Absorbs water

Category 5 Environmental Systems

Environmental Systems• Primary Succession – starts from rocks• Secondary Succession – starts from soil.

If a large forest fire destroys an area of the forest leaving only soil, what organisms will grow in the next few years?

• Grasses and small shrubs – then big trees

Environmental SystemsEvents that occur during ecological succession can change populations and communities. What events would occur last during an ecological succession that started with a large rock formation?

• Shrubs and trees take root and predatory animals inhabit the area.

Environmental SystemsDescribe these symbiotic (together+living) relationships.

Mutualism – one benefits – one benefitsParasitism – one benefits – one is harmedCommensalism – one benefits – one not affected

Which type of symbiotic relationship would be between a fungus that kills & consumes an insect?

• Parasitism

How can microorganisms disrupt the health of organisms?

• Some microorganisms form parasitic relationships with both plants and animals.

Environmental SystemsWhat inference would the health food company like potential customers to infer from this advertisement?

GOT BRAIN PROBIOTICS?

Are you taking too many antibiotics?Do you have poor memory?

Then feed your brain with GOT BRAINS!• Five billion microorganisms per capsule

• Restore the health of your brain.• Improve your memory immediately

Your brain needs an adequate amount of beneficial microorganisms to remain healthy.

There is a completely different picture on the test

Environmental SystemsWould the following graph provide evidence that a fertilizer product works by making the plants grow?• Yes! Supergrow Plant Food

Supergrow

30

15

10

5

0Height cm

Control

There is a completely different picture on the test

Environmental Systems

Would the death of a single animal, the reduction of rainfall by 50%, a major storm or the flooding of a reservoir affect an ecosystem the greatest?

• Death of one animal - will not affect an ecosystem• Reduce rainfall – plants won’t grow/ limits food• Storm - will temporarily damage an ecosystem• Flooding - will temporarily affect an ecosystem

Environmental Systems

What is a keystone species?• Organism that is not abundant in a

community but has a strong impact.

Natural disasters can cause the keystone species to become harmed and effect the ecosystem. What natural disasters could affect the keystone species?

• Hurricanes and tornadoes

Environmental SystemsWhich organism in this food web would be classified in more than one trophic level?• The grizzly

bear because it eats both producers and primary consumers.

Environmental Systems

What kind of teeth would an herbivore that lives in the grasslands have? flat or sharp? Why?Flat teeth - grind and chew plants

Would an herbivore that lives in the grasslands have hooves or claws? WhyHooves – protect the impact when feet strike the ground while running from predators

Environmental Systems

When fertilizers run off farm land into streams and ponds, the nitrogen content of the water increases. This can lead to rapid growth of algae in a process called eutrophication. What effect does the dramatically increased growth of algae have on the freshwater ecosystem?

• The algae depletes nutrients in water, reducing the resources available to other organisms.

Environmental Systems

A biology class conducts a field investigation to study a stream ecosystem. The students arrive at the investigation site and discover that beavers have built a dam across the stream, creating a pond. The beavers are using a dam to create their habitat. The biology students observe that the dam influences the stream ecosystem’s stability by?

• Removing old habitat and creating new habitat

Environmental Systems

How would the removal of the Vole affect the rest of this food web?

• The coyote and elk would have more available food.

There is a completely different picture on the test

Environmental SystemsA vernal pool is a temporary pool of water. It is typically created by one or all of these factors: minor flooding, snow melt, and seasonal storms. Vernal pools usually lack fish. This allows amphibian and insect eggs to mature safely within them. The long term survival of amphibian and insect species of a region containing vernal pools is dependent on what?• The amount of precipitation that the

region receives.

Environmental Systems

Where does the energy for the producers originally come from?

• The Sun

There is a completely different picture on the test

Environmental Systems

The sandhill crane is a bird with feathers

The kiwi is a type of flight-less bird with hair-like feathers

The kiwi’s feathers are adapted for terrestrial, aquatic or aerial?

• The Kiwi’s feathers are adapted for terrestrial life

There is a completely different picture on the test

Environmental Systems

Denitrification is the process of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that changes nitrogen in the soil to a form plants can use.

If humans prevented the process of denitrification from occurring what would happen to the atmospheric nitrogen (N2)

• (N2) would decrease What would happened to the nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

• They would die off.