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8/4/2019 Biology Exam 2 Notes
1/18
Large _ like _ move around between
_ _ cellular compartments in _ cells
Large MOLECULES like PROTEINS,
move around between MEMBRANE
BOUND cellular compartments in
EUKARYOTIC cells
NUCLEAR TRANSPORT:
Nucleus carries _ information for _synthesis in cells. Therefore, what
goes _ and _ of the nucleus are very
precisely _ in cells.
Nucleus carries GENETIC informationfor PROTEIN synthesis in cells.
Therefore, what goes IN and OUT of
the nucleus are very precisely
CONTROLLED in cells.
Two membranes together, called the
_ _ surround the _
Two membranes together, called the
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE, surround the
NUCLEUS.
There are numerous holes in the
envelope known as _ _ _. They arelarge _ _ made of more than _
protein subunits.
There are number holes in the
envelope known as NUCLEAR PORECOMPLEXES. They are large PROTEIN
COMPLEXES made of more than 50
protein subunits.
Nuclear Pore Complexes are very _
about what passes through them.
SELECTIVE
Does passage through the nuclear
pore complex require energy?
YES. Passage through the nuclear
pore complex is an ENERGY
REQUIRING PROCESS.
What molecules are imported in thenucleus?
SOME SELECTED PROTEINS NEEDEDINSIDE THE NUCLEUS, REGULATORY
MOLECULES, NUCLEOTIDES, AND
OTHER SELECTED MOLECULES can
go through the pore complex and
into the nucleus
How are molecules imported in the
nucleus?
* _ that go inside the nucleus have a
_ region called the _ _ _. It isidentified by a chaperone called _ ,
and guided inside.
* PROTEINS that go inside the
nucleus have a SMALL region called
the NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNAL
(NLS).It is identified by a chaperone called
IMPORTIN and guided inside
Importin comes back out of the CHAPERONE
8/4/2019 Biology Exam 2 Notes
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nucleus with the help of its own _
What molecules are exported out of
the nucleus?
RIBOSOMES and VARIOUS RNA
MOLECULES come out of the
nucleus.
How are molecules exported out ofthe nucleus?
They are exported by anotherchaperone called EXPORTIN
Exportin goes back into the nucleus
with the help of its own _
CHAPERONE
TRANSPORT IN THE
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM:
Proteins produced on _ need to be
_to various different destinations in
the cell, in to _, to the _ _ , andsometimes to the _
Proteins produced on RIBOSOMES
need to TRANSPORTED to various
destinations in the cell: in to theORGANELLES, to the PLASMA
MEMBRANE, and sometimes to the
OUTSIDE.
This section shows what happens to
_ made on ribosomes attached to
the _ _
PROTEINS made on ribosomes
attached to the ROUGH ER.
Ribosomes are on the _ of ER OUTSIDE
How do proteins made on
ribosomes enter the ER lumen?1)
2)
2 processes happen for it to be able
to enter ER lumen
A built in region of the protein called
ER SIGNAL SEQUENCE helps. When aprotein is made, another protein in
the CYTOSOL, called SIGNAL
RECOGNITION PARTICLE (SRP)
comes and binds to it. (Also called
SIGNAL RECOGNITION PROTEIN)
Then it docks with the ER
MEMBRANE and allows the
ribosome to send the newly made
protein through a channel into theER lumen
What happens to the protein once
inside the ER? It gets _ and _ and
passes along the ER until it reaches a
place where a _ _ buds off.
It gets FOLDED and GLYCOSYLATED
(A sugar chain is added) and passes
along the ER until it reaches a place
where a ER VESICLE BUDS OFF
8/4/2019 Biology Exam 2 Notes
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CHAPTER 7.4 and 7.5 : MOLECULAR TRANSPORT INSIDECELLS (ABOVE)
Where do the vesicles go? These
vesicles released from ER travel
through the _ toward the _ _ and
join the _ _ of Golgi. The _ inside the
vesicles are then released in to the __
These vesicles travel through the
CYTOSOL toward the GOLGI
APPARTATUS and join the CIS (SAME
SIDE) FACE OF GOLGI. The PROTEINS
inside these vesicles are thenreleased into the GOLGI LUMEN
What happens to the proteins once
inside the golgi? Different proteins
get different _ attached. These tags
are mostly _ chains, sometimes _
groups, or small _ attachments etc.
Different PROTEINS get different
TAGS attached. These tags are
mostly SUGAR CHAINS, sometimes
PHOSPHATE GROUPS, or small LIPID
attachments.
These tags are like _ _ on an letter
address. With the help of these tags,
_ on the _ _ face of the golgimembrane _ different proteins into
different _ _ _. The vesicles are then
sent to various destinations, carrying
the _ enclosed in them.
Like ZIP CODES on a letter address.
With the help of these tags,
RECEPTORS on the INNER-TRANS(OPPOSITE SIDE) face of the golgi
membrane ENCLOSE different
proteins into different GOLGI
TRANSPORT VESICLES. The vesicles
are then sent to various
destinations, carrying the PROTEIN
enclosed in them.
The destinations the Golgi Transportvesicles are sent to are : _, _ _, and _
LYSOSOMES, PLASMA MEMBRANE,and ER
8/4/2019 Biology Exam 2 Notes
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Chapter 7.6 CYTOSKELETON
Cytoskeleton is the _ network of _
inside the cell
FIBROUS network of PROTEINS
inside the cellWhat are the 4 functions of
cytoskelton?
1) Provide strength to the cell2) Maintains and changes the
cell shape
3) Moves contents inside the cell4) Moves the whole cell
What are the 3 kinds of
cytoskeleton? And their ranking in
diameter?
1) Actin microfilamentsthinnest in diameter
2) Intermediate filaments-medium sized in diameter
3) Microtubules- largest indiameter
Of these three types, only _ and _
are involved in _ and _. WHY?
Because those 2 kinds have _
(meaning?)
Only MICRO FILAMENTS and
MICROTUBULES are involved in
MOVING CELL CONTENTS,
CHANGING CELL SHAPE OR MOVING
WHOLE CELLS. B/C they have
POLARITY, meaning THEIR TWO
ENDS ARE DIFFERENT FROM EACHOTHER
Actin Microfilaments: Made up of _,
a _ protein. These Actin _ get
activated by binding to _ and _ to
each other to from long _. They are
normally found in the _ of the cell
and can provide _ _ to cells .
Made of ACTIN, a GLOBULAR
PROTEIN. These actin MONOMERS
get activated by binding to ATP and
ATTACHING to each other to form
long FILAMENTS. Normally found in
the PERIPHERY of the cell and can
provide STRUCTURAL SUPPORT to
cells
When involved in _, actin interacts
with a _ protein called _
When involved in MOVING, actin
interacts with a MOTOR PROTEIN
called MYOSIN
Myosin is another protein that forms
_ _ with numerous _ _
Myosin is another protein that forms
THICK FILAMENTS with numerous
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MOTOR HEADS
The myosin motor heads use _ to
energize and move _ _ to change _ _
The myosin motor heads use ATP to
energize and move ACTIN
FILAMENTS to change CELL SHAPE
You can see actin in (4 places) 1) myosin function in musclecells2) when cells divide3) when single cells like amoeba
crawls
4) in cytoplasmic streaming inplant cells
Intermediate Filaments: These are _
sized filaments made of different
kinds of _ _.
MEDIUM SIZED FILAMENTS. Made of
different kinds of FIBROUS
PROTEINSIntermediate filaments on skin cells,
nails and hair are made of _
KERATIN
Intermediate filaments inside the
nucleus are made of _
LAMINS
Lamins provide _ to the nucleus and
hold _ in place.
STRENGTH to the nucleus and hold
CHROMOSONES in place.
There are other proteins that made
other intermediate filaments
elsewhere in the cell. For example:There are intermediate filaments
that hold the _ in place.
Example of another intermediate
filaments: one that hold the
NUCLEUS in place
Intermediate filaments are not
involved in _ because they do not
have _ (meaning)
Not involved in MOVING because
they lack POLARITY (meaning they
have SAME SIDE ends)
Intermediate filaments only provide
_ _ to the cell
STRUCUTRAL SUPPORT
Microtubules: Made of _ a _ protein.
They assemble into large _ tube like
structures called _. They form a
network of _ inside the cell
Made of TUBULIN, a GLOBULAR
protein. Assemble into large
HOLLOW tube like strucutes called
MICROTUBULES. Form a network of
ROADWAYS inside the cell
When involved in moving,
microtubules associate with _
When moving, associate with
MOTOR proteins called KINESINS or
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proteins called _ or _ DYNEINS
Kynesis and Dynein have _ _ that use
_ to energize and they carry _ or _
along _ _
MOTOR HEADS that use ATP to
energize. They carry ORGANELLES or
VESICLES alng MICROTUBULAR
TRACKSYou can see microtubule functions
during _ _ inside the cell
VESICLE TRANSPORT
Microtubules are essential for _ _,
where microtubules form a _ to pull
_ apart
Essential for CELL DIVISION, where
form a SPINDLE to pull
CHROMOSONES apart
They are also invoved in _ and _
movement
FLAGELLA and CILIA
Inside the flagellum or cilium,
microtubules form _ arrangmentand use _ motor proteins to make
the _ movement of _ and _ to move
cells
9 PAIRS OF MICROTUBULES
AROUND 2 CENTRALMICTROTUBULES called (9+2). Use
DYNEIN motor proteins to make the
WHIPLASHING movement of
FLAGELLA and CILIA to move cells
Cytoskeleton is _, it _, _, and _,
according the to the _ needs.
DYNAMIC, SHRINKS, GROWS AND
MOVES according the CELLS needs
8/4/2019 Biology Exam 2 Notes
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CHAPTER 8.2 HOW DO ADJACENT CELLS CONNECT AND
COMMUNICATE
In _ _ organisms, many cells work
together forming _ that perform
different functions
In MULTI-CELLULAR organisms, cells
work together forming TISSUES that
perform various functions
What are the three types of cell-cell
attachments in animals? ONLY
FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS!!!!!
1) Tight junctions2) Gap junctions3) Anchoring junctions
Tight Junctions: These are found in _
that need to _ _ the _ between cells
not allowing anything to _ past
between cells
Found in TISSUS that need to
TIGHTLY SEAL the GAP between cells
to now allowing anything to SEEP
past in between cells
Examples of Tight junctions are: (3) Ex 1) Epithelial cells found along the
intestine
Ex 2) Blood vessels
Ex 2) Like a quilt (sealing cells
together to form one large sheet)
Tight junctions keep _ cells _
attached to each other, yet, if
necessary, they can _ them
Keep ADJACENT cells TIGHT
ATTACHED to each other, but if
necessarily can LOOSEN them
Anchoring junctions: These keep _cells attached to each other using _
_ __.
Keep ADJACENT cells attached usingREMOVABLE RIVET-LIKE JOINTS.
One example of anchoring junction
is _? They allows _ adhesion
between cells, meaning cells only _
to other cells if they have matching
_. Have specialized _ called _ that _
matching _ from other cells, and _
with them
DESMOSOMES: allow SELECTIVE
adhering between cells. Meaning
cells only ADHERE to other cells if
they have matching DESMOSOMES.
SPECIALIZED PROTEINS called
CADHERINS that RECOGNIZE
MATCHING CADHERINS from othercells and INTERACT with them
Gap Junctions: As the name implies,
these are _ or _ in the _ _ , allowing
adjacent to _ with each other. The
gaps are surrounded by _ and when
two cells come together, they form a
HOLES or GAPS in the PLASMA
MEMBRANE, allowing
COMMUNICATION between cells.
Gaps are surrounded by PROTEINS
that form a CONTIUOUS HOLE
8/4/2019 Biology Exam 2 Notes
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_ _ between the two cells. between the two cells that came
together
Only ONE kind of cell juntion is
found in PLANT CELLS, called ?
PLASMODESMATA
Plasmodesmata: They are _ to gapjunctions in animals cells. There are
_ between adjacent _ _ through the
_ _
SIMILAR to animal gap junctions.There are HOLES between adjacent
PLANT CELLS though the CELL WALL
There are _ associated with
plasmodesmata, that regulate the _
of _ through these holes.
PROTEINS associated with
plasmodesmata, that REGULATE the
PASSAGE of MOLECULES through
these holes
_ from one cell can _ and _ with the
_ in the adjacent cells throughplasmodesmata
ER from one cell can EXTEND and
CONNECT with the ER of theadjacent cell
8/4/2019 Biology Exam 2 Notes
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CHAPTER NINE: CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND
FERMENTATION
Cellular respiration is the process
that produces _, the _ containing
molecule that supplies _ to most of
the _ _
ATP. ENERGY. ENERGY. CELLULAR
FUNCTIONS
When the cell needs to carry out an
_ reactions, it normally gets coupled
with _ breakdown, so that the
reaction becomes _ _
ENERGONIC (requires energy). ATP.
ENERGETICALLY POSSIBLE
9.1 The nature of chemical energy
and redox reactions
This section introduces you to redox
reactions, because cellular
respiration involves many redox
reactions.
Cellular respiration involes many _ _ REDOX REACTIONS
REDOX= _/_ ?? REDOX= REDUCTION/OXIDATION
Reduction means _ electrons, or
electrons moving _ to an atom
GAINING ELECTRONS. Moving
CLOSER to an atom
Oxidation means _ electrons, or
electrons moving _ from an atom
LOSING electrons, or electrons
moving FURTHER from an atom
All reduction reactions areassociated with _ reactions. And
VISE VERSA!!
OXIDATION
When one atom gets reduced;
another atom _ ; or when one atom
gets oxidized another atom gets _
Gets oxidized, gets reduced
During _ cellular respiration, a _
molecule gets oxidized to _ . The
energy released during this process
is used to make _
AEROBIC (in the presence of
oxygen). GLUCOSE oxyd to CO2
(carbon dioxide). Energy released
used to make ATP._ _ _ is a very efficient process to
make a lot of ATP
AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
because more ATP is produced in
the presence of oxygen then without
oxygen.
If _ supply becomes _ in organims OXYGEN. LIMITED. FERMENTATION.
8/4/2019 Biology Exam 2 Notes
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that are adapted to aerobic
respiration, the cells perform an
alternative process known as _ to
produce a few _ with less _
TO PRODUCE A FEW ATP WITH LESS
EFFICIENCY.
9.2 An overview of aerobic cellularrespiration
All living cells continue to make _, all
the time by _ _ , because most of
the _ _ need energy, and _, provides
that energy
All living cells continue to make ATP,
all the time by CELLULAR
RESPIRATION, because most of the
CELLULAR ACTIVITIES need energy
and ATP provides that energy
How many membranes surround the
mitochondria?
TWO
The inner membrane of themitochondira is folded extensively to
form?
CRISTAE
Is there a space between the outer
and inner membrane of the
mitochondria?
YES. There is a space between the
inner and outer membrane of the
mitochondira
Cellular respiration can be divided
into how many steps?
FOUR
Step 1: _, One molecule of _ is
broken down into two molecules of_. This happens in the _.
GLYCOLYSIS: One molecules of
GLUCOSE is broken down into twomolecules of PYRUVATE. This
happens in the CYTOSOL.
Pyruvate is a _ (#) carbon
compound?
Pyruvate is a THREE carbon
compound
Step 2: _ _, _ enters into the
mitochondria, and in the _ of the
mitochondria, pyruvate is converted
to _ _ .
PYRUVATE PROCESSING: PYRUVATE
enters into the mitochondria, and in
the MATRIX of the mitochondria,
pyruvate is converted to ACETYL CoA
Acetyl group has _ (#) carbons TWO
Step 3: _ _ _ ( _ _ ): The two _ in the
acetyl group is completely _ to _.
This happens in the _ _. The _
released during this process are
captured by _ and _, which get
CITRIC ACID CYCLE (KREBS CYCLE):
the two CARBONS in the acetyl
group is completely OXIDIZED to
CO2 (carbon dioxide). This happens
in the MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX.
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reduced to _ and _. These are the
major _ carriers in the cell.
The ELECTRONS released during this
process are captured by NAD and
FAD, which get reduced to NADH
and FADH2. These are the major
ELECTRON carriers in the cellStep 4: _ _ _ and _ _: Electrons
captured in _ and _ are _ to a chain
of molecules located in the _ _ _. A
series of _ reactions happen and the
electrons are passed from _ to _ in
the chain. During this process, _ ions
are transported into the space
between _ and _ , _ _. When the _
concentration builds up there, they_ _ into the _ _ by a process
described as _. The energy of the _ _
is used to make _.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN and
ATP SYNTHESIS: Electrons captured
in NADH and FADH2 are DONATED
to a chain of molecules located in
the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL
MEMBRANE. A series of OXIDATION-
REDUCTION (REDOX) reactions
happen and the electrons are passed
from MOLECULE to MOLECULE inthe chain. During this process
HYDROGEN ions are transported
into the space between OUTER and
INNER MITOCHONDRIAL
MEMBRANES. When the PROTON
concentration builds up there, they
FLOW BACK into the
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX by a
process described asCHEMIOSMOSIS. The energy of the
PROTON FLOW is used to make ATP.
H+ ions are also called as ? PROTONS
9.3 GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCO = ? SUGAR
LYSIS = ? BREAKING
All reactions of glycolysis happen in
the _?
CYTOSOL
First, _ is energized or activated byadding _ (#) molecules of _. And
then the activated _ is oxidized or
broken down into _ (#) molecules of
_. The electrons released during this
process are captured by _ to form _ .
First GLUCOSE is energized oractivated by adding TWO molecules
of ATP and then the activated
SUGAR is oxidized or broken down
into TWO molecules of PYRUVATE.
The electrons released during this
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The energy released is used to
procude _ (#) _. Finally the net gain
of glycolysis is; _ molecules of _, _
molecules of _, and _ molecules of _.
process are captured by NAD to
form NADH. The energy released is
used to produce FOUR ATPS.
Net gain is TWO molecules of NADH,
TWO molecules of PYRUVATE andTWO molecules of ATP
Production of ATP during a chemical
reaction is also known as _ _ _
SUBSTRATE LEVEL
PHOSPHORYLATION
Glucose is a _ (#) carbon _ Glucose is a SIX carbon SUGAR
Pyruvate is a (#) carbon _ Pyruvate is a THREE carbon ACID
9.4 PROCESSING OF PYRUVATE TO
ACETYL COA
The pyruvate produced by _ is
transported into _ . In the _mitochondria, pyruvate is broken
down into _ and _. The acetyl group
joins with _ _ to make _ _
The pyruvate produced by
GLYCOLYSIS is transported into theMITOCHONDRIA. In the MATRIX
mitochondrial, pyruvate is broken
down into ACETYL GROUP and CO2
(CARBON DIOXIDE) . They acetyl
group joins with COENZYME A to
make ACETYL CoA
9.5 THE CITRIC CYCLE (KREBS CYCLE)
The acetyl CoA donated its _ into the
_ _ _. The acetyl group is completelyoxidized to _ during this process.
Electrons released during this
process are captured by NAD and
FAD to from _ and _
Acetyl Coa donates its ACETYL
GROUP into the CITRIC ACID CYCLE.The acetyl group is completely
oxidized to CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE)
during this process. Electrons
released during this process are
captured by NAD and FAD to form
NADH and FADH2
Note that at the end of the citric
cycle all the _ that were present in
the _ molecule have now beencompletely oxidized to _. All the
electrons are now carried in _ and _.
Note that at the end of the citric
acid cycle all the CARBONS that were
present in the GLUCOSE moleculehave now been compleitely oxidized
to CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE). All the
electrons are now carried in FADH
and NADH2
9.6 ELECTON TRANSPORT CHAIN
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AND CHEMIOSMOSIS: BUILDING A
PROTON GRADIENT TO PRODUCE
ATP.
_ and _ donate electrons to being an
_ _ _ .
FADH and NADH2 donate electrons
to being an ELECTRON TRANSPORTCHAIN
Electron transport chain is a series of
_ and some other _ located in the _
_ _. They have the ability to _
electrons (_) and then _ them (_) to
the next componenet of the chain.
The final electron acceptor is _, to
make _ at the end of the electron
transport chain
PROTEINS and some other
MOLECULES located in the INNER
MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE. Have
the ability to ACCEPT electrons
(REDUCTION) and then DONATE
(OXIDATION) them to the next
componenet of the chain. The final
electron acceptor is OXYGEN, tomake WATER at the end of the
electron transport chain.
The accepting of electrons is _?
The donating of electrons is _?
The accepting of electrons is
REDUCTION
The donating of electrons is
OXIDATION
While electrons pass along this
chain, at certain points, _ ions (_)
are taken from the _ and passedonto the other side of the _. This
way, a _ _ is built up between the _
_ _ and the _ .
at certain points. HYDROGEN ions
(PROTONS) are taken from the
MATRIC and passed onto the otherside of the MEMBRANE. This way a,
PROTON GRADIENT is built up
between the INTER MEMBRANE
SPACE and the MATRIX.
Protons tend to come back to the _
from _ concentration of protons in
the _ _ space to the _ concentration
of protons in the _. This is also called
_ _ _ This process is similar to _
Protons tend to come back to the
MATRIX from HIGH concentration of
protons in the INTER MEMBRANE
space to the LOW concentration of
protons in the MATRIX. Also calledPROTON MOTIVE FORCE. This
process is similar to OSMOSIS
Osmosis was first suggested by _ _
as _ _ _ and is now proven _
PETER MITCHELLE MITCHELLES
CHEMIOSMOSIS HYPOTHESIS
proven now CORRECT
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Protons CAN NOT cross the
membrane directly, because they
are _? They _ _ through a special _ _
located across the _ _ , called as _ _
_
CHARGED. They FLOW BACK through
a special ENZYME COMPLEX located
across the INNER MEMBRANE called
as ATP SYNTHASE COMPLEX
The flow of protons _ part of the
enzyme complex, and this _ force
adds a _ group to _ to produde _.
The flow of protons ROTATES part of
the enzyme complex and this
MECHANICAL force adds a
PHOSPHATE group to ADP to
produce ATP
As ATP is produced as a result of _ of
_ _ , this mode of ATP production is
knows as _ _
As ATP is produced as a result of
OXIDATION of ELECTRON CARRIERS,
this mode of ATP production is
known as OXIDATIVEPHOSPHORYLATION
Phosphorylation means ? ADDING A PHOSPHATE GROUP
_ _ supports the production of a lot
of numbers of ATP
AEROBIC RESPIRATION supports the
production of a lot of numbers of
ATP
9.7 FERMENTATION
When there is no _ available, there
is no _ _ at the end of the electron
transport chain.
When there is no OXYGEN available,
there is no ELECTRON ACCEPTOR at
the end of the electron transportchain (REMEMBER ** oxygen is the
final acceptor of electrons in aerobic
respiration)
Without oxygen, electron transport
chain _ _ because there is no _ _ .
This stops the _ _ _ .Therefore _
does not enter the mitochondria.
Instead pyruvate is converted to
other _ _ like _ or _ _ in the _, andcels contiue the process of glycolysis
to produce _ (#) of ATP from each
glucose molecule
Without oxygen, electron transport
chain STOPS FUNCTIONING because
there is no FINAL ACCEPTOR . This
stops the CITRIC ACID CYCLE.
Therefore PYRUVATE does not enter
the mitochondira. Instead pyruvateis converted to other ORGANIC
MOLECULES like ALCOHOL or LACTIC
ACID in the CYTOSOL to produce
TWO ATPS from each glucose
molecule.
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CHAPTER 10: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosysnthesis happens in all _
tissues
GREEN
The purpose of photosynthesis is to
?
CAPTURE THE LIGHT ENERGY AND
USE IT TO CONVERT CARBON
DIOXIDE (CO2) INTO
CARBOHYDRATES
What is the general equation for
photosynthesis?
CO2 + H20 + light energy
(CH2O)n + O2
The complete process of
photsynthesis happens in _ sets of
separate reactions
TWO
What is the inner membrane of the
chloroplast called?
THYLAKOIDS
What is the fluid inide the
chloroplast called?
STROMA
Where do these reactions happen? IN THE INNER MEMBRANE
(THYLAKOIDS) OF CHLOROPLASTS
AND IN THE STROMA (THE FLUID
INSIDE THE CHLOROPLAST)
The inner membrane carries _ _
arranged in _ types of clusters called
as _ (_ and _)
The inner membrane carries
PHOTSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
arranged in TWO types of clusters
called PHOTOSYSTHEMS (PS II and
PS I)
Each photosystem has a _ _ _ and a
_ _ _ _
Each photosystem has a ANTENNA
PIGMENT COMPLEX and a REACTION
CENTER CLOROPHYLL MOLECULES.
The two sets of reactions in
photsynthesis are?
LIGHT INDEPENDANT AND LIGHT
DEPENDANT
LIGHT DEPENDANT REACTIONS
Light Dependant Reactions: during
these reactions, _ _ absorb light
ANTENNA PIGMENTS absorb light
energy and transfer it to the
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energy and transfer it to the _ _ . REACTION CENTER
Due to _ input, electrons get excited
to a _ _ _ _ , _ from the reaction
center and start an _ _ _
Due to ENERGY input, electrons get
excited to a VERY HIGH ENERG
STATE, ESCAPE from the reaction
center and start an ELECTRONTRANSFER CHAIN
At PS II , _ molecules are broken
down to replace the lost _ , and _ is
released
WATER molecules are broken down
to replace the lost ELECTRONS and
OXYGEN in released
During electron transport chain,
protons are transported to the _ _
and the resulting _ _ _ generates _.
ATP production by this method is
known as _
Protons are transported to the
TYLAKOID LUMEN and the resulting
PROTON MOTIVE FORCE generates
ATP. ATP production by this method
is known asPHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
What drives the electron transport
chain?
LIGHT ENERGY
The electrons that pass along the
transport chain are finally accepted
by the electron carrier molecule
namned _ that produces _
NADP that produces NADPH
LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS
Light independent reactions are also
called? Why??
DARK REACTIONS. BECAUSE THEY
DO NOT NEED LIGHT
The _ and _ produced in light
depedent reactions are used here to
produce _ from _
ATP and NADPH used to produce
SUGARS from CO2. (carbon dioxide)
Dark reactions are also known as the
_ _
CALVIN CYCLE
Dark reactions happen in the _ of
the _
In the STROMA of the
CHLOROPLASTS
Dark reactions happen in how many
steps? What are they?
THREE.
1) CO2 FIXATION PHASE2) REDUCTION PHASE3) REGENERATION PHASE
CO2 FIXATION PHASE: an enzyme An enzyme named RUBISCO
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named _ catalyzes the reaction
between _ and a _ Carbon sugar
named _ to generate a _ carbon
compound called _ .
cataylzes the reaction between
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) and a FIVE
carbon sugar named RUBP to
generate a THREE carbon compound
called PGA (PHOSPHOGLYCERICACID)
As inorganic CO2 is converted to an
organic former, this step is called as
_ _
CO2 FIXATION
REDUCTION PHASE: _ gains
electrongs and gets reduced to _.
This step requires _ . _ produced in
light energy reactions provides
energy. This step also requires _. _produced in light energy reactions
provides electrons.
PGA (PHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACID) gains
electrons and gets reduced to G3P
(GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE).
This step requires ENERGY. ATP
produced in light energy reactionsprovides energy. This step also
requires ELECTRONS. NADPH
produced in light energy reactions
provides electrons.
REGENERATION PHASE: Most of the
_ produced in reduction phase are
converted to _ to continure the
cycle, to fix more _. Some G3P goes
out of the Calvin cycle to produce _ .
Most of the G3P (GLCERALDEHYDE-
3-PHOSPHATE) produced in redution
phase are converted to RUBP to
continue the cycle, to fix more
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) . Some G3Pgoes out of the calvin cycle to
produve GLUCOSE
The outcome of photosynthesis is _
and _
OXYGEN and GLUCOSE
Carbon for glucose synthesis comes
from _
CARBON DIOXIDE
_ is released as a byproduct of
photosynthesis
OXYGEN
Oxygen comes from _ breakdown in
_
WATER breakdown in PS II
_ is the enzyme that catalyses the
critical step of fixing carbon dioxide
into organic form? _ is a competitive
RUBISCO.
OXYGEN
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inhibitor for this reaction?
Oxygen competes with _ for the
same active site in _ enzyme
CARBON DIOXIDE. RUBISCO
Oxygen bound to rubisco reacts with
_ , breaks _ down, releasing _ ratherthan fixing it. This process is known
as?
Oxygen bound to rubisco reacts with
RUBP, breaks RUBP down, realeasingCARBON DIOXIDE rather than fixing
it . This process is known as
PHOTORESPIRATION
Photorespiration is a _ process. A
problem faced by many _ plants,
while some plants have evolved a
mechanism to minimize the problem
(but we do not study that
mechanism)
WASTEFUL. Problem face by many
GREEN plants.