Biology dl.dropbox/u/31969076/Modern%20Biology%20Student%20Edition.pdf

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ResourcesChapter menu

Biology

http://dl.dropbox.com/u/31969076/Modern%20Biology%20Student%20Edition.pdf






The Science of LifeChapter 1

Table of ContentsSection 1 The World of Biology

Section 2 Themes in Biology

Section 3 The Study of Biology

Section 4 Tools and Techniques



Section 1 The World of BiologyChapter 1

Objectives• Relate the relevance of biology to a person’s daily life.

• Describe the importance of biology in human society.

• List the characteristics of living things.

• Summarize the hierarchy of organization within complex multicellular organisms.

• Distinguish between homeostasis and metabolism and between growth, development, and reproduction.




Biology and You

• Biology and Society– Biology is the

study of life and can be used to both solve societal problems and explain aspects of our daily lives.




What is life? Characteristics of Life

– Living things share the same 7 characteristics: organization and cells, response to stimuli, homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and evolution.

• Influenza virus: Is it alive?




Characteristics of Life, continued1. Organization and Cells

– Organization is the high degree of order within an organism’s internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world.

– A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can perform all life’s processes.



Organization: The eye



The rods and cones of the retina






Characteristics of Life, continued

• Organization and Cells– Unicellular organisms are made of single cells.– Multicellular organisms are made up of many

cells and show a hierarchy of organization going from the organism to the atom.



• Organisms are made up of:– organism

– organ system

– organs

– tissues

– cells

– molecules

– atoms Figure 1.1





2. Response to Stimuli– Another characteristic of life is that an organism

can respond to a stimulus—a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment.

• http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olympusmicd/galleries/moviegallery/pondscum/coelenterata/hydra/index.html

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQsb-b5Ieqs




Characteristics of Life, continued3. Homeostasis

– All living things have mechanisms that allow them to maintain stable internal conditions. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing.

caribou





4. Metabolism– Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical

reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.




Characteristics of Life, continued5. Growth and Development

– The growth of living things results from the division and enlargement of cells.

– Development is the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult.

• http://www.dnatube.com/video/1127/Human-Reproduction-Fertilization-and-Fetal-Development

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPMP68QP698

• http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=5434687&m=5434835

• http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/04/23/high-pitch-only-teens-can_n_98304.html





6. Reproduction– Living organisms pass on hereditary information

from parents to offspring, also called reproduction.


ResourcesChapter menu Figure 9.16

Skin Color

Melanin comes in two types: pheomelanin (red) and eumelanin (very dark brown). Both amount and type are determined by four to six genes which operate under incomplete dominance. (which means that the offspring will be a mix of both parents)





7. Change Through Time--- Evolution– Populations of living organisms evolve or change

through time.



Chapter 1

Evolution

Section 1 The World of Biology



“Lack of” EVOLUTIONof the CavendishBanana

http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2008-06/can-fruit-be-saved?page=3



Banana Plantation

How does a Cavendish carry

out reproduction?





The Demise of the Banana





Section 2 Themes in BiologyChapter 1

Objectives

• Identify three important themes that help explain the living world.

• Explain how life can be diverse, yet unified.

• Describe how living organisms are interdependent.

• Summarize why evolution is an important theme in biology.




1. Diversity and Unity of Life

Unity in the Diversity of Life– Life is so diverse,or full of variety. Yet, life is also

characterized by unity, or features that all living things have in common.




1. Diversity and Unity of Life, continued

• Unity in the Diversity of Life– The tree of life shows that all living things have

descended with modification from a single common ancestor. Yet, there are many different lineages, or branches, representing different species.



Astrobiologists study extremophiles. Astrobiology is the field concerned with forming theories, such as panspermia, about the distribution, nature, and future of life in the universe. In it, microbial ecologists, astronomers, planetary scientists, geochemists, philosophers, and explorers cooperate constructively to guide the search for life on other planets. Astrobiologists are particularly interested in studying extremophiles, as many organisms of this type are capable of surviving in environments similar to those known to exist on other planets. For example, Mars may have regions in its deep subsurface permafrost that could harbor endolith communities. The subsurface water ocean of Jupiter's moon Europa may harbor life, especially at hypothesized hydrothermal vents at the ocean floor.



Chapter 1

Phylogenetic Diagram of Living Organisms

Section 2 Themes in Biology




1. Diversity and Unity of Life, continued

• Three Domains of Life– The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea,

and Eukarya.– The six kingdoms include Archaea, Bacteria,

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.




2. Interdependence of OrganismsOrganisms live in interdependent communities and interact with both organisms

and the environment.




3. Evolution of Life

• Evolution, or descent with modification, is the process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations.

• Evolution helps to explain how species came to exist, have changed over time, and possess adaptations to their environment.




3. Evolution of Life, continued

• Natural Selection– Natural selection is a process by which

organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits.

– Natural selection can lead to the evolution of populations.



Evolution results from Natural Selection Peppered Moth --Biston betularia)

Change in the frequency of genetic material of a population of organisms from one generation to the next which could potentially lead to speciation.



Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1

Objectives• Outline the main steps in the scientific method.

• Summarize how observations are used to form hypotheses.

• List the elements of a controlled experiment.

• Describe how scientists use data to draw conclusions.

• Compare a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory.

• State how communication in science helps prevent dishonesty and bias.




Science as a Process

• Steps of the Scientific Method– The scientific method involves making

observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, making predictions, designing experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.




Scientific Processes• Collecting observations

• Asking questions/ background research

• Forming hypotheses and making predictions

• Confirming predictions with experiments Discovery Science vs Hypothesis Science vs Synthesis Science…examples?

• Collect Data/Analyze Results

• Drawing conclusions



Observation

Question/Background Research

Formulate a Hypothesis

Experiment

Collect/Analyze Results

Conclusion

Hypothesis is False

Hypothesis is True/Communicate

ScIEnTIFIC meThod



Chapter 1

Scientific Method- A Frozen Fish Pond





Observing and Asking Questions

• The process of science begins with an observation.

• An observation is the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question.

• An observation is made with one or more of the five senses. What are the five senses?



Stare at the bottom star on the left for30 seconds.

Look Away Quickly What do you see?



Research-Color Vision• With Additive color shades

are created by combining different quantities of the primary colors .

• Combination of the primary colors appears white.

• The primary colors are red, green and blue.

• The complementary colors are cyan, and magenta and yellow.

Define : complementary colors



Taste



taste



taste



Chapter 1

Scientific Method- A Frozen Fish Pond




Observation/Question/Research• Observation- The carp in the pond can live through

the cold winter.• Background Research-Research your

observation in search of what is already known. – How do fish live through the winter in an

apparently frozen backyard pond? Do they maintain homeostasis? Are most fish warm blooded or cold blooded? What does this mean? What other things would you like to know?



Background Research /Question

• Question: Formulate a question about a natural phenomenon that is intriguing to you. – What will happen to respiration rate of a goldfish

when placed in water of a steadily decreasing temperature?




Forming a Hypothesis

• A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions.

• Predicting with your hypothesisWith a hypothesis, scientists make a prediction that logically follows in a test situation from the hypothesis.




Forming a Hypothesis, continued

Predict a possible answer to the problem or question about your observation.

What will happen to respiration rate of a goldfish when placed in water of a steadily decreasing temperature?

What will you measure?What would your graphs and tables look like? Design your data collection vehicle before you start collecting data.What are your hypotheses?



Ha, Hb, Null Hypothesis

• If goldfish are exposed to water temperatures which steadily decrease, then their respiratory rate (operculum movement) will also decrease.

• If goldfish are exposed to water temperatures which steadily decrease, then their respiratory rate (operculum movement) will increase.

• If goldfish are exposed to water temperatures which steadily decrease, then their respiratory rate (operculum movement) will remain unchanged.




Designing an Experiment

• Designing the Experiment– A controlled experiment compares an

experimental group and a control group and only has one variable.



Chapter 1

Controlled Experiment and Variable





Designing an Experiment, continued

• Performing the Experiment– The control group provides a normal standard

against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group.

– The experimental group is identical to the control group except for one factor (independent variable).





• Performing the Experiment– The experimenter manipulates the independent

variable. The independent variable is the manipulated variable.

– The experimenter measures the dependent variable because it is affected by the independent variable. The dependent variable “depends” on the independent variable.

– The model system we chose is the goldfish. How would our experiment be set up?





• Testing the Experiment– Experiments should be conducted without bias

and they should be repeated. – Data collection devices are designed before

experimentation takes place. Number (%) of Reviews

Article Conclusion Tobacco Affiliated Authors (n=31)

Non-Tobacco Affiliated Authors (n=75)

Passive smoking harmful 2 (6%) 65 (87%)Passive smoking not harmful 29 (94%) 10 (13%) Significance Χ2=60.69; P<.001




Collecting and Analyzing Data

• Analyzing and Comparing Data– Scientists analyze data to draw conclusions about

the experiment performed.

– What statistical tests should we perform? How will they help us draw conclusions?

– What will we learn about the ability of the goldfish to maintain homeostasis in our lab experiment?




Drawing Conclusions

• Making Inferences– An inference is a conclusion made on the basis of

facts and previous knowledge rather than on direct observations.




Drawing Conclusions, continued

• Applying Results and Building Models– Scientists often apply their findings about the

natural world to solve practical problems.

• Did we accept or reject the Null hypothesis?

• What did we learn about the goldfish and its ability to withstand the cold winter in the backyard pond?




Constructing a Theory

• A theory is a set of related hypotheses confirmed to be true many times, and it can explain a great amount of data.

• Are we able to construct a theory?




Communicating Ideas

• Publishing a Paper– Scientists submit research papers to scientific

journals for publication.– In peer review, the editors of a journal will send

submitted papers out to experts in the field who anonymously read and critique the paper.




Honesty and Bias

• Communication between scientists about their methods and results helps prevent dishonesty and bias in science.




Honesty and Bias• Conflict of Interest

– The threat of a potential scandal based on misleading data or conclusions is a powerful force in science that helps keep scientists honest and fair.

Number (%) of Reviews

Article Conclusion Tobacco Affiliated Authors (n=31)

Non-Tobacco Affiliated Authors (n=75)

Passive smoking harmful 2 (6%) 65 (87%)

Passive smoking not harmful 29 (94%) 10 (13%)

Significance Χ2=60.69; P<.001



Observation An observation is the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to

pose a question

Question/Background Research

Propose a testable explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world

functions. Make a prediction: If…then…

Formulate a Hypothesis

Research your observation in search of what is already known

Experiment A controlled experiment compares an experimental group and a control group and has only one variable.

Collect/Analyze Results

Conclusion

Hypothesis is False

Scientists analyze data to draw conclusions about the experiment performed.

Scientists often apply their findings about the natural world to solve practical problems

Reject the Null Hypothesis???Hypothesis is

True/Communicate

ScIEnTIFIC meThod



Section 4 Tools and TechniquesChapter 1

Objectives

• List the function of each of the major parts of a compound microscope.

• Compare two kinds of electron microscopes.

• Describe the importance of having the SI system of measurement.

• State some examples of good laboratory practice.



Section 4 Tool and TechniquesChapter 1

Microscopes as Tools• Light Microscopes

– A compound light microscope is a microscope that shines light through a specimen and has two lenses to magnify an image.

– Four major parts of a compound light microscope are the ocular lens, objective lens, stage, and light source.




Microscopes as Tools• Light Microscopes

– The eyepiece or ocular lens magnifies the image.

– The objective lens magnifies the specimen.

– The stage is a platform that supports slides with specimens.

– The light source is a light bulb that provides light for viewing images.



Schematic of Light Microscope




Microscopes as Tools, continued

• Magnification and Resolution– Magnification is the increase of an object’s apparent size.

• In the light microsocope: The two lenses are the ocular and objective lens. To determine magnification, multiply the magnifying power of the ocular by the magnifying power of the objective lens.

– Resolution is the power to show details clearly in an image.




Object Size and Magnifying Power of Microscopes



Magnification Limitations of Various Microscopes

Microscope Magnification Limitations

Light 1000 x – 1200 x

SEM 100,000 x

TEM 200,000 x



Resolution in a light microscope is limited by the wavelength of light

Polarized light



Magnification and ResolutionResolution

a. a measure of clarity b. minimum distance between two points that

can still be distinct as two points.



Increasing Resolution



Decreasing Resolution



Resolution



Resolution




Microscopes as Tools, continued

• Electron Microscopes– In an electron microscope, instead of white light, a

beam of electrons produces an enlarged image of the specimen.

– Electron microscopes provide greater magnification and resolution than light microscopes.




Microscopes as Tools, continued• Electron

Microscopes– Scanning electron

microscopes pass a beam of electrons over the specimen’s surface for better viewing the external surface of a specimen.



Transmission electron microscopes transmit a beam of electrons through a thinly sliced specimen for better viewing the internal structures of a specimen



•TEMPasses thru, dead SEM-3D

Reflects, dead

LightReflects, live

SEM,TEM, Light: Advantages and Disadvantages




Units of Measurement

• Base and Other Units– Scientists use a single, standard system of

measurement, called the metric system. The official name of the metric system is Système International d’Unités or SI.





• Base and Other Units– The metric system has seven base units.




Safety

• Good Laboratory Practice– Lab safety involves safe and common-sense

habits such as never working alone in a lab or without proper supervision by the teacher.



Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following does evolution help explain?A. how organisms reproduceB. how organisms grow and developC. how organisms are related to each otherD. how organisms obtain and metabolize energy

Chapter 1Standardized Test Prep



Multiple Choice, continued

1. Which of the following does evolution help explain?A. how organisms reproduceB. how organisms grow and developC. how organisms are related to each otherD. how organisms obtain and metabolize energy





2. Which of the following is the hereditary material in most living things?F. DNAG. lipidsH. oxygenJ. carbon dioxide





2. Which of the following is the hereditary material in most living things?F. DNAG. lipidsH. oxygenJ. carbon dioxide





3. Which of the following does the hierarchy of organization within an organism describe?A. metabolismB. homeostasisC. internal structuresD. relationship to the physical environment





3. Which of the following does the hierarchy of organization within an organism describe?A. metabolismB. homeostasisC. internal structuresD. relationship to the physical environment





4. To which of the following does the resolution of a microscope refer?F. its ability to show detail clearlyG. its power to scan the surface of an objectH. its series of interchangeable objective lensesJ. its power to increase an object’s apparent size





4. To which of the following does the resolution of a microscope refer?F. its ability to show detail clearlyG. its power to scan the surface of an objectH. its series of interchangeable objective lensesJ. its power to increase an object’s apparent size





5. An owl strikes a mouse more closely and on target in which of the following rooms?A. dark roomB. light roomC. heated roomD. dark and lighted rooms


The graph below shows the distance it takes an owl to strike a mouse under different conditions. Use the graph to answer the question that follows.




5. An owl strikes a mouse more closely and on target in which of the following rooms?A. dark roomB. light roomC. heated roomD. dark and lighted rooms


The graph below shows the distance it takes an owl to strike a mouse under different conditions. Use the graph to answer the question that follows.




6. compound light microscope : light :: TEM :F. tissues

G. electronsH. organellesJ. organ systems





6. compound light microscope : light :: TEM :F. tissues

G. electronsH. organellesJ. organ systems





7. Which of the following terms most accurately reflects the use of the term theory in the newspaper headline?A. lawB. factC. hypothesisD. experiment


The figure below shows a newspaper clipping. Use the figure to answer thequestion that follows.




7. Which of the following terms most accurately reflects the use of the term theory in the newspaper headline?A. lawB. factC. hypothesisD. experiment


The figure below shows a newspaper clipping. Use the figure to answer thequestion that follows.



Short Response

Dolly was cloned from mammary cells from an adult female sheep. She was an exact genetic copy of her mother.Explain whether Dolly represents a product of sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction.




Short Response, continued

Dolly was cloned from mammary cells from an adult female sheep. She was an exact genetic copy of her mother.Explain whether Dolly represents a product of sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction.

Answer: Dolly is a product of asexual reproduction because she is the offspring of only one individual and a clone of that individual’s DNA.




Extended Response

Life is so diverse, yet it is characterized by a unity. The tree of life can relate life’s unity and diversity.

Part A Describe the relationship between animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea in the “tree of life.”

Part B Explain how the “tree of life” represents and relates both the unity and diversity of life.




Extended Response, continued

Answer:Part A Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are members

of the domain Eukarya. Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea are the three domains thought to have descended with modification from a single common ancestor.

Part B The living things on the tree are unified by sharing a common ancestor and having DNA with the same chemical makeup. But, no two species have exactly the same genetic makeup, which allows for a diverse array of organisms on Earth.






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Biology dl.dropbox/u/31969076/Modern%20Biology%20Student%20Edition.pdf