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Biology Biology
Chemistry Basics:Chemistry Basics:
The Chemistry of LifeThe Chemistry of Life
Chapter 6Chapter 6
Cells Biology: Cells Biology: Chapter 7 - 11Chapter 7 - 11
Biology - Chemistry
Topics
• Introduction to Introduction to chemistry chemistry
• Water the Water the substance of substance of lifelife
• Organic Organic Molecules:Molecules:
composition composition
and functionand function
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions
• What is matter?What is matter?
• What are the unique properties of water that What are the unique properties of water that are necessary for life?are necessary for life?
• What are organic molecules? What are organic molecules?
• Describe the composition and function of Describe the composition and function of organic molecules.organic molecules.
AtomsAtomsSubatomic ParticlesSubatomic Particles
Protons (+) Protons (+) Neutrons (neutral) Neutrons (neutral) Electrons (-) Electrons (-)
Atomic CharacteristicsAtomic Characteristics
Atomic number number of protonsAtomic number number of protons
Ions Atom or group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges
Ions Atom or group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges
Atomic mass protons + neutronsAtomic mass protons + neutrons
Isotopes Two or more forms of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different mass numbers because they have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.
Isotopes Two or more forms of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different mass numbers because they have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.
Subatomic particles interaction.
Atomic Structure
Chemical BondsChemical BondsEnergy Levels and Ionic BondingCovalent Bonding
Atoms
Matter and Chemical Reactions:Matter and Chemical Reactions:
Elements Chemical, such as hydrogen (H), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), or oxygen (O), whose distinctly different atoms serve as the basic building blocks of all matter. Two or more elements combine to form compounds that make up most of the world's matter.
Elements Chemical, such as hydrogen (H), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), or oxygen (O), whose distinctly different atoms serve as the basic building blocks of all matter. Two or more elements combine to form compounds that make up most of the world's matter.
Compounds Combination of atoms, or oppositely charged ions, of two or more different elements held together by attractive forces called chemical bonds.
Compounds Combination of atoms, or oppositely charged ions, of two or more different elements held together by attractive forces called chemical bonds.
Molecules Combination of two or more atoms of the same chemical element (such as O2) or different chemical elements (such as H2O) held together by covalent
bonds.
Molecules Combination of two or more atoms of the same chemical element (such as O2) or different chemical elements (such as H2O) held together by covalent
bonds.
Ions Atom or group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges.
Ions Atom or group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges.
Atoms Minute unit made of subatomic particles that is the basic building block of all chemical elements and thus all matter; the smallest unit of an element that can exist and still have the unique characteristics of that element.
Atoms Minute unit made of subatomic particles that is the basic building block of all chemical elements and thus all matter; the smallest unit of an element that can exist and still have the unique characteristics of that element.
Matter Anything that has mass (the amount of material in an object) and takes up space.
Matter Anything that has mass (the amount of material in an object) and takes up space.
Chemical Reactions
States of MatterStates of MatterSolidSolidLiquidLiquidGasGas
Phases of Matter
Characteristics of water: 1. liquid at room temperature 2. universal solvent for polar
molecules 3. water molecules are
cohesive 4. temperature of water
changes slowly 5. high heat of vaporization 6. frozen water is less dense
so ice floats
How does water make life possible?
• Carbon ChemistryCarbon Chemistry
(Organic Chemistry)(Organic Chemistry)– Make a list of ten ways Make a list of ten ways
Carbon Carbon chemistry influences chemistry influences our lives.our lives.
– Modern Marvels –Carbon• SugarSugar
– Make a list of ten ways that Make a list of ten ways that the chemistry of sugar the chemistry of sugar influences our lives.influences our lives.
– Modern Marvels –Sugar
Tests for different types of sugar:Tests for different types of sugar:
Simple Sugars (monosaccharide) – Simple Sugars (monosaccharide) – Benedicts Test Benedicts Test
Positive test – orange or greenPositive test – orange or green
Complex sugars (starch) – Complex sugars (starch) – Iodine TestIodine Test
Positive test – blue black Positive test – blue black
CarbonCarbonCompoundsCompounds
includeinclude
that consist ofthat consist of
which containwhich contain
Carbon Compounds - Concept MapCarbon Compounds - Concept Map
Building blocks of all lifeBuilding blocks of all life
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates LipidsLipids Nucleic acidsNucleic acids ProteinsProteins
Sugars andSugars and starchesstarches
Fats andFats and oilsoils NucleotidesNucleotides Amino AcidsAmino Acids
Carbon,Carbon,hydrogen,hydrogen,
oxygenoxygen
Carbon,Carbon,hydrogen,hydrogen,
oxygenoxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorusphosphorus
Carbon,Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,nitrogen,
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
Building BlocksBuilding Blocks
ElementsElements
Macromolecules ID lab
Biology - Cells
Topics• Introduction to
Microscopes
• Types of Cells
• Cell organization
• Animals vs. plant Cells
• Cell Organelles: Structure & Function
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions1.1. What is the proper order of steps when using a What is the proper order of steps when using a
light microscope? light microscope? 2.2. What are the two general types of cells? What are the two general types of cells?
Describe each.Describe each.3.3. How are cells organized?How are cells organized?4.4. What are the differences in plant and animal What are the differences in plant and animal
cells? cells? 5.5. Identify and describe the following cell Identify and describe the following cell
organelles: nucleus, plasma membrane, cell organelles: nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes. ribosomes.
6.6. How does structure relate to the function of a How does structure relate to the function of a cell’s organelle?cell’s organelle?
7.7. How are cells specialized?How are cells specialized?8.8. How do cells communicate with one another?How do cells communicate with one another?
Microscope Care and UseMicroscope Care and Use1.1. Always carry the microscope by holding the arm Always carry the microscope by holding the arm
of the microscope with one hand and supporting of the microscope with one hand and supporting the base with the other hand.the base with the other hand.
2.2. Place the microscope on a flat surface. The arm Place the microscope on a flat surface. The arm should be positioned toward you.should be positioned toward you.
3.3. Look through the eyepieces. Adjust the Look through the eyepieces. Adjust the diaphragm so that light comes through the diaphragm so that light comes through the opening in the stage.opening in the stage.
4.4. Place a slide on the stage so that the specimen Place a slide on the stage so that the specimen is in the field of view. Hold it firmly in place by is in the field of view. Hold it firmly in place by using the stage clips.using the stage clips.
5.5. Always focus first with the coarse adjustment Always focus first with the coarse adjustment and the low-power objective lens. Once the and the low-power objective lens. Once the object is in focus on low power, the high-power object is in focus on low power, the high-power objective can be used. Use ONLY the fine objective can be used. Use ONLY the fine adjustment to focus the high-power lens.adjustment to focus the high-power lens.
6.6. Store the microscope covered.Store the microscope covered. Microscope lab
Protein Protein constructionconstructionand energy and energy conversionconversionoccur occur without without specializedspecializedinternal internal structuresstructures
Cells: The Basic Unit of Life Cells: The Basic Unit of Life Prokaryotic Cell (bacteria)Prokaryotic Cell (bacteria)
DNADNA(information (information storage, no storage, no nucleus)nucleus)
Cell membraneCell membrane(transport of(transport ofraw materialsraw materialsand finishedand finishedproducts)products)
Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell
NucleusNucleus(information(informationstorage)storage)
PackagingPackagingGolgi BodyGolgi Body
EnergyEnergyConversion Conversion MitochondriaMitochondria
ProteinProteinConstructionConstructionERER
Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
PlantPlant AnimalAnimal
Common Common StructuresStructures
Cell organellesStructure / Function
Nucleus
Golgi
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Plasma Membrane
Virtual Cell
The NucleusControl center of the cell Control center of the cell Contains the genetic Contains the genetic information DNAinformation DNA
Mitochondria
ChloroplastChloroplast
The powerhouse of the cell
Site of aerobic cellular respiration
The organelle responsible for The organelle responsible for photosynthesis and the photosynthesis and the production of sugar and production of sugar and oxygenoxygen
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough (ribosomes)
LysosomesLysosomes
GolgiGolgi
Protein Assembly lines
Waste disposalWaste disposal
Packaging and ExportPackaging and Export
Plasma membrane
Regulates substances in Regulates substances in and out of the celland out of the cell
Biology – Cell Energy
Topics• Investigate and
analyze the cell as a living system including:
• Energy use and release in biochemical reactions.
• Investigate and describe the structure and function of enzymes and explain their importance in biological systems.
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions1. What is the source of energy for
cell activity?2. How do cells store and use
energy with ATP and ADP?3. What is the function of an
enzyme? 4. What are key components of
enzymes that allow them to complete a task? What factors affect enzymes?
Enzymes
Digestive EnzymesDigestive Enzymes
ATP – ADP CYCLE
Phosphate removed Phosphate removed
High energy bond brokenHigh energy bond broken
Energy released to do Energy released to do cellular workcellular work
Phosphate added Phosphate added
High energy bond addedHigh energy bond added
Energy used to remake Energy used to remake ATP the fuel all cells useATP the fuel all cells use
A-Adenine (nitrogen base) B-Ribose (5-carbon sugar) C- Phosphate groupsA-Adenine (nitrogen base) B-Ribose (5-carbon sugar) C- Phosphate groups
Energy Energy OutputOutput
Energy Energy InputInput
Biology – Cell EnergyTopics• Investigate and
analyze the bioenergetic reactions:
• Aerobic Respiration.
• Anaerobic Respiration.
• Photosynthesis.
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions1.1. What are the reactants and What are the reactants and
products of cellular respiration products of cellular respiration and photosynthesis?and photosynthesis?
2.2. What factors affect the rate of What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? Respiration?photosynthesis? Respiration?
3.3. Compare and contrast aerobic Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration? and anaerobic respiration? Which one is more efficient at Which one is more efficient at ATP creation? Which organelles ATP creation? Which organelles are involved?are involved?
4.4. What types of organisms use What types of organisms use aerobic respiration? Anaerobic aerobic respiration? Anaerobic respiration?respiration?
5.5. What are the types of anaerobic What are the types of anaerobic respiration?respiration?
Overview - PhotosynthesisOverview - Photosynthesis Photosynthesis
The Chloroplast
HydrogenIon Movement
Photosystem II
InnerThylakoidSpace
ThylakoidMembrane
Stroma
ATP synthase
Electron Transport Chain Photosystem I ATP Formation
Chloroplast
Light Dependent Reactions
Light – Dependent ReactionsLight – Dependent Reactions
E – light EnergyE – light Energy
F – light capturing F – light capturing pigmentspigments
I – electron pathwayI – electron pathway
H – electron carriersH – electron carriers
T – ATP synthaseT – ATP synthase
Energy MoleculesEnergy Molecules
V - ATP / ADPV - ATP / ADP
L – NADP+ / NADPHL – NADP+ / NADPH
COCO22 + + HH22OO C C66HH1212OO66 + + OO22
ChloropIast
CO2 Enters the Cycle
Energy Input
5-CarbonMoleculesRegenerated
Sugars and other compounds
6-Carbon SugarProduced
Calvin Cycle
Light – Independent Reactions
Chloroplast
Light and Water
Sugars
CO2
Light-Dependent Reactions
CalvinCycle
NADPH
ATP
ADP + PNADP+Chloroplast
Photosynthesis: An Overview
O2
Cellular Respiration - Cellular Respiration - Overview
Glucose
Glycolysis Krebs cycle
Electrontransport
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Alcohol or lactic acid
Glucose
To the electron transport chain
2 Pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Production
Krebs Cycle
Mitochondrion
Part 1
Part 2Part 2
Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain part 1Electron Transport Chain part 2
Section 9-2
Electron TransportHydrogen Ion Movement
ATP Production
ATP synthase
Channel
Inner Membrane
Matrix
Intermembrane Space
Mitochondrion
GlucoseGlycolysis
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
Electrons carried in NADH
Krebs Cycle
Electrons carried in
NADH and FADH2 Electron
Transport Chain
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
Cellular Respiration SummaryCellular Respiration Summary
Biology – DNA to Protein Synthesis Topics• Analyze the
molecular basis of heredity including:
• DNA replication.
• Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including:
• Protein synthesis (transcription, translation).
• Gene regulation
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions1.1. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. What is Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. What is
complimentary base pairing? What does DNA complimentary base pairing? What does DNA code for? What does RNA code for?code for? What does RNA code for?
2.2. How and where is DNA replicated? What does it How and where is DNA replicated? What does it mean to be semi-conservative?mean to be semi-conservative?
3.3. Why are hydrogen bonds important to DNA Why are hydrogen bonds important to DNA structure?structure?
4.4. What are the two parts of protein synthesis? What What are the two parts of protein synthesis? What does transcription produce? does transcription produce?
5.5. Describe the 3 types of RNA and their function. Describe the 3 types of RNA and their function. 6.6. What is the role of an amino acid in protein What is the role of an amino acid in protein
synthesis?synthesis?7.7. What is the importance of gene expression? How What is the importance of gene expression? How
are cells differentiated? are cells differentiated? 8.8. Are different cells required to produce different Are different cells required to produce different
amounts of proteins? What are the advantages amounts of proteins? What are the advantages and disadvantages of overproduction, and disadvantages of overproduction, underproduction or incorrect timing of proteins?underproduction or incorrect timing of proteins?
9.9. How do mutations affect DNA?How do mutations affect DNA?
DNA - StructureDNA - Structure Describe the role of the Describe the role of the following key people that following key people that identified the structure of identified the structure of DNA:DNA:
WatsonWatson Crick Crick
AveryAvery WilkinsWilkins
FranklinFranklin ChartoffChartoff
Scientific discoveries are a collaborative effort: Scientific discoveries are a collaborative effort:
Why do you think Franklin was excluded from the Noble Why do you think Franklin was excluded from the Noble Prize in 1962?Prize in 1962?
DNA – Secret of Photo 51DNA – Secret of Photo 51
DNA ReplicationDNA Replication
TranscriptionTranscription
DNA to mRNA DNA to mRNA
TranslationTranslation
mRNA to ProteinmRNA to Protein
DNASugar – Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Nitrogen bases
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Bonding pairs
A – T and G – C
Found in the Nucleus
Double Helix
One type
RNASugar – Ribose
Phosphate
Nitrogen bases
Adenine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine
Bonding pairs
A – U and G – C
Found through the cell
Single Helix
Three types: Messenger mRNA
Transfer tRNA
Ribosomal rRNA
Compare DNA and RNACompare DNA and RNA
Relevance:Relevance:
The processes of The processes of replication, transcription replication, transcription and translation are and translation are responsible for the responsible for the continuity of all living continuity of all living things things
Biology – Cell Division Topics• Compare and
contrast the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions1.1. Define the difference between sexual and Define the difference between sexual and
asexual reproduction.asexual reproduction.2.2. Explain the process of mitosis. What occurs in Explain the process of mitosis. What occurs in
each step? What type of reproduction is mitosis?each step? What type of reproduction is mitosis?3.3. Describe the process of meiosis. What occurs in Describe the process of meiosis. What occurs in
each step?each step?4.4. What is the importance of meiosis in sexual What is the importance of meiosis in sexual
reproduction?reproduction?5.5. Compare and contrast mitosis to meiosis? How Compare and contrast mitosis to meiosis? How
is chromosome number different? Is there a is chromosome number different? Is there a change in the number of divisions? In cellular change in the number of divisions? In cellular material? How many cells are produced at the material? How many cells are produced at the end of each cycle?end of each cycle?
6.6. What are primary sources of genetic variation What are primary sources of genetic variation that occur during meiosis? Mitosis? Describe that occur during meiosis? Mitosis? Describe each type of variation. each type of variation.
7.7. What are the advantages/disadvantages of What are the advantages/disadvantages of asexual reproduction vs. sexual reproduction?asexual reproduction vs. sexual reproduction?
Cell Division / Cell ReproductionMitosis and Meiosis
Take notes a Take notes a quiz follows:quiz follows:
Cell CycleTime for mitosis
Cell Division / Cell ReproductionMitosis and MeiosisMitosis and Meiosis
Take notes a Take notes a quiz follows:quiz follows:
Meiotic MixMeiotic Mix
Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis