Unit 1 Biology and diseaseTopic Learning Objectives AQASpecification

Reference 1 Causes of disease PathogensWhat are pathogens? How do pathogens enter the body? How do pathogens cause disease?3.1.1

Print Resources (Topic subheadings)

PageNumber

Electronic Resources (by topic)

What is disease? Microorganisms as pathogens How do microorganisms get into the body? How do pathogens cause disease?

4-5

Maths Skills - Graphs showing bacterial growth Maths Skills Counting Bacteria

Data and disease

How are data on disease interpreted and analysed? What is a correlation and what does it mean? How is a causal link established?

3.1.1

Analysing and interpreting data on disease Correlations and causal relationships Looking critically at data

6-7

Maths Skills Correlations Key diagram - Figure 1: Estimated cumulative incidence of breast cancer per 100 women in developed countries HSW - If you don't brush and floss, is your heart at risk? Animation Viruses as pathogens Animation Bacteria as pathogens

Lifestyle and health

What is risk? How is risk measured? What factors affect the risk of contracting cancer?

3.1.1

What is risk? - Measurement of risk - Health risks need a timescale - Risk is often relative - Misleading statistics Risk factors and cancer - Lifestyle choices and cancer Application - Smoking and lung cancer Risk factors and coronary heart disease - Factors we can control (lifestyle factors) Reducing the risk of cancer and CHD Application and How science works - Smoking and disease - History of smoking - Epidemiological evidence linking smoking to disease - Experimental evidence linking smoking to disease - The ethics of animal experimentation

8-13

Simulation Coronary Heart Disease and Risk Factors Key diagram - Figure 2: Incidence of deaths from lung cancer in the UK

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2 Enzymes and the digestive system Enzymes and digestionWhat are the structure and function of the major parts of the digestive system? How does the digestive system break down food both physically and chemically? What is the role of enzymes in digestion?3.1.2

Major parts of the digestive system What is digestion? - Physical breakdown - Chemical digestion

18-19

Key diagram - Figure 1: Human digestive system

Carbohydrates monosaccharides

How are large molecules like carbohydrates constructed? What is the structure of a monosaccharide? How would you carry out the Benedicts test for reducing and non-reducing sugars?

3.1.2

Life based on carbon The making of large molecules - Monosaccharides - Test for reducing sugars Application - Semi-quantitative nature of the Benedicts test

20-21

Simulation - Food testing Practical - Food test 1: Benedict's test for reducing sugars Practical - Serial dilution: Finding the minimum sensitivity of Benedicts and Clinistix tests Key diagram - Figure 3: Results of Benedicts test according to the concentration of reducing sugar present

Carbohydrates disaccharides and polysaccharides

How are monosaccharides linked together to form disaccharides? How are -glucose molecules linked to form starch? What is the test for nonreducing sugars? What is the test for starch?

3.1.2

Disaccharides - Test for non-reducing sugars - Polysaccharides - Test for starch

22-23

Practical - Food test 2: Tests for nonreducing sugars, and starch

Carbohydrate digestion

How does salivary amylase act in the mouth to hydrolyse starch? How is starch digestion completed in the small intestine? How are disaccharides digested? What is lactose intolerance?

3.1.2

Starch digestion Disaccharide digestion - Sucrose - Lactose Lactose intolerance

24-25

Maths skills - Finding the rate with a reciprocal (1) Maths skills - Finding the rate with a reciprocal (2)

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Proteins

How are amino acids linked to form polypeptides the primary structure of proteins? How are polypeptides arranged to form the secondary structure and then the tertiary structure of a protein? How is the quaternary structure of a protein formed? How are proteins identified?

3.1.2

Structure of an amino acid The formation of a peptide bond The primary structure of proteins polypeptides The secondary structure of proteins Tertiary structure of proteins Quaternary structure of proteins Test for proteins Application - Protein shape and function - Fibrous proteins

26-29

Maths skills - Amino acid ratio Practical - Food test 3:The biuret test for proteins; the ethanol test for lipids Extension - Amino acids, proteins and enzymes Key diagram - Figure 2: The formation of a peptide bond HSW - Can proteins keep you young and beautiful?

Enzyme action

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? How does the structure of enzyme molecules relate to their function? What is the lock and key model of enzyme action? What is the induced-fit model of enzyme action?

3.1.2

Enzymes as catalysts lowering activation energy Enzyme structure Lock and key model of enzyme action - Induced fit model of enzyme action

30-32

Animation Enzyme action Practical - An investigation into enzyme specificity, using trypsin and amylase. HSW - Lock and key' versus 'induced fit' Key diagram - Figure 3: Mechanism of enzyme action

Factors affecting enzyme action

How is the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction measured? How does temperature affect the rate of an enzymecontrolled reaction? How does pH affect the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction? How does substrate concentration affect the rate of reaction?

3.1.2

Measuring enzymecatalysed reactions - Effect of temperature on enzyme action - Effect of pH on enzyme action - Effects of substrate concentration on the rate of enzyme action

33-35

Practical Investigating the action of amylase on starch: testing for disappearance of substrate and formation of product Practical - To investigate the effect of varying temperature on the reaction rate of trypsin Practical - To investigate the efect of varying pH on the reaction rate of trypsin Key diagram - Figure 3: Effect of temperature on the rate of an enzymecontrolled reaction Practical - An investigation into the effect of varying concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the reaction rate of catalase Key diagram - Figure 6: Effect of substrate concentration on the rate of an enzymecontrolled reaction

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Enzyme inhibition

How do competitive inhibitors and non-competitive inhibitors affect the active site? What is enzyme inhibition?

3.1.2

Competitive inhibitors Non-competitive inhibitors Application - Control of metabolic pathways

36-37

Extension - Enzyme inhibitors, friends and foes Key diagram - Figure 2: Non-competitive inhibition

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3 Cells and movement in and out of them Investigating the structure of cellsWhat is magnification and resolution? What is cell fractionation? How does ultracentrifugation work?3.1.3

Microscopy - Magnification - Resolution Cell fractionation - Homogenation - Ultracentrifugation

40-42

Maths skills - How magnified is it? Maths skills Measuring organelles Maths skills Thinking in 3D Practical - Using an optical microscope to observe specimens on prepared slides Practical Micrometry: observing specimens seen in the microscope Practical Microscopy;preparati on of temporary mounts and staining Key diagram - Table 1: Units of length Practical - Cell fractionation of potato: can starch and catalase be separated? Key diagram - Figure 2: Summary of cell fractionation

The electron microscope

How do electron microscopes work? What are the differences between and transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope? What are the limitations of the transmission and the scanning electron microscopes?

3.1.3

- The transmission electron microscope - The scanning electron microscope

43-45

Key diagram - Figure 3: Part of an animal cell seen under a transmission electron microscope (TEM)

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Structure of an epithelial cell

What is the structure and function of the nucleus? What is the structure and function of mitochondria? What is the structure and function of rough endoplasmic reticulum? What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus? What is the structure and function of lysosomes? What is the structure and function of microvilli? What can the ultrastructure of a cell indicate about its functions?

3.1.3

The nucleus The mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Ribosomes Microvilli Relating cell ultrastructure to function

46-49

Key diagram - Figure 5: The basic structure of a mitochondrion (top); false-colour transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a mitochondrion (bottom) Key diagram - Figure 7: False-colour transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a Golgi apparatus (orange)

Lipids

How are triglycerides formed? How can fatty acids vary? What is the structure of a phospholipid? How is the presence of a lipid identified?

3.1.3

Roles of lipids Phospholipids Test for lipids

50-51

The cell-surface membrane

What is the structure of the cell-surface membrane? What are the functions of the various components of the cell-surface membrane? What is the fluid-mosaic model?

3.1.3

Phospholipids Proteins Fluid-mosaic model of the cell-surface membrane

52-53

Animation The fluid mosaic model Extension Microscopy; aspects of epithelial cells of the small intestine Practical - To investigate the effect of variation in temperature on the permeability of cell membranes, using fresh beetroot. Maths skills - Graph of Betalin release from beetroot tissue Key diagram - Figure 1: The fluid-mosaic model of the cellsurface membrane

Diffusion

What is diffusion and how does it occur? What affects the rate of diffusion? How does facilitated diffusion differ from diffusion?

3.1.3

Explanation of diffusion Rate of diffusion Facilitated diffusion Application - Diffusion in action

54-56

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Osmosis

What is osmosis? What is the water potential of pure water? What is the effect of solutes on water potential? How does water potential affect water movement? What is the result of placing animal cells and plant cells into pure water?

3.1.3

What is osmosis? - Solutions and water potential - Explanation of osmosis - Understanding water potential - Osmosis and animal cells Application - Osmosis and plant cells

57-60

Practical - To investigate the effect of varying solute concentration on the rate of water uptake by potato tuber tissue Maths skills - Are negative numbers confusing Maths skills Drawing a graph with negative axes HSW - John Snow and the communication of cholera Key diagram - Figure 1: Osmosis

Active transport

What is active transport? What does active transport require to take place?

3.1.3

What is active transport?

61-62

Key diagram - Figure 1: Active transport Extension - The digestion of lactose and lactose intolerance

Absorption in the small intestine

What part do villi and microvilli play in absorption? How are the products of carbohydrate digestion absorbed in the small intestine? What are the roles of diffusion, active transport and co-transport in the process?

3.1.3

Villi and microvilli - The role of diffusion in absorption - Role of active transport in absorption

63-64

Cholera

What are prokaryotic cells? How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes? What causes cholera and how does it produce the symptoms?

3.1.3

Structure of a bacterial cell How the cholera bacterium causes disease Application - Transmission of cholera

65-67

Key diagram -Figure 1: Structure of a generalised bacterial cell

Oral rehydration therapy

What is oral rehydration therapy and how does it work? How have more effective rehydration solutions been developed? What are the advantages of using starch in place of some glucose in rehydration solutions? How do drug trials follow a regulated set of ethical procedures?

3.1.3

What causes diarrhoea? What is oral rehydration therapy? Application and How science works - Developing and testing improved oral rehydration solutions - Testing new drugs, including oral rehydration solutions

68-70

HSW - The applications and ethical considerations of oral rehydration therapy Extension Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; cholera; membrane transport; ORT

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4 Lungs and lung disease Structure of the human gasexchange systemHow is the human gasexchange system arranged? What are the functions of its main parts?3.1.4

Mammalian lungs

74-75

Key diagram - Figure 1: The gross structure of the human gasexchange system Animation Lung structure and function

The mechanism of breathing

How is air moved into the lungs when breathing in? How is air moved out of the lungs when breathing out? What is meant by pulmonary ventilation and how is it calculated?

3.1.4

Inspiration Expiration Pulmonary ventilation

76-77

Extension Breathing, PVR, gas percentages at four locations Practical Measurement of vital capacity, peak flow and height in people

Exchange of gases in the lungs

What are the essential features of exchange surfaces? How are gases exchanged in the alveoli of humans?

3.1.4

Essential features of exchange surfaces Role of the alveoli in gas exchange

78-79

Key diagram - Figure 4: Diffusion of gases in an alveolus

Lung disease pulmonary tuberculosis

What is the cause of pulmonary tuberculosis? What are the symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis? How is pulmonary tuberculosis transmitted between individuals in the population? How does disease develop within the body?

3.1.4

Causes and symptoms Transmission Course of infection Application and How science works - Prevention and control of TB

80-81

Lung disease fibrosis, asthma and emphysema

What are fibrosis, asthma and emphysema? How do each of the above diseases affect lung function?

3.1.4

Pulmonary fibrosis Asthma Emphysema Application and How science works - Risk factors for lung disease

82-85

HSW - Asbestos and its affects Key diagram - Figure 3: In the lung of a person with emphysema Simulation - Lungs

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5 The heart and heart disease The structure of the heartWhat is the appearance of the heart and its associated blood vessels? Why is the heart made up of two adjacent pumps? How is the structure of the heart related to its functions?3.1.5

Structure of the human heart Supplying the heart muscle with oxygen

88-89

Animation - Heart control of the cardiac cycle Animation Heart disease Practical - Heart and lung dissection Key diagram - Figure 2: Section through the human heart HSW - Harvey's heart

The cardiac cycle

What are the stages of the cardiac cycle? How do valves control the flow of blood through the heart? What is myogenic stimulation of the heart? What are the roles of the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and bundle of His in controlling the cardiac cycle?

3.1.5

Relaxation of the heart (diastole) Contraction of the atria (atrial systole) Contraction of the ventricles (ventricular systole) Valves in the control of blood flow Cardiac output How is the cardiac cycle controlled? - Pressure and volume changes of the heart

90-93

Key diagram - Figure 1: The cardiac cycle Practical - An investigation into the effect of exercise on heart rate Key diagram - Figure 5: Pressure and volume changes in the left side of the heart during the cardiac cycle Extension - Analysis of the events in the cardiac cycle

Heart disease

What is an atheroma? What do thrombosis and aneurysm mean? Why does atheroma increase the risk of thrombosis and aneurysm? What is a myocardial infarction? What are the factors that affect the incidence of coronary heart disease?

3.1.5

Atheroma Thrombosis Aneurysm Myocardial infarction Risk factors associated with coronary heart disease - Smoking - High blood pressure - Blood cholesterol - Diet Application - A calculated risk Application and How science works - Electrocardiogram

94-97

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6 - Immunity Defence mechanismsWhat are the main defence mechanisms of the body? How does the body distinguish between its own cells and foreign cells?3.1.6

Defence mechanisms Recognising your own cells Application - How lymphocytes recognise their own cells

100-101

Animation Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis

What is the first line of defence against disease? What is phagocytosis? What is the role of lysosomes in phagocytosis?

3.1.6

Barriers to entry Phagocytosis

102-103

Key diagram - Figure 3: Summary of phagocytosis

T cells and cellmediated immunity

What are antigens? What are the two main types of lymphocyte? What is the role of T cells (T lymphocytes) in cellmediated immunity?

3.1.6

Antigens Lymphocytes Cell-mediated immunity - How T cells kill infected cells Application - Bird flu

104-106

Key diagram - Figure 2: Summary of the role of T cells in cellmediated immunity

B cells and humoral immunity

What is the role of B cells (B lymphocytes) in humoral immunity? What are the roles of plasma cells and antibodies in the primary immune response? What is the role of memory cells in the secondary immune response? How does antigenic variation affect the bodys response to infection?

3.1.6

Humoral immunity - Antigenic variability

107-108

Animation Humoral response Extension - The science and ethics of transplanting pig hearts into humans Key diagram - Figure 2: Summary of role of B cells in humoral immunity

Antibodies

What is the structure of an antibody? How do antibodies function? What is a monoclonal antibody? How are monoclonal antibodies produced? How are monoclonal antibodies used to target specific substances and cells?

3.1.6

Antibodies Monoclonal antibodies Application and How science works - Producing monoclonal antibodies Application and How science works - Ethical production and use of monoclonal antibodies

109-111

Key diagram - Figure 1: Structure of an antibody (left); molecular model of an antibody(right) Extension Monoclonal antibodies

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10VaccinationWhat is a vaccine? What are the features of an effective vaccination programme? Why does vaccination rarely eliminate a disease? What ethical issues are associated with vaccination programmes?3.1.6

Features of a successful vaccination programme Why vaccination does not eliminate a disease The problems of controlling cholera and tuberculosis by vaccination Application and How science works - MMR vaccine Application and How science works - The ethics of vaccination programmes

112-115

HSW - Vaccines: for the benefit of society, the individual, or both?

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Unit 2 The variety of living organismsTopic Learning Objectives AQASpecification

Reference 7 - Variation Investigating variationHow is variation measured? What is sampling and why is it used? What are the causes of variation?3.2.1

Print Resources (Subheadings)

PageNumber

Electronic Resources

Making measurements - Sampling Causes of variation - Genetic differences - Environmental influences

124-125

HSW - The Chernobyl nuclear disaster

Types of variation

What are the types of variation? What is the mean of a normal distribution? What is standard deviation and how is it calculated?

3.2.1

Variation due to genetic factors Variation due to environmental influences Mean and standard variation - Calculating standard variation

126-127

Key diagram - Figure 3: The normal distribution curve showing values for standard deviation Practical - Collection and analysis of data relating to intraspecific variation

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8 DNA and meiosis Structure of DNAWhat are the components of DNA? How are these components arranged within the DNA double helix? What is the function of DNA?3.2.2

Nucleotide structure DNA structure - Pairing of bases - The double helix Function of DNA Application and How science works - Unravelling the code of DNA - DNA versus protein - Evidence that DNA is hereditary material - Proving that DNA is hereditary material

130-135

Key diagram - Figure 3: Basic structure of DNA

The triplet code

What is a gene? How do genes code for polypeptides?

3.2.2

What is a gene? The triplet code Application - Features of the triplet code

136-137

Extension DNA: early history

DNA and chromosomes

How does DNA in prokaryotic organisms differ from the DNA in eukaryotic organisms? What is a chromosome? How are genes arranged on a DNA molecule? What are homologous chromosomes? What is an allele?

3.2.2

Chromosome structure Homologous chromosomes What is an allele?

138-139

HSW - The Human Genome and the ethics of genetics

Meiosis and genetic variation

Why is meiosis necessary? What happens during meiosis? How does meiosis create genetic variation?

3.2.2

Why is meiosis necessary? The process of meiosis Independent segregation of homologous chromosomes - Variety from new genetic combinations Genetic recombination by crossing over

140-143

Animation Meiosis and genetic variation Key diagram - Figure 1: Summary of meiosis Key diagram - Figure 3: Crossing over Key diagram - Figure 4: Genetic variation as a result of recombination by crossing over

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9 Genetic diversity Genetic diversityWhy are organisms different from one another? What factors influence genetic diversity?3.2.3

Genetic diversity Selective breeding The founder effect Genetic bottlenecks Application and How science works - Ethics of selective breeding in domesticated animals - Ethical implications

146-149

HSW - Where do your genes come from? HSW - Selective breeding in humans

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12- Selective breeding in cattle

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10 The variety of life HaemoglobinWhat are haemoglobins and what is their role? How do haemoglobins from different organisms differ and why? What is loading and unloading of oxygen?3.2.4

Haemoglobin molecules The role of haemoglobin Why have different haemoglobins? - Why do different haemoglobins have different affinities for oxygen? - Loading and unloading oxygen

150-151

Oxygen dissociation curves

What is an oxygen dissociation curve? What is the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the curve and why? How do the properties of the haemoglobins in different organisms relate to the environment and way of life of the organism concerned?

3.2.4

Oxygen dissociation curves Effects of carbon dioxide concentration Loading, transport and unloading of oxygen Application - Different lives different haemoglobins - Where you live is important - Size matters - Activity counts

152-155

Animation Oxygen dissociation HSW - EPO Key diagram - Figure 1: Oxygen dissociation curve for adult human haemoglobin Key diagram - Figure 2: The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the oxygen dissociation curve

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

How are -glucose monomers arranged to form the polymers of starch and glycogen? How are -glucose monomers arranged to form the polymer cellulose? How do the molecular structures of starch, glycogen and cellulose relate to their functions?

3.2.4

Starch Glycogen Cellulose

156-157

Key diagram - Figure 1: Structure of a starch molecule Key diagram - Figure 3: Structure of a cellulose molecule

Plant cell structure

What is the structure of leaf palisade cells? What is the structure of a chloroplast and how is it related to its function? What is the plant cell wall composed of and what is its function? How do plant cells differ from animal cells?

3.2.4

Leaf palisade cell Chloroplasts Cell wall Differences between plant and animal cells Application - Specialised plant cells - The root hair cell - Xylem vessels - Other specialised cells

158-161

Key diagram - Figure 1: Representation of a leaf palisade cell as seen under a light microscope Extension Polysaccharides; plant cells Key diagram - Figure 2: Chloroplast structure

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11 The cell cycle Replication of DNAWhat happens during DNA replication? How is a new polynucleotide strand formed? Why is the process of DNA replication called semiconservative?3.2.5

Semi-conservative replication Application and How science works - Evidence for semiconservative replication

164-167

Extension DNA and inheritance Key diagram - Figure 1: The semiconservative replication of DNA Key diagram - Figure 3: Different models of DNA replication

Mitosis

What is mitosis? When does DNA replication take place? What is the importance of mitosis?

3.2.5

Mitosis The importance of mitosis Application - Recognising the stages of mitosis

168-169

Animation DNA replication Animation Mitosis Key diagram - Figure 1: The stages of mitosis in an animal cell

The cell cycle

What are the three stages of the cell cycle? What happens during interphase? How does cancer and its treatment relate to the cell cycle?

3.2.5

Cancer Application - Cancer and its treatment

170-171

Extension - Anaphase of mitosis and meiosis; DNA replication in mitosis

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12 Cellular organisation Cell differentiation and organisationWhat are the advantages of cellular differentiation? How are cells arranged into tissues? How are tissues arranged into organs? How are organs arranged into organ systems?3.2.6

Cell differentiation Tissues Organs Organ systems

172-173

HSW Stem cells Key diagram - Figure 1: Some of the various tissues that make up the organ called a leaf

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13 Exchange and transport Exchange between organisms and their environmentHow does the size of an organism and its structure relate to its surface area to volume ratio? How do larger organisms increase their surface area to volume ratio? How are surfaces specially adapted to facilitate exchange?3.2.7

Surface area to volume ratio Features of specialised exchange surfaces Application - Signifiance of the surface area to volume ratio in organisms

176-177

Practical - To investigate the effect of variation in size on the rate of heat loss HSW A question of scale

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Gas exchange in single-celled organisms and insects

How do single-celled organisms exchange gases? How do terrestrial insects balance the need to exchange gases with the need to conserve water? How do insects exchange gases?

3.2.7

Gas exchange in singlecelled organisms Gas exchange in insects Application - Spiracle movements

178-179

Animation Comparison of gas exchange

Gas exchange in fish

What is the structure of fish gills? How is water passed along fish gills? What is the difference between parallel flow and countercurrent flow? How does countercurrent flow increase the rate of gas exchange?

3.2.7

Structure of the gills The countercurrent exchange principle

180-181

Key diagram - Figure 2: Parallel and countercurrent fl ow in the gills of a fish

Gas exchange in the leaf of a plant

How do plants exchange gases? What is the structure of dicotyledonous plant leaf? How is the leaf adapted for efficient gas exchange?

3.2.7

Structure of a plant leaf and gas exchange Stomata Application - Exchange of carbon dioxide

182-183

HSW - Carbon dioxide, climate change, and plants Key diagram - Figure 2: Section through a leaf of a dicotyledonous plant

Circulatory system of a mammal

How do large organisms move substances around their bodies? What are the features of the transport systems of large organisms? How is blood circulated in mammals?

3.2.7

Why large organisms need a transport system Features of transport systems Transport systems in mammals

184-185

Key diagram - Figure 3: Plan of the mammalian circulatory system

Blood vessels and their function

What are the structures of arteries, arterioles and veins? How is the structure of each of the above vessels related to its function? What is the structure of capillaries and how is it related to their function?

3.2.7

Structure of blood vessels - Artery structure related to function - Arteriole structure related to function - Vein structure related to function - Capillary structure related to function Tissue fluid and its formation - Formation of tissue fluid - Return of tissue fluid to the circulatory system Application and how science works - Blood flow in various blood vessels

186-189

Key diagram - Figure 1: Comparison of arteries, veins and capillaries Practical - To investigate the nature of mass flow tissue in celery leaf petiole PracticalTo measure the rate of uptake of water by a cut, leafy shoot in still and moving air, using a simple potometer Key diagram - Figure 6: Formation and return of tissue fluid

Movement of water through roots

How is water taken up by the root hairs? How does water pass through the cortex of a root? What are the apoplast and symplast pathways? How is water passed through the endodermic into the xylem?

3.2.7

Uptake of water by root hairs The apoplastic pathway The symplastic pathway Passage of water into the xylem

190-192

Key diagram - Figure 1: Root of a dicotyledonous plant

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15Movement of water up stemsWhat is transpiration? How does water move through the leaf? How does water move up the xylem?3.2.7

Movement of water out through stomata Movement of water across the cells of a leaf Movement of water up the stem in the xylem Application - Hug a tree

193-195

Key diagram - Figure 3: Summary of water transport through a plant

Transpiration and factors affecting it

Why does transpiration occur? How do external factors such as light, temperature, humidity and air movement affect transpiration?

3.2.7

Role of transpiration Factors affecting transpiration - Light - Temperature - Humidity - Air movement Application and How science works - Measurement of water uptake using a potometer

196-199

Extension Transport of water in plants

Limiting water loss in plants

How do terrestrial organisms balance the need for gas exchange and the need to conserve water? How do plants adapt to living in areas where water loss from transpiration way exceed their water intake? What are xerophytic features?

3.2.7

Xerophytic plants Application - Not only desert plants have problems obtaining water

200-201

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14 - Classification ClassificationWhat is a species? How are species named? What are the principles of classification? How is classification related to evolution?3.2.8

The concept of a species Naming species the binomial system Grouping species together the principles of classification Organising the groups of species taxonomy Phylogeny Application - The difficulties of defining species Application - Relationships

204-207

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15 Evidence for relationships between organisms Genetic comparisons using DNA and proteinsHow can comparisons of base sequences in DNA be used to investigate how closely related organisms are? What is DNA hybridisation and how is it used to determine relationships between organisms? How can comparisons of amino acid sequences in proteins be used to investigate the relationships between organisms? How are immunological comparisons used to investigate variations in proteins?3.2.9

Comparison of DNA base sequences - DNA hybridisation Use of DNA base sequencing in classifying plants Comparison of amino acid sequences in proteins - Immunological comparisons of proteins Application - New classification of flowering plants Application and How science works - Establishing relationships

208-212

Key diagram - Figure 1: DNA hybridisation

Courtship behaviour

What is the role of courtship in ensuring successful mating? How does courtship help members of a species recognise each other?

3.2.9

Why is courtship behaviour necessary? Application - Courting mallards

213-214

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16 Adaptation and selection Genetic variation in bacteriaWhat is the genetic material in bacteria? How does variation arise in bacteria? What are mutations? How does conjugation occur?3.2.10

Mutations Conjugation Application and How science works - Discovering conjugation in bacteria

218-220

Key diagram - Figure 2: DNA transfer by conjugation in bacteria

Antibiotics

What are antibiotics and how do they work? How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? How is resistance passed on to subsequent generations and other species?

3.2.10

How antibiotics work Antibiotic resistance Application - Identifying antibioticresistant bacteria

221-222

Antibiotic use and resistance

How do strains of bacteria emerge that are resistant to many drugs? What are the implications of using antibiotics frequently? What are the problems in treating tuberculosis and MRSA?

3.2.10

Antibiotic resistance and tuberculosis Antibiotic resistance and MRSA Application and How science works - Implications of antibiotic use Application and How science works - A dilemma

223-225

Animation Antibiotic resistance

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17 - Biodversity Species diversityWhat do we understand by species diversity? How is Simpsons Diversity Index used as a measure of species diversity?3.2.11

Measuring species diversity Application - Species diversity and ecosystems

226-228

Practical - To measure the diversity indices of lawn plants at two sites HSW Organic farming Extension Bovine TB and cattle

Species diversity and human activities

What is the influence of deforestation and the impact of agriculture on species diversity?

3.2.11

Impact of agriculture Impact of deforestation Application and How science works - Human activity and loss of species in the UK

229-230

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