Biology 2120 Reading Day Review Session

Lauren AccorUCAE Peer Tutor

CHAPTER 1: Biology and the Tree of Life

5 characteristics all organisms share:

Cells

Replication

Evolution

Information

Energy

Important Scientists

● Jean Baptiste Lamark● Antonie van Leeuwenhoek● Robert Hooke● Schwann and Schleiden● Rudolph Virchow● Louis Pasteur● Darwin and Wallace● Watson and Crick

Where do cells come from: Pasteur Cell theory: All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells

● Hypothesis #1: Spontaneous generation○ Ex: bacteria on spoiled foods

● Hypothesis #2: All cells from cells

Important Vocab

● Evolution● Population● Natural

Selection● Heritable● Speciation● Fitness● Adaptation

● Chromosome● DNA and RNA● The Central

Dogma● ATP

Phylogenetic Tree

Scientific Method

CHAPTER 2: Water and Carbon: Chemical Basis of Life

Basic Atomic Structure

Important Vocab● Valence electrons● Chemical Bonds (ionic and covalent)

○ Polar and nonpolar

● Isotopes● Ion

○ Anion and cation

● Electronegativity● Molecule/Compound

Water● Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic● Polarity● Hydrogen bond● Cohesion● Adhesion● Surface Tension● Specific Heat

Thermodynamics = Energy

CHAPTER 3: Protein Structure and Function

Structure of Protein Monomer

Important Vocab● Polymerization● Hydrolysis● Peptide Bond!!!

○ R-group orientation○ Directionality○ Flexibilty

Protein Structures1. Hydrogen Bonds2. Hydrophobic Interactions3. Van der Waals Interactions4. Covalent Bonding5. Ionic Bonding

More Important Vocab● Enzymes

○ Active site

● Denaturation● Molecular Chaperones

CHAPTER 4: Nucleic Acids and the RNA World

DNA and RNA

ATP

Important Vocab● Double helix● Anti-parallel● Complementary Base Pairing

○ Purines: adenine and guanine○ Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, and uracil

● Replication● Template Strand● Daughter Strand

Structures of DNA and RNA

CHAPTER 5: An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate = Sugar● Monosaccharides, disaccharide, polysaccharide

○ Glucose, lactose, cellulose

● Pentose, triose, and hexose● Glycosidic linkage

Important Polysaccharides● Starch: potatoes● Glycogen: liver and muscles● Cellulose: plant cell walls● Chitin: external skeleton● Peptidoglycan: bacterial cell walls

Important Vocab● Glycolipid● Glycoprotein● Photosynthesis

CHAPTER 6: Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Important Vocab● Cell membrane/plasma membrane

○ phospholipid

● Lipid○ Waxes○ Steroids○ Fats

● Fatty Acid● Hydrocarbons

○ Saturated○ Unsaturated

DiffusionDefinition: Spontaneous movement of molecules and ions

1. Passive Transport: When substances diffuse across in the absence of energy2. Active Transport: When substances require energy to diffuse across

Osmosis

LOW SOLUTE HIGH SOLUTE

Relation to Lipids● Fluid Mosaic Model: Membranes are a dynamic fluid mosaic of phospholipids

and different types of proteins● Gated Channels

○ aquaporins

● ATP-powered Pumps○ Na⁺/K⁺○ H⁺/Cl⁻

● Carriers

CHAPTER 7: Inside the CellKNOW YOUR ORGANELLES!

Eukaryotic Cell: Animal

Eukaryotic Cell: Plant

Prokaryotic Cell

CHAPTER 8: Energy and Enzymes: An Introduction to Metabolism

Reduction-Oxidation Reactions● Chemical reactions that involve the loss or gain of one or more electrons

OIL RIG = Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain

LEO GER = Loss Electrons Oxidation, Gain Electrons Reduction

Gibbs Free EnergyExergonic or Endergonic

Important Vocab● Phosphorylation● Energetic coupling● Catalysts/Enzymes

○ Competitive Inhibition○ Allosteric regulation○ Feedback Inhibition

● Catabolic Pathways● Anabolic Pathways

CHAPTER 10: Photosynthesis

Chloroplast

Photosystems

● In○ Photons

● Out○ electrons

Light Dependent Reactions: Thylakoid Membrane

● In○ Photons○ Water○ NADP⁺

● Out○ NADPH○ ATP○ O₂

Calvin Cycle: Stroma

● In○ 3 CO₂

○ 9 ATP○ 6 NADPH

● Out○ G3P

C₄ and CAM Plants● Instead of 3 carbon molecules

(3-phosphoglycerate), they make 4 carbon molecules

● CAM still makes 4 carbon molecules, but performs the Calvin Cycle during the day!

CHAPTER 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Mitochondria

Glycolysis: Cytosol

● In○ Glucose (start)○ 2 ATP (steps 1 and 3)○ 2 NAD⁺ (step 6)

● Out○ 2 NADH + H⁺ (step 6)○ 4 ATP (steps 7 and 10)○ 2 Pyruvate molecules (end)

Pyruvate Processing: Mitochondrial Matrix

● In○ Pyruvate○ NAD⁺

○ Coenzyme A

● Out○ CO₂

○ NADH○ Acetyl CoA

Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle): Mitochondrial Matrix● In

○ Acetyl CoA (start)○ 3 NAD⁺ (steps 3, 4, & 8)○ 1 FAD (step 6)○ 1 ADP (step 5)

● Out○ 3 NADH (steps 3, 4, & 8)○ 2 CO₂ (steps 3 & 4)○ 1 FADH₂ (step 6)○ 1 ATP (step 5)

● 2 TURNS PER GLUCOSE

Electron Transport Chain: Inner Membrane

● In○ NADH○ FADH₂

○ O₂

● Out○ Water○ 32 ATP

Fermentation

CHAPTER 11: Cell-Cell Interactions

Important Vocab● Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

○ Collagen and proteoglycans

● Tissues● Integrin● Laminins● Microfibrils● Turgor pressure● Expansins

Organization of cell communication

Signalling

Signalling Pathways

CHAPTER 12: The Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle

Mitosis

Cyclin-CDK complex

The start of the cell cycle

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

CHAPTER 13: Meiosis

Meiosis

Important Vocab● Gametes● Gene● Allele● Karyotype● Haploid● Diploid● Ploidy● Sister chromatids● Recombination (crossing over)● Nondisjunctions (trisomy)

CHAPTER 14: Mendel and the Gene

Mendel’s Experiment System1. Blending of Inheritance

a. Offspring have intermediate traits of parents

2. Inheritance of acquired charactersa. Traits are modified in parents

and then passed down

Punnett squares and Pedigrees

Important Vocab● Genotype/Phenotype● Homozygous/Heterozygous● Dominant/Recessive Alleles● Sex-Linked● Principle of Independent Assortment/Dependent Assortment (RrYy)● Linkage● Recombinant● Codominance● Incomplete Dominance

CHAPTER 15: DNA and the Gene Synthesis and Repair

DNA Replication

Telomeres

Mistakes in DNA Synthesis

TT Dimers

Important Vocab● Xeroderma Pigmentosum● Telomerase● Helicase● Polymerase● Okazaki Fragments● Primase● Leading/Lagging Strand

CHAPTER 16: How Genes Work

Genetic Code● DNA speaks in A, C, G, and T● RNA speaks in A, C, G, and U● Proteins speak in codons

DNA: TGC TTA GCT ATT

RNA: AUG AAU CGA UAA

Protein: Met Asn Arg Stop

Mutations

CHAPTER 17: Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

Pre-Initiation Complex

RNA Processing● 5’ Capping● Intron Splicing● Polyadenylation

snRPs and Lariat

Important Vocab● Elongation● TATA box● Transcription factors● Poly (A)● Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)● Spliceosome● tRNA/mRNA● Anticodon● Translocation● Post-translational modification

QUESTIONS????