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Ecology explain the one-way flow of energy through
the biosphere and how stored biological energy in the biosphere is eventually “lost” as thermal energy
explain how biological energy in the biosphere can be perceived as a balance between both photosynthetic and chemosynthetic, and cellular respiratory activities
Ecology Study of the interactions between organisms and
their physical environment and with each other. includes aspects of both the living (biotic) and
non-living (abiotic) components of the physical environment.
Biosphere Biosphere
the part of the earth that is inhabited by organisms.3 parts:1 Lithosphere
Land1 Hydrosphere
water1 Atmosphere
The gasses that surround the Earth.
Living vs. Non-living There are two factors which make up
the biosphere. Biotic Factors
Living components of the biosphere plants and animals…
Abiotic Factors Non-living components
of the biosphere minerals, water, weather...
Interactions Within the Biosphere
Abiotic vs Biotic When a non-living factor affects a living factor.
i.e. The weather affecting a living organism Biotic vs. Biotic
When a living factor affects another living factor. i.e. Two organisms fighting for the same food.
Biotic vs. Abiotic Abiotic vs. Abiotic
Levels of organizationCell Tissue Organ
System Organism
Population
CommunityEcosystem
BiosphereBiome
Hierarchical Levels within the Biosphere
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
World
Lake or River
Lots of different species of
organisms
Lots of same species of fish
Fish
Important Definitions Population: group of individuals of the
same: species, place & time Community: populations of all species
in an area Ecosystem: community and its biotic
and abiotic factors interactions
Biome: large scale ecosystems Can be found around the world tundra,
grassland
Food Chain a linear illustration that represents the step
sequence of who eats whom in the biosphere.
used to show: energy transfers cycling of matter through the biosphere
Two types: Grazer: plant, herbivore, carnivore Detritus: organic waste
Waste – scavengers – decomposers
Assignment 1.1 Use your text book and define the
following Terms Biodiversity Producer ConsumerRead pages 8-10 (new text only)Do Questions 1-7 section 1.1 page 10
Autotrophs “self feeders” Require energy from sun –
photosynthesis Convert energy from sun into a form of
energy that other living things can use Provides O2 – required by all living
things Provide basic molecules for life
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids
PRODUCERS!
Heterotrophs Require a source of chemical energy and
basic organic molecules NO photosynthesis Feed on plants OR other heterotrophs CONSUMERS!
A primary consumer eats a producer A secondary consumer eats a primary
consumer A tertiary consumer eats a secondary
consumer…
General Terms
Herbivore An organism that only eats plants.
Rabbit, squirrel
Carnivore An organism that only eats animals.
Wolf, Lion, Tyrannosaurus Rex
Omnivore An organism that eats both plants and
animals. Bear, Human
More General Terms Scavenger
An organism that feeds on dead organisms or the wastes of organisms. Vulture, Seagull,
Decomposer An organism that breaks down organic wastes
and the remains of dead organisms into simpler compounds such as: carbon dioxide ammonia Water
Species At-Risk Indicator Species – A species sensitive
to small changes in environmental conditions
Describe why frogs and other amphibians are important indicator species:
Frogs live in two different ecosystemsWater as a tadpoleIn forest and grassland as adultsAny hazards in either ecosystem will have an
effect on the frogs.Also frogs occupy two different food
chains.
Why Are Frogs Disappearing? The worldwide disappearance of frogs
is puzzling scientists around the globe.
- Loss of Habitat• Frogs need wetlands, ponds, or lakes
with clean water to breed and lay their eggs.
• They need a place where they can catch insects such as forest and fields.
- Air and Water Quality Frogs can breath through their skin, pollutants
can also pass through their skin. Acid of water also has an ability to reproduce.
- Climate Change Climate change can cause important changes in
local ecosystems. If the climate becomes drier frogs populations will
decline.
4. Ultraviolet Radiation The thin skin of the frog is susceptible to
ultraviolet radiation. The amount to UV radiation reaching
Earth's surface is increasing because of damage to the protective ozone layer surrounding Earth.
General Terms Ecosystem
A community of organisms interacting with each other and with their nonliving surroundings.
Autotrophs –Producers Heterotrophs - Consumers
Input energy
Biogeochemical
Cycles
Energy Lost
Ecosystems are OPEN SYSTEMS. Energy and matter can flow in and out of system
Ecosystem Models
Explain the structure of ecosystem trophic levels, using models such as food chains and food webs
Food chainsFood Chain step sequence of who eats whom in the
biosphere. used to show:
energy transfers
Characteristics: Energy is transferred from organism to
organism Each time energy is transferred about 90% is
lost as heat or used for life processes
Trophic Levels Trophic level: how far an organism is
from the original energy source Plants – first trophic level
Original energy is from the sun When an organism is ingested by
another, energy is transferred Plant – mouse – owl Producer – primary consumer –
secondary consumer (top carnivore) T1 – T2 – T3
Food Webs What would happen if we relied on deer for our
food? In reality, a consumer relies on more than one
food source If one source is scarce, consumer can eat more of
something else Food web:
a series of interlocking food chains more accurately represents energy pathways
who eats whom… really
Laws of ThermodynamicsBiosphere requires a constant flow of energy
Energy flows one way through the biosphere following basic scientific principles called the laws of thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics
Energy can be changed in form, but not created or destroyed.
(Law of conservation of energy)
Energy input = Energy Output
First Law
Second Law
Any energy change results in loss of energy as heat
Energy input desired energy + waste energy
During any change, some of the energy is lost as waste energy or heat.
Applied to an ecosystem, as energy flows through the community there is energy loss at each trophic level.
Much of this loss is in the form of heat which is lost when food molecules are broken down in the cells.
There would be less energy loss in the community if only herbivores fed on the producers
Energy Flow in the Ecosystem
•explain quantitatively, energy exchange in ecosystems, using models such as pyramids of energy , biomass, and numbers •explain the interrelationship of energy, matter and ecosystem productivity (biomass production)
Ecological Pyramids Ecological pyramids illustrate the energy loss
through the trophic levels Solar radiation transformed in plants
Plants create chemical energy Plant eaten by consumer Energy lost at each transformation
Higher trophic level = less energy available Number of trophic levels limited b/c of loss of
energy
Ecological Pyramids In ecological pyramids,
Base -the producer populations Next Level - the primary consumers Higher levels and above -the secondary,
tertiary etc.
Ecological Pyramids Three types:
Numbers: total number of organisms in each trophic levels
Biomass: mass of dry tissue of organisms at each trophic level shows how mass decreases as you move up
the food chain Energy: based on energy produced at
each trophic level
Human Interference in the Ecosystem
FireHunting and fishingMonoculturePesticide usage and biological amplification (magnification)
Fire Before the Europeans settlement,
wildfires swept across the land. Fire destroys vegetation, returning
nutrients to the soil Fire usually only destroys vegetation
above ground. Allowing new growth. Fire prevents the over growth of aspen
parkland into the grassland ecosystem
Fire European settlement Impact upon
grasslands. Fire control (More Aspen Parkland) Introduction of many new species of
plants(Mustard, pepperfrass, Russian thistle, pigweed, and stinkweed)
Hunting and fishing New technology has improved ways of
finding animals. Which has resulted in: Over hunting and fishing Reducing the number of animals.
Monocultures Monoculture:
growing a single species of plant, excluding others
Huge diversity of species on earth 6 - 15 million
Ecological change = species extinction Humans = biggest change maker
Monoculture Effects Impact? Humans rely on a small variety of species Other species being decimated
At what cost? Loss of diversity Loss of possible cures
Rainforests: soil not suited to human needs loses productivity in a few years
Pesticides
Pesticides used to kill pests mosquitoes - malaria pesticides in food chain accumulate causes loss of diversity.
Example DDT: dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane
developed as a biological weapon in WWII 1950’s - used as a pesticide for insects
DDT also affects human pops found in breast milk came from sprayed crops
animals that ate crops Banned in Canada and US in 1970’s Not banned in other areas - Mexico,
Central America Continues to be produced as a cheap
pesticide in poorer nations
Biological amplification Pesticides accumulate at the top level of
the pyramid toxins accumulate in fatty tissue
not released in wastes accumulates each time you move up higher trophic level - higher
concentration
Biogeochemical cycles explain and summarize the cycling of
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus and relate it to the reuse of all matter in the biosphere
explain water’s role in the matter cycles, using its chemical and physical properties
explain how the equilibrium between gas exchanges in photosynthesis and cellular respiration influences atmospheric conditions