Biology 1,2 UNIT 3 VOCABULARY Lesson 3.1 Producer (autotroph): makes food using energy from the sun and other simple compounds in the process of photosynthesis Consumer (heterotroph): obtains energy and nutrients from autotrophs or other heterotrophs (can be herbivore, omnivore or carnivore) Photosynthesis-process in which plants and some single-celled organisms use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar

Chlorophyll- green pigment found in chloroplasts that is used to capture energy from sunlight

Thylakoid-a membrane bound sac containing chlorophyll, where the light reaction of photosynthesis occurs Stroma-the fluid inside the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoids, where the Calvin Cycle occurs ATP-The major energy source for all cellular work Light-Dependent Reaction- 1st step in photosynthesis that uses light energy to make chemical energy (ATP) – occurs in the thylakoid Light-Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)- a series of chemical reactions that uses carbon dioxide to make glucose – occurs in the stroma

Lesson 3.6 Aerobic-a process that uses oxygen

(an atom of oxygen – O – doing aerobics)

Anaerobic-a process that does not need oxygen

Lesson 3.3 Metabolism- all the chemical reactions in your body Calorie- unit of energy; 1,000 calories = 1 kilocalorie = 1 Calorie

Calorimetry-method used to determine the amount of energy in food

Cellular respiration (Aerobic Respiration)-a process in which cells harvest the chemical energy stored in food, occurs in mitochondria

Glycolysis – 1st stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate and 2 ATP are produced

Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) – 2nd stage in cellular respiration in which pyruvate is broken down, carbon dioxide is released and 2 ATP are made

Electron Transport Chain- 3rd stage of cellular respiration - electrons lose their potential energy to drive the formation of most of the ATP (32-34 molecules per glucose)

Passive Transport- the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low (with the gradient) through simple diffusion or the use of carrier or channel proteins; no energy needed

Active Transport- the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration (against the gradient); energy needed

Lesson 3.7 alcoholic fermentation—a process that occurs in yeast and bacteria in the absence of oxygen in which sugars are broken down into ethanol alcohol, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy)

lactic acid fermentation—a process that occurs in animals in which in the absence of oxygen in which sugars are broken down into lactic acid and ATP (energy)

2 Pyruvate

2 Pyruvate