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Biological TreatmentProcesses
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Wastewater Treatment
bull Physical process
Primary
21 Overview of Treatment Processes
Preliminary amp Primary TreatmentPhysical chemical processes to prepare wastewater for biological treatmentRemoval of solids mainlyUsually cheaper easier than secondary processesExamplesa equalisation (flow and load)b neutralisationc settling of solidsd flotation of oil and greasee filtration etc
21 Overview of Treatment Processes
Secondary Treatment
Biological removal of biodegradable mostly soluble organic compounds (carbon removal)Aerobicallybull activated sludge plantsbull aerated pondsbull trickling filters etc
Anaerobicallybull non-aerated pondsbull high rate anaerobic (biogas) plants
Tertiary TreatmentRemoval of specific pollutants with physical chemical andor biological methodsExamplesa adsorption of organics by activated carbonb precipitation or flocculation of phosphate
etcc biological nitrogen removald disinfection
In general costs increase with increasing degree of treatment
Wastewater Treatment
bull Physical process
Primary
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P
S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)
Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc
forming bacteria
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions
Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O
asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism
AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20
10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism
PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)
B Aerobic or Anaerobic
1000100 10000 100000
1
10
100
01
Wastewater COD (mgL)
Hyd
rau
lic
Ret
enti
on
Tim
e (
day
s)
Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic digestion
High Rate AnaerobicTreatment
Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment
32 Principles of Biological Reactions
C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation
Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo
Sn I
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Wastewater Treatment
bull Physical process
Primary
21 Overview of Treatment Processes
Preliminary amp Primary TreatmentPhysical chemical processes to prepare wastewater for biological treatmentRemoval of solids mainlyUsually cheaper easier than secondary processesExamplesa equalisation (flow and load)b neutralisationc settling of solidsd flotation of oil and greasee filtration etc
21 Overview of Treatment Processes
Secondary Treatment
Biological removal of biodegradable mostly soluble organic compounds (carbon removal)Aerobicallybull activated sludge plantsbull aerated pondsbull trickling filters etc
Anaerobicallybull non-aerated pondsbull high rate anaerobic (biogas) plants
Tertiary TreatmentRemoval of specific pollutants with physical chemical andor biological methodsExamplesa adsorption of organics by activated carbonb precipitation or flocculation of phosphate
etcc biological nitrogen removald disinfection
In general costs increase with increasing degree of treatment
Wastewater Treatment
bull Physical process
Primary
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P
S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)
Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc
forming bacteria
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions
Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O
asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism
AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20
10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism
PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)
B Aerobic or Anaerobic
1000100 10000 100000
1
10
100
01
Wastewater COD (mgL)
Hyd
rau
lic
Ret
enti
on
Tim
e (
day
s)
Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic digestion
High Rate AnaerobicTreatment
Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment
32 Principles of Biological Reactions
C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation
Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo
Sn I
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Wastewater Treatment
bull Physical process
Primary
21 Overview of Treatment Processes
Preliminary amp Primary TreatmentPhysical chemical processes to prepare wastewater for biological treatmentRemoval of solids mainlyUsually cheaper easier than secondary processesExamplesa equalisation (flow and load)b neutralisationc settling of solidsd flotation of oil and greasee filtration etc
21 Overview of Treatment Processes
Secondary Treatment
Biological removal of biodegradable mostly soluble organic compounds (carbon removal)Aerobicallybull activated sludge plantsbull aerated pondsbull trickling filters etc
Anaerobicallybull non-aerated pondsbull high rate anaerobic (biogas) plants
Tertiary TreatmentRemoval of specific pollutants with physical chemical andor biological methodsExamplesa adsorption of organics by activated carbonb precipitation or flocculation of phosphate
etcc biological nitrogen removald disinfection
In general costs increase with increasing degree of treatment
Wastewater Treatment
bull Physical process
Primary
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P
S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)
Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc
forming bacteria
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions
Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O
asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism
AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20
10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism
PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)
B Aerobic or Anaerobic
1000100 10000 100000
1
10
100
01
Wastewater COD (mgL)
Hyd
rau
lic
Ret
enti
on
Tim
e (
day
s)
Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic digestion
High Rate AnaerobicTreatment
Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment
32 Principles of Biological Reactions
C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation
Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo
Sn I
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
21 Overview of Treatment Processes
Preliminary amp Primary TreatmentPhysical chemical processes to prepare wastewater for biological treatmentRemoval of solids mainlyUsually cheaper easier than secondary processesExamplesa equalisation (flow and load)b neutralisationc settling of solidsd flotation of oil and greasee filtration etc
21 Overview of Treatment Processes
Secondary Treatment
Biological removal of biodegradable mostly soluble organic compounds (carbon removal)Aerobicallybull activated sludge plantsbull aerated pondsbull trickling filters etc
Anaerobicallybull non-aerated pondsbull high rate anaerobic (biogas) plants
Tertiary TreatmentRemoval of specific pollutants with physical chemical andor biological methodsExamplesa adsorption of organics by activated carbonb precipitation or flocculation of phosphate
etcc biological nitrogen removald disinfection
In general costs increase with increasing degree of treatment
Wastewater Treatment
bull Physical process
Primary
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P
S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)
Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc
forming bacteria
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions
Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O
asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism
AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20
10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism
PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)
B Aerobic or Anaerobic
1000100 10000 100000
1
10
100
01
Wastewater COD (mgL)
Hyd
rau
lic
Ret
enti
on
Tim
e (
day
s)
Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic digestion
High Rate AnaerobicTreatment
Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment
32 Principles of Biological Reactions
C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation
Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo
Sn I
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
21 Overview of Treatment Processes
Secondary Treatment
Biological removal of biodegradable mostly soluble organic compounds (carbon removal)Aerobicallybull activated sludge plantsbull aerated pondsbull trickling filters etc
Anaerobicallybull non-aerated pondsbull high rate anaerobic (biogas) plants
Tertiary TreatmentRemoval of specific pollutants with physical chemical andor biological methodsExamplesa adsorption of organics by activated carbonb precipitation or flocculation of phosphate
etcc biological nitrogen removald disinfection
In general costs increase with increasing degree of treatment
Wastewater Treatment
bull Physical process
Primary
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P
S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)
Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc
forming bacteria
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions
Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O
asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism
AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20
10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism
PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)
B Aerobic or Anaerobic
1000100 10000 100000
1
10
100
01
Wastewater COD (mgL)
Hyd
rau
lic
Ret
enti
on
Tim
e (
day
s)
Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic digestion
High Rate AnaerobicTreatment
Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment
32 Principles of Biological Reactions
C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation
Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo
Sn I
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Tertiary TreatmentRemoval of specific pollutants with physical chemical andor biological methodsExamplesa adsorption of organics by activated carbonb precipitation or flocculation of phosphate
etcc biological nitrogen removald disinfection
In general costs increase with increasing degree of treatment
Wastewater Treatment
bull Physical process
Primary
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P
S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)
Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc
forming bacteria
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions
Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O
asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism
AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20
10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism
PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)
B Aerobic or Anaerobic
1000100 10000 100000
1
10
100
01
Wastewater COD (mgL)
Hyd
rau
lic
Ret
enti
on
Tim
e (
day
s)
Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic digestion
High Rate AnaerobicTreatment
Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment
32 Principles of Biological Reactions
C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation
Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo
Sn I
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Wastewater Treatment
bull Physical process
Primary
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P
S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)
Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc
forming bacteria
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions
Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O
asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism
AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20
10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism
PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)
B Aerobic or Anaerobic
1000100 10000 100000
1
10
100
01
Wastewater COD (mgL)
Hyd
rau
lic
Ret
enti
on
Tim
e (
day
s)
Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic digestion
High Rate AnaerobicTreatment
Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment
32 Principles of Biological Reactions
C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation
Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo
Sn I
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P
S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)
Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc
forming bacteria
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions
Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O
asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism
AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20
10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism
PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)
B Aerobic or Anaerobic
1000100 10000 100000
1
10
100
01
Wastewater COD (mgL)
Hyd
rau
lic
Ret
enti
on
Tim
e (
day
s)
Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic digestion
High Rate AnaerobicTreatment
Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment
32 Principles of Biological Reactions
C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation
Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo
Sn I
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P
S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)
Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc
forming bacteria
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions
Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O
asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism
AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20
10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism
PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)
B Aerobic or Anaerobic
1000100 10000 100000
1
10
100
01
Wastewater COD (mgL)
Hyd
rau
lic
Ret
enti
on
Tim
e (
day
s)
Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic digestion
High Rate AnaerobicTreatment
Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment
32 Principles of Biological Reactions
C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation
Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo
Sn I
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions
Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O
asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism
AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20
10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism
PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)
B Aerobic or Anaerobic
1000100 10000 100000
1
10
100
01
Wastewater COD (mgL)
Hyd
rau
lic
Ret
enti
on
Tim
e (
day
s)
Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic digestion
High Rate AnaerobicTreatment
Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment
32 Principles of Biological Reactions
C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation
Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo
Sn I
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions
Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O
asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism
AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20
10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism
PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)
B Aerobic or Anaerobic
1000100 10000 100000
1
10
100
01
Wastewater COD (mgL)
Hyd
rau
lic
Ret
enti
on
Tim
e (
day
s)
Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic digestion
High Rate AnaerobicTreatment
Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment
32 Principles of Biological Reactions
C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation
Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo
Sn I
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
B Aerobic or Anaerobic
1000100 10000 100000
1
10
100
01
Wastewater COD (mgL)
Hyd
rau
lic
Ret
enti
on
Tim
e (
day
s)
Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic digestion
High Rate AnaerobicTreatment
Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment
32 Principles of Biological Reactions
C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation
Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo
Sn I
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
32 Principles of Biological Reactions
C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation
Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo
Sn I
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition
POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
TYPE OFAERATION
Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided
Facultative (Stabilisation)
Anaerobic Aerobic Natural
Aerated Aerobic Mechanical
Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)
Aerobic Natural
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
1 Anaerobic Ponds
CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)
Parameter Unit Typical values
Loading (volumetric)
kg BOD5m3d
01-03
Temperature degC 25-35
Mean HRT days 6-25
Influent COD mgL 1000-6000
Effluent COD mgL 200-1000
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
2 Facultative Ponds
Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m
largebull microbial diversity medium organic load
odour free
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days
Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
3 Aerated Ponds
Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70
Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD
removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind
photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading
bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware
of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Outline
Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Anaerobic Process Principles
Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment
Fast growingrobust bacteria
Slow growing pHsensitive archaea
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Process types
A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times
(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)
B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass
retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in
second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
A Single Stage Process
Biogas
Treated effluent
Wastewater
SLUDGE DIGESTER
Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank
Gas collector
Granular biomass
Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Sludge blanket
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
2 Hybrid Reactor
Treated effluent
Biogas
FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass
Uniform flowdistributionessential
Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth
Sludge blanket
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved
Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved
Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Anaerobic Reactor Design
1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation
tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if
uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782
importance to minimise solids in influent
bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Anaerobic Reactor Design
2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)
Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL
Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC
RV
QCinOLR
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Acidif Tank
Mix Tank
Sludgeblanket
Methanogenesis
Acidogenesis
Biogas
Biomassretention asgranules
Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing
CSTR-type tank usually not heated
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Anaerobic Reactor Design
OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg
CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg
CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg
CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d
OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2
reactor
area d)
Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area
d)
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Questions
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Documentation
Terima Kasih
Terima Kasih