Biological Oceanography of the Baltic Sea

Pauline Snoeijs-LeijonmalmHendrik Schubert • Teresa RadziejewskaEditors

Biological Oceanographyof the Baltic Sea

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EditorsPauline Snoeijs-LeijonmalmDepartment of Ecology, Environmentand Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden

Hendrik SchubertDepartment of Biological SciencesUniversity of RostockRostockGermany

Teresa RadziejewskaFaculty of GeosciencesUniversity of SzczecinSzczecinPoland

ISBN 978-94-007-0667-5 ISBN 978-94-007-0668-2 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0668-2

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To all past, present and future Baltic Marine Biologists

Preface

The Baltic Sea is a unique ecosystem characterised by pronounced environmental gradients,particularly with respect to salinity and climate. The biological and evolutionary features ofMare Balticum as a large meeting place for marine and freshwater organisms have fascinatedscientists for centuries. The ecological interest in the Baltic Sea has been additionally fuelledby anthropogenic pressures on the ecosystem structure and functioning exerted by economicactivities in the drainage area and by global-scale processes. The collective knowledge onBaltic Sea biology and ecology is available in a wealth of scientific journal articles and books,and the volume of this literature has been increasing almost exponentially over the last 50years. Consequently, the Baltic Sea is renowned as one of the most intensively studiedecosystems in the world. It comes then as a paradox that a comprehensive international bookon the basic biology and ecology of the Baltic Sea has not been available to generations ofstudents interested in the Baltic Sea. The need for a modern science-based textbook has beendiscussed for more than 15 years, primarily within the Baltic Marine Biologists (BMB), anon-governmental organisation credited with arranging the biannual Baltic Marine Biologistssymposia since 1968 (from 2001 under the umbrella of the biannual Baltic Sea ScienceCongresses). The idea born in the BMB has now materialised in the form of this textbook.

The sheer broadness of the subject matter makes it essentially impossible for only one or afew persons to write such a book. Therefore, the approach chosen was to pool the knowledgeof 92 authors, with all of them active scientists and experts in their respective fields, and nearlyall of them teaching at the universities around the Baltic Sea. Rather than writing a series ofreview papers, the overall objective was to create an integrated book that would introduce astudent at the MSc and PhD levels to the basic knowledge, facts and processes important forunderstanding life in the Baltic Sea. This knowledge should, on the one hand, give a student(and an interested reader) an overview of the Baltic Sea ecosystem’s structure and functionand, on the other, become a starting point from which to begin exploring individual aspectsof the Baltic Sea ecosystem structure and function in more detail.

Together we have made a concerted effort to produce a book we wished existed when wewere students ourselves. Although the book’s contents are based on our own perception ofwhat is important to know about the biology and ecology of the Baltic Sea, the process ofputting this book together was not only a matter of writing down what we teach our students.As scientists we are trained to not only generate new knowledge but also critically discussscientific results. Although the knowledge presented in this book is mostly based on publishedpeer-reviewed scientific literature, in the course of the editorial work many issues emerged thatneeded to be discussed, between the authors and between the authors and the editors. This isbecause we work in different parts of the Baltic Sea, as well as in nine different countries, witheven more languages and with somewhat different scientific traditions. Given this background,it came as no surprise that many of the authors not only contributed with their respective partsof a book chapter but also participated in an “intercalibration exercise” with respect to theterminology used and scientific opinions expressed. Although it was not always possible tofully agree, the contents of the book have greatly benefitted from these fruitful discussions aswell as from an extensive peer-review procedure applied to all the chapters.

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The overall focus of the book is on knowledge about the conditions for life in brackishwater and the functioning of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. It highlights biological variation alongthe unique environmental gradients of the brackish Baltic Sea Area (the Baltic Sea, Belt Seaand Kattegat), especially those of salinity and climate. Throughout the book, we follow anecosystem approach. Rather than focus on separate topics regarding e.g. plankton, fish orbirds, or environmental issues such as eutrophication or fisheries, the chapters focus onprocesses and subsystems. Ecological compartments and environmental issues are treatedjointly with the processes and subsystems when relevant. Some overlap between chapters hasbeen allowed when appropriate, e.g. with respect to an issue viewed from different angles or ina different context.

Part I of the book presents the challenges for life processes and ecosystem dynamics thatresult from the Baltic Sea’s highly variable recent geological history and geographical iso-lation. Part II explains interactions between organisms and their environment, includingbiogeochemical cycles, patterns of biodiversity, genetic diversity and evolution, biologicalinvasions and physiological adaptations. In Part III, the subsystems of the Baltic Seaecosystem–the pelagic zone, the sea ice, the deep soft seabeds, the phytobenthic zone, thesandy coasts, estuaries and coastal lagoons–are treated in detail with respect to the structureand function of communities and habitats and consequences of natural and anthropogenicconstraints, such as climate change, discharges of nutrients and hazardous substances. Finally,Part IV discusses monitoring and ecosystem-based management to deal with contemporaryand emerging threats to the ecosystem’s health.

In addition to the main text, the book also contains numerous figures, photographs andboxes with additional information about e.g. ecological principles, methodology or certainspecies. Each chapter ends with five review questions and five discussion questions for use indiscussion seminars. The review questions serve as a control of how the subject matter of thechapter has been understood and assimilated by the reader. The discussion questions aredesigned to trigger critical thinking about the chapter contents in a wider perspective.

Throughout the book, the usage of geographical names is based primarily on the com-prehensive version of the “Times Atlas of the World” (Times Books, London, 9th Edition1994), in which the names are most often spelled in original languages for water bodies withincountries but in English for international waters. This is the reason why we write about e.g. theriver Wisła rather than “Vistula” and the Storebælt rather than the “Great Belt”, but we do use“Bothnian Bay” and not the Swedish or Finnish name for this water area because it is sharedby Sweden and Finland. The taxonomy is based mainly on the following databases: WorldRegister of Marine Species (WoRMS, http://www.marinespecies.org), the database of ter-restrial, marine and freshwater alga “AlgaeBase” (http://www.algaebase.org), the plant speciesdatabase “The Plant List” of the Kew Botanical Garden (http://www.theplantlist.org) and thebacterial database “Bacterial Diversity” of the Leibnitz Institute DSMZ-German Collection ofMicroorganisms and Cell Cultures (https://www.dsmz.de).

We dedicate this book to all past, present and future Baltic Marine Biologists to honour allthose people on whose work the contents of this book are based and to provide a strongencouragement to new generations of scientists who will discover things about the Baltic Seawe do not yet know today.

Stockholm, Sweden Pauline Snoeijs-LeijonmalmRostock, Germany Hendrik SchubertSzczecin, Poland Teresa Radziejewska

viii Preface

Editors

Pauline Snoeijs-Leijonmalm is Professor of Marine Ecology atStockholm University, Sweden. Her research interests are biodi-versity and food-web interactions. Since 1982 she has worked onthe coastal and pelagic systems of the Baltic Sea and also since2002 on sea-ice ecology in the Central Arctic Ocean. For morethan 25 years she has taught courses on Baltic Sea ecology at theUniversities of Uppsala and Stockholm.

Hendrik Schubert is Professor of Aquatic Ecology at theUniversity of Rostock, Germany. His research interest is brackishwater ecology with a focus on the ecophysiology of autotrophs.Since 1998 he has also been working on the biogeography ofaquatic macrophytes, exploiting their potential for bioindicationof the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems. He has taughtaquatic ecology at the Universities of Greifswald and Rostock forover 20 years.

Teresa Radziejewska is Associate Professor at the Faculty ofGeosciences, University of Szczecin, Poland. Her researchinterests are centred on the ecology and diversity of benthiccommunities, with a particular focus on the meiobenthos, indifferent habitats (from coastal waters to deep-sea areas) as wellas on bentho-pelagic couplings, environmental monitoring andconservation issues.

ix

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all those who helped us to achieve this book, the publication of which hasrequired the assistance and comments of many contributors. First of all, we wish toacknowledge the assistance of Martine van Bezooijen from Springer who enthusiasticallysupported the idea of compiling this book and who in the early writing phase met many of theauthors at the 8th Baltic Sea Science Congress in Sankt-Petersburg in 2011. Martine sadly diedin an accident shortly after that. For excellent help in finally realising the book we are gratefulto Judith Terpos and Alexandrine Cheronet from Springer. The editors warmly thank theirspouses, Jorma Leijonmalm, Almuth Schubert and Stefan Matalewski for all their supportprovided in many ways.

Our special thanks go to Kai Myrberg, Ilppo Vuorinen, Kjell Larsson and the studentsof the 2015 course “The Baltic Sea Ecosystem” (10 ECTS), taught by Erik Bonsdorff andChristoffer Boström at Åbo Akademi University, for excellent comments on various aspectsof the book’s manuscript, and to Ezra Alexander, Centre for Academic English at StockholmUniversity, for carefully checking the grammar.

Our thanks also go to the following colleagues for their constructive criticism whenreviewing the chapters during the various stages of editing: Eyvind Aas, Jerzy Bolałek, ErikBonsdorff, Angel Borja, Christoffer Boström, Deborah Bronk, David Delaney, ChristianeFenske, Valentina Galtsova, Rolf Gradinger, Helena Höglander, Marianne Holmer, HermanHummel, Jeroen Ingels, Jonne Kotta, Christopher Krembs, Erkki Leppäkoski, AntonMcLachlan, Klaus Meiners, Juha Merilä, Felix Müller, Raisa Nikula, Susanne Qvarfordt,David Raffaelli, Karsten Reise, Heye Rumohr, Doris Schiedek, Michael Tedengren, BrygidaWawrzyniak-Wydrowska, Rutger de Wit, Zbigniew Witek.

We acknowledge the following organisations for the use of data and figures in severalchapters of the book: the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM), theInternational Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), the Swedish Meteorological andHydrological Institute (SMHI), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA),and the Baltic Nest Institute (BNI), which has developed and maintains the Baltic Environ-mental Database (BED) as one of the core facilities funded by the Swedish Agency for Marineand Water Management. The full list of organisations that have contributed to BED is found athttp://nest.su.se/bed/

The following 86 photographers have generously made available 556 photographs for thisbook: Elinor Andrén (8 photographs), Piotr Bałazy (11), Ulf Bergström (5), Wolfgang Bet-tighofer (1), Claes Björkholm (1), Irmgard Blindow (2), Erik Bonsdorff (2), Michael Borgiel(1), Christoffer Boström (3), Jan-Erik Bruun (1), Martynas Bučas (1), Gertrud Cronberg (2),Sven Dahlke (1), Piotr Domaradzki (1), Finnish Coast Guard (1), Jens Gercken (2), AntjeGerloff (1), Stephan Gollasch (7), Andrey Gusev (1), Camilla Gustafsson (2), Regina Hansen(41), Regina Hansen and Rainer Bahlo (3), Klaus Hausmann (1), Marianne Hielm Pedersén(1), Annelies Hommersom (1), Helena Höglander (1), Urszula Janas (1), Hans Kautsky (73),Lena Kautsky (1), Lech Kotwicki (1), Susanne Kratzer (1), Anette Küster (1), Maria Laa-manen (2), Matthias Labrenz (1), Kjell Larsson (7), Ilkka Lastumäki (2), Sirpa Lehtinen (2),Maiju Lehtiniemi (1), Teemu Lehtiniemi (1), Tore Lindholm (1), Rafal Michon (1), EkaterinaMironova (2), Gerd Niedzwiedz (2), Lies Van Nieuwerburgh (1), Henn Ojaveer (1), Sergej

xi

Olenin (15), Tiina Palme (1), Svante Pekkari (2), Teresa Radziejewska (5), Janne-MarkusRintala (8), Joanna Rokicka-Praxmajer (4), Sara Rydberg (1), Bernd Sadkowiak (1), SoiliSaesmaa (1), Heide Sandberg (4), Mariusz Sapota (1), Ralf Schaible (1), Ralph Schill (2),Kristian Schoning (2), Dirk Schories (21), Hendrik Schubert (22), Andrius Šiaulys (1), UrsulaSiebert (1), Pauline Snoeijs-Leijonmalm (180), Bo Tallmark (13), Irena Telesh (4), David N.Thomas (6), Anna Ulanova (1), Jacek Urbański (1), Risto Väinölä (5), Jari Uusikivi (2),Brygida Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska (4), Benjamin Weigel (1), Stanislaw Węsławski (3), GaryWife (1), Maria Włodarska-Kowalczuk and Piotr Bałazy (12), Piotr Wysocki (11), IngridWänstrand (1), Anastasija Zaiko (2), as well as the following organisations: the Baltic MarineBiologists (BMB) (1), the European Space Agency (ESA) (1), the German OceanographicMuseum (1), the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) (1), the LeibnitzInstitute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), Warnemünde, Germany (1), Marine Monitoring,Lysekil, Sweden (4), and Uppsala University (6).

Chapter 2: The authors are grateful to Thomas Andrén for valuable comments on an earlydraft of the manuscript. PS acknowledges the support from the Swedish Research CouncilsFormas and VR, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Carl Tryggers Stiftelse förVetenskaplig Forskning and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. EA acknowl-edges the support from the Stockholm County Council. EA dedicates Sect. 2.5 “Geologicaland climatic background” to the memory of Professor Urve Miller for her never-endinginterest in quaternary geology.

Chapter 3: Some of the authors are engaged in the newly formed “Baltic Earth–EarthSystem Science for the Baltic Sea Region” network–the extension of the former BALTEXprogramme–and consider their contributions as part of the network activities. KK acknowl-edges the support from the Polish National Science Centre (Grant UMO-2014/13/D/ST10/01885).

Chapter 4: The author is grateful to Pieter Provoost (OBIS Data Manager, UNESCO), whokindly provided the data used in Table 4.2, and acknowledges the support from the SwedishResearch Councils Formas and VR, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Carl TryggersStiftelse för Vetenskaplig Forskning and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.

Chapter 5: SO and AZ acknowledge the support from Klaipėda University and the project“Development of innovative tools for understanding marine biodiversity and assessing goodenvironmental status” (DEVOTES) of EU FP7 (Grant 308392). ML and AZ acknowledge thesupport from the BONUS project BIO-C3 of EU FP7, the Academy of Finland and theResearch Council of Lithuania. The authors dedicate this chapter to Erkki Leppäkoski, oneof the founders of bioinvasion biology in the Baltic Sea.

Chapter 6: RV acknowledges the support from the Academy of Finland. KJ acknowledgesthe support from the Swedish Research Council Formas, the BONUS projects BaltGene andBambi of EU FP7, and the scientific input from research colleagues in these projects.

Chapter 7: HS, IT and SS prepared this chapter within the framework of the UlrichSchiewer Laboratory for Experimental Aquatic Ecology (the USELab Project). HSacknowledges the support from the German Research Council (Grant Schu 983/5-1). ITacknowledges the support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant15-29-02706). SS acknowledges the support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research(Grant 13-04-00703). MN acknowledges the support from Academy of Finland (Grant258078).

Chapter 8: The authors acknowledge the Swedish Research Council FORMAS, theSwedish research environment ECOCHANGE, the Swedish Research Council, the FinnishEnvironment Institute SYKE and the German Science Foundation (DFG).

Chapter 9: The authors are grateful to Klaus Meiners and Rolf Gradinger for valuablecomments on an early draft of the manuscript. The authors acknowledge the Walter and AndréNottbeck Foundation for supporting much of the research that underpins this chapter. DTacknowledges the support from the Academy of Finland FiDiPro scheme. LT acknowledgesthe support from the Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation (Project 2010357) and the Estonian

xii Acknowledgements

Science Foundation (Project MJD62). MG acknowledges the support from the Academy ofFinland graduate school scheme, Kone Foundation, Walter and Lisi Wahls Stiftelse förNaturvetenskaplig Forskning, Oskar Öflunds Stiftelse and Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation.

Chapter 10: The authors are indebted to numerous colleagues for sharing their experience,knowledge and references that made it possible to cover a wide range of aspects on the deepsoft sediments of the Baltic Sea in this chapter. HELCOM and Alf Norkko generously allowedus to use data and figures. The chapter is in part written within the framework of the BONUSProgramme (Research Projects HYPER, COCOA, BIO-C3) of EU FP7 and the Nordic Centreof Excellence (NorMER). EB acknowledges the support from the Åbo Akademi UniversityEndowment, UJ acknowledges the support from Gdańsk University, TR acknowledges thesupport from the Fund for Statutory Activities of the Palaeoceanology Unit, University ofSzczecin. The authors dedicate this chapter to the memory of one of the Great Men of BalticSea biology, the late Heye Rumohr.

Chapter 11: The authors are grateful to Christoffer Boström for valuable comments on anearly draft of the manuscript. HK acknowledges the support from the Swedish EnvironmentalProtection Agency. PS acknowledges the support from the Swedish Research Council Formas,the Swedish Research Council, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Carl TryggersStiftelse för Vetenskaplig Forskning and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.

Chapter 12: The authors are grateful to Dariusz Wysocki for providing valuable infor-mation regarding seabirds on the southern Baltic Sea coast. TR acknowledges the supportfrom the Fund for Statutory Activities of the Palaeoceanology Unit, University of Szczecin. JKacknowledges the institutional research funding IUT02-20 of the Estonian Research Counciland the BONUS project BIO-C3 of EU FP7 and the Estonian Research Council.

Chapter 13: This chapter was prepared within the framework of the Ulrich SchiewerLaboratory for Experimental Aquatic Ecology (the USELab Project). HS acknowledges thesupport from the German Research Council (Grant Schu 983/5-1). IT acknowledges thesupport from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant 15-29-02706).

Chapter 14: MLZ and AD acknowledge the support from the Federal Agency for NatureConservation (BfN) and the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BS) for the projectsthat partly provided the German data presented in Chapter 14.

Chapter 15: The authors are grateful to Gerald Moore for valuable comments on an earlydraft of the manuscript. SK acknowledges the support from the Swedish National SpaceBoard, the Swedish MISTRA programme, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, theEuropean Space Agency and EU FP5, FP6 and FP7. PK and SS acknowledge the support fromthe EU-project “Satellite Monitoring of the Baltic Sea Environment” (Grant POIG01.01.02-22-011/09).

Chapter 16: CB acknowledges funding from the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority(SSM), the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies, the Swedish Research CouncilFormas, and the EC FP7 projects STAR and COMET.

Chapter 17: The authors are grateful to Janus Larsen (AU-BIOS, Denmark) for assistancewith Fig. 17.1 and Laura Meski (HELCOM Secretariat) for assistance with Figs. 17.2, 17.3and 17.6.

Chapter 18: The authors thank the Baltic Marine Biologists (BMB) and the InternationalCouncil for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) for providing the photographs of their meetingsin 1968 and 1904, respectively, in Box 18.1. JH acknowledges the support from the PolishMinistry of Science and Higher Education.

Acknowledgements xiii

Contents

Part I The Baltic Sea environment

1 Brackish water as an environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Hendrik Schubert, Dirk Schories, Bernd Schneider, and Uwe Selig

2 Why is the Baltic Sea so special to live in?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Pauline Snoeijs-Leijonmalm and Elinor Andrén

Part II Ecological processes in the Baltic Sea

3 Biogeochemical cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Bernd Schneider, Olaf Dellwig, Karol Kuliński, Anders Omstedt, Falk Pollehne,Gregor Rehder, and Oleg Savchuk

4 Patterns of biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Pauline Snoeijs-Leijonmalm

5 Biological invasions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Sergej Olenin, Stephan Gollasch, Maiju Lehtiniemi, Mariusz Sapota,and Anastasija Zaiko

6 Genetic diversity and evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Risto Väinölä and Kerstin Johannesson

7 Physiological adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Hendrik Schubert, Irena Telesh, Mikko Nikinmaa, and Sergei Skarlato

Part III Subsystems of the Baltic Sea ecosystem

8 The pelagic food web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Agneta Andersson, Timo Tamminen, Sirpa Lehtinen, Klaus Jürgens,Matthias Labrenz, and Markku Viitasalo

9 Life associated with Baltic Sea ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333David N. Thomas, Hermanni Kaartokallio, Letizia Tedesco, Markus Majaneva,Jonna Piiparinen, Eeva Eronen-Rasimus, Janne-Markus Rintala, Harri Kuosa,Jaanika Blomster, Jouni Vainio, and Mats A. Granskog

10 Deep soft seabeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Urszula Janas, Erik Bonsdorff, Jan Warzocha, and Teresa Radziejewska

11 The phytobenthic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Hans Kautsky, Georg Martin, and Pauline Snoeijs-Leijonmalm

12 Sandy coasts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457Teresa Radziejewska, Jonne Kotta, and Lech Kotwicki

13 Estuaries and coastal lagoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483Hendrik Schubert and Irena Telesh

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Part IV Monitoring and ecosystem-based management of the Baltic Sea

14 Biological indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513Michael L. Zettler, Alexander Darr, Matthias Labrenz, Sigrid Sagert, Uwe Selig,Ursula Siebert, and Nardine Stybel

15 Bio-optical water quality assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527Susanne Kratzer, Piotr Kowalczuk, and Sławomir Sagan

16 Chemical pollution and ecotoxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547Kari K. Lehtonen, Anders Bignert, Clare Bradshaw, Katja Broeg,and Doris Schiedek

17 Ecosystem health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589Maria Laamanen, Samuli Korpinen, Ulla Li Zweifel, and Jesper H. Andersen

18 Ecosystem goods, services and management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609Jan Marcin Węsławski, Eugeniusz Andrulewicz, Christoffer Boström,Jan Horbowy, Tomasz Linkowski, Johanna Mattila, Sergej Olenin,Joanna Piwowarczyk, and Krzysztof Skóra

Subject index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

Taxonomy index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

xvi Contents

Chapter authors and box authors

Jesper H. Andersen NIVA Denmark Water Research, Copenhagen, Denmark

Agneta Andersson Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University,Umeå, Sweden

Åsa Andersson World Wildlife Fund, Ulriksdals Slott, Solna, Sweden

Eugeniusz Andrulewicz National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland

Elinor Andrén School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies,Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden

Thomas Andrén School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies,Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden

Birgitta Bergman Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, StockholmUniversity/Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden

Lena Bergström Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, SwedishUniversity of Agricultural Sciences, Öregrund, Sweden

Anders Bignert Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden

Jaanika Blomster Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Turku,Finland

Erik Bonsdorff Faculty of Science and Engineering, Environmental and Marine Biology,Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland

Christoffer Boström Faculty of Science and Engineering, Environmental and Marine Biol-ogy, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland

Clare Bradshaw Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, StockholmUniversity, Stockholm, Sweden

Katja Broeg Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Alexander Darr Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany

Olaf Dellwig Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock, Germany

Anna Edlund J. Craig Venter Institute, California, USA

Martin Ekman Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, StockholmUniversity/Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden

Eeva Eronen-Rasimus Marine Research Centre Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki,Finland

Stephan Gollasch Gollasch Consulting (GoConsult), Hamburg, Germany

Mats A. Granskog Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

xvii

Regina Hansen Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany

Marianne Hielm-Pedersén Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences,Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Jan Horbowy National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland

Karolina Ininbergs Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, StockholmUniversity/Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden

Urszula Janas Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland

Kerstin Johannesson Department of Marine Sciences-Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg,Strömstad, Sweden

Veijo Jormalainen Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Klaus Jürgens Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany

Hermanni Kaartokallio Marine Research Centre Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki,Finland

Hans Kautsky Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, StockholmUniversity, Stockholm, Sweden

Samuli Korpinen Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Jonne Kotta Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Tallinn, Estonia

Lech Kotwicki Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

Piotr Kowalczuk Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

Susanne Kratzer Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, StockholmUniversity, Stockholm, Sweden

Karol Kuliński Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

Harri Kuosa Marine Research Centre Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Maria Laamanen Ministry of the Environment, Government, Finland

Matthias Labrenz Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Rostock,Germany

Kjell Larsson Linnaeus University, Kalmar Maritime Academy, Kalmar, Sweden

Sirpa Lehtinen Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Maiju Lehtiniemi Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Kari K. Lehtonen Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Tomasz Linkowski National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland

Markus Majaneva Department of Natural History, Norwegian University of Science andTechnology, Trondheim, Norway

Georg Martin Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Tallinn, Estonia

Johanna Mattila Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, SwedishUniversity of Agricultural Sciences, Öregrund, Sweden

Pauli Merriman World Wildlife Fund, Ulriksdals Slott, Solna, Sweden

Kai Myrberg Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland

xviii Chapter authors and box authors

Mikko Nikinmaa Department of Biology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University ofTurku, Turku, Finland

Raisa Nikula Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Sergej Olenin Marine Science and Technology Center, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda,Lithuania

Jens Olsson Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, SwedishUniversity of Agricultural Sciences, Öregrund, Sweden

Anders Omstedt Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg,Sweden

Jonna Piiparinen Marine Research Centre Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Joanna Piwowarczyk Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

Falk Pollehne Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock, Germany

Teresa Radziejewska Faculty of Geosciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland

Gregor Rehder Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock, Germany

Janne-Markus Rintala Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki,Turku, Finland

Sara Rydberg Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, StockholmUniversity, Stockholm, Sweden

Sławomir Sagan Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

Sigrid Sagert Forschungszentrum Jülich, Rostock, Germany

Mariusz Sapota Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland

Oleg Savchuk Baltic Nest Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Doris Schiedek DONG Energy Wind Power, Gentofte, Denmark

Bernd Schneider Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock, Germany

Dirk Schories Instituto de Biologia Marina, Campus Isla Teja, Universidad Austral de Chile,Valdivia, Chile

Hendrik Schubert Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock,Germany

Uwe Selig Forschungszentrum Jülich, Rostock, Germany

Outi Setälä Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland

Ursula Siebert Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University ofVeterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Büsum, Germany

Kaarina Sivonen Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Hel-sinki, Helsinki, Finland

Sergei Skarlato Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Sankt-Petersburg, Russia

Krzysztof Skóra University of Gdańsk, Hel, Poland

Pauline Snoeijs-Leijonmalm Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences,Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Chapter authors and box authors xix

Nardine Stybel Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany

Timo Tamminen Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Letizia Tedesco Marine Research Centre Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Irena Telesh Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sankt-Petersburg,Russia

David N. Thomas School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Anglesey, UK

Ottilia Thoreson World Wildlife Fund, Ulriksdals Slott, Solna, Sweden

Jouni Vainio Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Markku Viitasalo Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Ilppo Vuorinen University of Turku, Archipelago Research Institute, Turku, Finland

Risto Väinölä Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Jan Warzocha Department of Oceanography and Marine Ecology, Sea Fisheries Institute,Gdynia, Poland

Jan Marcin Węsławski Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

Anastasija Zaiko Marine Science and Technology Centre, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda,Lithuania

Michael L. Zettler Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock-Warnemünde,Germany

Ulla Li Zweifel Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment, Göteborg, Sweden

xx Chapter authors and box authors

Abbreviations

ADP Adenosine DiphosphateAIS Automatic Identification SystemAOP Apparent Optical PropertiesATP Adenosine TriphosphateBDE Brominated Diphenyl EthersBFR Brominated Flame RetardantsBMAA b-Methylamino-L-AlanineBMB Baltic Marine BiologistsBMG Baltic Marine GeologistsBMP Baltic Monitoring Programme (HELCOM)BNI Baltic Nest InstituteBOLD Barcode of Life DatabaseBP Before PresentBPL Biopollution Level IndexBQI Benthic Quality IndexBRP Biological Reference PointsBSAP Baltic Sea Action Plan (HELCOM)BSASD Baltic Sea Alien Species DatabaseBSII Baltic Sea Impact Index (HELCOM)BSPI Baltic Sea Pressure Index (HELCOM)BSRAC Baltic Sea Advisory Council (EU)BSSC Baltic Sea Science Congress (BMB, CBO,

BMG)BTA Biological Traits AnalysisBWQD Bathing Water Quality Directive (EU)CART Country-Allocated Reduction TargetsCAS Chemical Abstracts Service (American

Chemical Society)CBD Convention on Biological DiversityCBO Conferences of Baltic OceanographersCDOM Coloured Dissolved Organic MatterCEC Contaminants of Emerging ConcernCFD Computational Fluid DynamicsCFP Common Fisheries Policy (EU)CHASE Hazardous Substances Status Assessment Tool

(HELCOM)Chl a Chlorophyll aCI Condition IndexCOI Cytochrome c Oxidase ICWA Chemical Warfare AgentsDDE DichlorodiphenyldichloroethyleneDDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

DIC Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (CT)DIN Dissolved Inorganic NitrogenDIP Dissolved Inorganic PhosphorusDOC Dissolved Organic CarbonDOM Dissolved Organic MatterDON Dissolved organic nitrogenDPSIR Driving Force-Pressure-State Impact-Response

IndicatorDSi Dissolved Silicadw dry weightEAC Environmental Assessment CriteriaEBM Ecosystem-Based ManagementECHA European Chemicals Agency (EU)EDA Effect-Directed AnalysisEDC Endocrine Disrupting ChemicalsEEZ Exclusive Economic ZoneEQR Ecological Quality RatioERA European Research Area (EU)ESA European Space AgencyESG Ecosystem GoodsESS Ecosystem ServicesEU European UnionFWE Food Web EfficiencyGES Good Environmental StatusGIS Geographic Information SystemsHBCDD HexabromocyclododecaneHD Habitats Directive (EU)HEAT HELCOM Eutrophication Assessment ToolHELCOM Helsinki Commission, Baltic Marine

Environment Protection CommissionHIF Hypoxia-Inducible FactorHIS Health Status Index (HELCOM)HNF Heterotrophic NanoflagellatesHOC Hydrophobic Organic CompoundsHPLC High-Performance Liquid ChromatographyHSP Heat Shock ProteinsIAS Invasive Alien SpeciesIBAS Integrated Biomarker Assessment ScoreIBAT Integrated Biomarker Assessment ToolIBR Integrated Biomarker ResponseIBSFC International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission

(1974–2005)

xxi

ICES International Council for the Exploration of theSea

ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone ManagementIMO International Maritime Organization (UN)IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

(UNESCO)IOP Inherent Optical PropertiesIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(WMO and UNEP)ISUM Integrated Sea Use ManagementLC Liquid ChromatographyLME Large Marine EcosystemsLOEC Lowest Observed Effect ConcentrationLOQ Limit of QuantificationLPO Lipid Peroxidationlw lipid weightMA Millennium Ecosystem AssessmentMAAs Mycosporine-like Amino AcidsMAI Maximum Allowable InputsMARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of

Pollution from Ships (IMO)MBI Major Baltic InflowMDS Multi-Dimensional ScalingMN MicronucleiMS Mass SpectrometryMSFD Marine Strategy Framework Directive (EU)MSP Marine Spatial PlanningMSY Maximum Sustainable YieldNAO North Atlantic OscillationNASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

(United States Federal Government)NBS National Bureau of Standards (United States

Department of Commerce)NGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNGS Next-Generation SequencingNIS Non-Indigenous SpeciesNOEC No Observed Effect concentrationNPQ Non-Photochemical QuenchingOBIS Ocean Biogeographic Information System

(UNESCO)OM Organic MatterOSPAR Oslo-Paris Convention for the Protection of the

Marine Environment of the North-East AtlanticOTU Operational Taxonomic UnitPAH Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonsPAR Photosynthetically Active (or “Available”)

RadiationPCB Polychlorinated BiphenylsPCI Penis Classification IndexPEC Predicted Effect ConcentrationPFAA Perfluorinated alkyl acidsPFOS Perfluorooctane Sulfonate

PNEC Predicted No-Effect ConcentrationPOC Particulate Organic CarbonPOM Particulate Organic MatterPOP Persistent Organic PollutantsPSI Photosystem IPSII Photosystem IIPSS Practical Salinity ScalePSU Practical Salinity UnitsQTL Quantitative Trait LociREACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and

Restriction of Chemical Substances (EU)ROS Reactive Oxygen SpeciesRPD Redox Potential DiscontinuitySBL Safe Biological LimitsSCUBA Self-Contained Underwater Breathing ApparatusSMHI Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological

InstituteSNP Single Nucleotide PolymorphismSOD Superoxide DismutaseSPIM Suspended Particulate Inorganic MatterSPM Suspended Particulate MatterSPOM Suspended Particulate Organic MatterSSB Spawning Stock BiomassSTECF Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee

for Fisheries (EU)syn. synonymTA Total alkalinity (AT)TAC Total Allowable Catch (EU)TBT TributyltinTEEB The Economics of Ecosystems and

Biodiversity (UNEP)TIE Toxicity Identification and Evaluation (United

States Environmental Protection Agency)TOSC Total Oxygen-Scavenging CapacityUN United NationsUNCHE United Nations Conference on the Human

EnvironmentUNCLOS United Nations Convention of the Law of the

SeaUNCED United Nations Conference on Environment

and DevelopmentUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural OrganizationVHC Volatile HalocarbonVSF Volume Scattering FunctionWFD Water Framework Directive (EU)WHO World Health Organization (UN)WMO World Meteorological Organization (UN)ww wet weight (fresh weight)WWF World Wildlife FundWWTP Wastewater Treatment Plants

xxii Abbreviations

List of genera and species with author names

Abra alba (Wood 1802)Abramis brama (Linnaeus 1758)Abramis Cuvier 1816Acanthocorbis Hara & Takahashi 1984Acanthocorbis cf. apoda (Leadbeater) Hara & Takahashi1984Acanthocorbis cf. asymmetrica (Thomsen) Hara & Takahashi1984Acartia Dana 1846Acartia bifilosa (Giesbrecht 1881)Acartia longiremis (Liljeborg 1853)Acartia tonsa Dana 1849Achnanthes brevipes var. intermedia (Kützing) Cleve 1895Achnanthes taeniata Grunow 1880Acinetobacter Brisou & Prévot 1954Acipenser baerii Brandt 1869Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt & Ratzeburg 1833Acipenser oxyrinchus Mitchill 1815Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus 1758Acipenser sturio Linnaeus 1758Acrosiphonia centralis (Lyngbye) Kjellman 1893Actinocyclus Ehrenberg 1837Actinocyclus octonarius Ehrenberg 1837Aegagropila linnaei Kützing 1843Aeolidia papillosa (Linnaeus 1761)Aglaothamnion halliae (Collins) Aponte et al. 1997Ahnfeltia plicata (Hudson) Fries 1836Akashiwo sanguinea (Hirasaka) Hansen & Moestrup inDaugbjerg et al. 2000Alca torda Linnaeus 1758Alexandrium minutum Halim 1960Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Balech & Tangen 1985Alisma wahlenbergii (Holmberg) Juzepczuk 1933Alosa alosa (Linnaeus 1758)Alosa fallax (Lacepède 1803)Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson 1811)Ameira divagans Nicholls 1939Ammodytes tobianus Linnaeus 1758Amoeba Ehrenberg 1830Ampelisca Krøyer 1842Amphibalanus improvisus (Darwin 1854)Amphiura Forbes 1843Amphora Ehrenberg ex Kützing 1844

Amphora pediculus (Kützing) Grunow ex A. Schmidt 1875Anabaena Bory ex Bornet & Flahault 1886Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus 1758Ancistrumina limnica Raabe 1947Ancylus fluviatilis Müller 1774Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus 1758)Anguillicoloides crassus (Kuwahara et al. 1974)Anisus leucostoma (Millet 1813)Anodonta Lamarck 1799Antithamnion boreale (Gobi) Kjellman 1883Antomicron Cobb 1920Apedinella radians (Lohmann) Campbell 1973Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex Bornet & Flahault 1886Aphanizomenon Morren ex Bornet & Flahault 1888Aphanothece clathrata West & G.S. West 1906Aphanothece paralleliformis Cronberg 2003Arctica islandica (Linnaeus 1767)Ardea cinerea Linnaeus 1758Arenicola marina (Linnaeus 1758)Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson 1845)Artemia Leach 1819Ascolaimus Ditlevsen 1919Ascophyllum Stackhouse 1809Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis 1863Askenasia cf. stellaris Blochmann 1895Aspidogaster von Baer 1826Asplanchna Gosse 1850Astarte Sowerby 1816Astarte borealis (Schumacher 1817)Asterias Linnaeus 1758Asterias rubens Linnaeus 1758Aulacoseira islandica (Otto Müller) Simonsen 1979Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus 1758)Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus 1758)Aythya marila (Linnaeus 1761)Bacillus Cohn 1872Bacteroides Castellani & Chalmers 1919 emend.Shah & Collins 1989Balanion Wulff 1919Balanion comatum Wulff 1922Balanus crenatus Bruguière 1789Balanus improvisus Darwin 1854Baltidrilus costatus (Claparède 1863)

(including some frequently used synonyms, for synonymy see text)

xxiii

Bangia atropurpurea (Mertens ex Roth) C.A. Agardh 1824Bathyporeia pilosa Lindström 1855Batillipes mirus Richters 1909Battersia Reinke ex Batters 1890Battersia arctica (Harvey) Draisma et al. 2010Beggiatoa Trevisan 1842Berkeleya Greville 1827Berkeleya rutilans (Trentepohl ex Roth) Grunow 1880Beroe Browne 1756Beroe gracilis Künne 1939Biecheleria baltica Moestrup et al. 2009Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus 1758)Bolinopsis Agassiz 1860Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot 1891Bosmina Baird 1845Bosmina longispina subsp. maritima (P.E. Müller 1867)Branta canadensis (Linnaeus 1758)Brebissonia lanceolata (C.A. Agardh) Mahoney & Reimer1984Brissopsis Agassiz 1840Brongniartella byssoides (Goodenough & Woodward)Schmitz 1893Buccinum undatum Linnaeus 1758Bucephala clangula (Linnaeus 1758)Bucephalus polymorphus von Baer 1827Bursaria O.F. Müller 1773Bylgides sarsi (Kinberg in Malmgren 1866)Calanus Leach 1816Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus 1770)Calidris alpina (Linnaeus 1758)Calliacantha natans (Grøntved) Leadbeater 1978Calliacantha simplex Manton & Oates 1979Callitriche Linnaeus 1753Callitriche hermaphroditica Linnaeus 1755Calocaris macandreae Bell 1853Caloplaca Th. Fries 1860Calothrix C.A. Agardh ex Bornet & Flahault 1886Calothrix scopulorum C.A. Agardh ex Bornet & Flahault1886Campylodiscus clypeus (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg ex Kützing1844Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus Konneke et al. 2005Candona neglecta G.O. Sars 1887Canthocamptus Westwood 1836Capitella capitata (Fabricius 1780)Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758)Carassius gibelio (Bloch 1782)Carcinus Leach 1814Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus 1758)Catostomus catostomus (Forster 1773)Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C.A. Agardh 1817Centropages hamatus (Liljeborg 1853)Centropages typicus Krøyer 1849Cepphus grylle (Linnaeus 1758)

Ceramium Roth 1797Ceramium diaphanum (Lightfoot) Roth 1806Ceramium rubrum C.A. Agardh 1811Ceramium tenuicorne (Kützing) Wærn 1952Ceramium virgatum Roth 1797Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret 1789)Cerataulina H. Peragallo ex Schütt 1896Cerataulina pelagica (Cleve) Hendey 1937Ceratium Schrank 1793Ceratium fusus (Ehrenberg) Dujardin 1841Ceratium lineatum (Ehrenberg) Cleve 1899Ceratium tripos (O.F. Müller) Nitzsch 1817Ceratophyllum demersum Linnaeus 1753Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov 1891)Chaetoceros Ehrenberg 1844Chaetoceros castracanei Karsten 1905Chaetoceros holsaticus Schütt 1895Chaetoceros mitra (Bailey) Cleve 1896Chaetoceros neogracilis Van Landingham 1968Chaetoceros wighamii Brightwell 1856Chaetogammarus ischnus (Stebbing 1899)Chaetogammarus warpachowskyi (G.O. Sars 1897)Chaetomorpha linum (O.F. Müller) Kützing 1845Chalinula limbata (Montagu 1814)Chamaepinnularia margaritiana (Witkowski)Witkowski 1996Chara Linnaeus 1753Chara aspera Willdenow 1809Chara baltica Bruzelius 1824Chara buckellii Allen 1951Chara canescens Loiseleur 1810Chara connivens Salzmann ex Braun 1835Chara corallina Klein ex Willdenow 1805Chara horrida Wahlstedt 1862Chara tomentosa Linnaeus 1753Chara vulgaris Linnaeus 1753Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus 1758Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus 1758Chelicorophium curvispinum (G.O. Sars 1895)Chlamydomonas Ehrenberg 1833Chlamydomonas raudensis Ettl 1976Chondrus crispus Stackhouse 1797Chorda filum (Linnaeus) Stackhouse 1797Chroococcus Nägeli 1849Chrysochromulina Lackey 1939Chrysochromulina birgeri Hällfors & Niemi 1974Chydorus Leach 1843Ciona Fleming 1822Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus 1767)Cladophora Kützing 1843Cladophora aegagropila (Linnaeus) Trevisan 1845Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing 1843Cladophora rupestris (Linnaeus) Kützing 1843Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus 1758)

xxiv List of genera and species with author names

Clithrocytheridea sorbyana (Jones 1857) Schweyer 1949Clupea harengus Linnaeus 1758Clupea harengus subsp. membras Wulf 1765Cocconeis Ehrenberg 1836Cocconeis pediculus Ehrenberg 1838Coccotylus truncatus (Pallas) Wynne & Heine 1992Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889Codosiga Clark 1866Coelosphaerium minutissimum Lemmermann 1900Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes (Thuret ex Gomont) Sieges-mund et al. 2008Colpomenia peregrina Sauvageau 1927Colwellia Deming et al. 1988Conchophthirus acuminatus (Claparède & Lachmann 1858)Corallina officinalis Linnaeus 1758Corbula gibba (Olivi 1792)Cordylophora caspia (Pallas 1771)Coregonus Linnaeus 1758Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus 1758)Coregonus maraena (Bloch 1779)Cornigerius maeoticus (Pengo 1879)Corophium volutator (Pallas 1766)Coscinodiscus granii Gough 1905Coscinodiscus wailesii Gran & Angst 1931Cosmoeca Thomsen 1984Cottus gobio Linnaeus 1758Crangon crangon (Linnaeus 1758)Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg 1793)Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus 1758)Cribroelphidium excavatum (Terquem 1875)Cryothecomonas Thomsen et al. 1991Cryothecomonas aestivalis Drebes et al. 1996Cryothecomonas armigera Thomsen et al. 1991Cryothecomonas longipes Schnepf & Kühn 2000Ctenolabrus rupestris (Linnaeus 1758)Ctenophora pulchella (Ralfs ex Kützing) Williams & Round1986Cyanea capillata (Linnaeus 1758)Cyanea lamarckii Péron & Lesueur 1810Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill 1994Cyclidium O.F. Müller 1773Cyclops Müller O.F. 1785Cyclopterus lumpus Linnaeus 1758Cygnus olor (Gmelin 1789)Cymbomonas tetramitiformis Schiller 1913Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758Cytheropteron montrosiense Brady Crosskey & Robertson1874Cytherura gibba (Mueller 1785) G.O. Sars 1866Cytophaga Winogradsky 1929 emend. Nakagawa & Yama-sato 1996Dactyliosolen fragilissimus (Bergon) Hasle in Hasle &Syvertsen 1996Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822)

Daphnia O.F. Müller 1785Daptonema Cobb 1920Dasya baillouviana (Gmelin) Montagne in Barker-Webb &Berthelot 1841Dasysiphonia japonica (Yendo) Kim 2012Debaryomyces (Zopf) Lodder & Kreger-van Rij 1984Debaryomyces hansenii (Zopf) Lodder & Kreger-van Rij1984Delesseria sanguinea (Hudson) Lamouroux 1813Dendrodoa grossularia (Van Beneden 1846)Deshayesorchestia deshayesii (Audouin 1826)Desulfovibrio Kluyver & van Niel 1936 emend. Loubinouxet al. 2002Diaphanoeca grandis Ellis 1930Diaphanoeca sphaerica Thomsen 1982Diastylis rathkei (Krøyer 1841)Diatoma bottnica Snoeijs in Snoeijs & Potatova 1998Diatoma constricta (Grunow) Williams 1985Diatoma vulgaris Bory 1824Dichromadora Kreis 1929Dictyocha speculum Ehrenberg 1839Dictyosiphon chordaria Areschoug 1847Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus (Hudson) Greville 1830Dictyosphaerium Nägeli 1849Didinium Stein 1859Didinium gargantua Meunier 1910Dilsea carnosa (Schmidel) Kuntze 1898Dinobryon Ehrenberg 1834Dinophysis Ehrenberg 1839Dinophysis acuminata Claparède & Lachmann 1859Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg 1839Dinophysis norvegica Claparède & Lachmann 1859Dinophysis rotundata Claparède & Lachmann 1859Ditylum brightwellii (West) Grunow in Van Heurck 1885Dolichospermum Thwaites 1850Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas 1771)Drepanocladus Müller Halle 1898Dumontia contorta (Gmelin) Ruprecht 1850Ebria tripartita (Schumann) Lemmermann 1899Echiniscoides sigismundi (Schultze 1865)Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart 1863Ecrobia ventrosa (Montagu 1803)Ectocarpus Lyngbye 1819Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye 1819Einhornia crustulenta (Pallas 1766)Elachista fucicola (Velley) Areschoug 1842Electra crustulenta (Pallas 1766)Ellerbeckia arenaria (Moore ex Ralfs) Crawford 1988Elodea canadensis Michaux 1803Elphidium excavatum (Terquem 1875)Embletonia pallida Alder & Hancock 1854Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay & Mohler in Hay et al.1967Encyonema Kützing 1834

List of genera and species with author names xxv

Encyonema silesiacum (Bleisch) Mann in Round et al. 1990Enoplolaimus de Man 1893Ensis Schumacher 1817Ensis directus (Conrad 1843)Enterococcus (ex Thiercelin & Jouhaud 1903) Schleifer &Kilpper-Bälz 1984Enteromorpha ahlneriana Bliding 1944Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh 1883Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees 1820Ephydatia fluviatilis (Linnaeus 1759)Ephydra Fallén 1810Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben 1777)Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne Edwards 1853Escherichia Castellani & Chalmers 1919Escherichia coli (Migula 1895) Castellani & Chalmers 1919Esox lucius Linnaeus 1758Eubosmina coregoni subsp. maritima (P.E. Müller 1867)Eucheuma denticulatum (Burman) Collins & Hervey 1917Eudesme virescens (Carmichael ex Berkeley) J. Agardh1882Eunotia Ehrenberg 1837Euplotes O.F. Müller 1786Eurotium Link 1809Eurotium rubrum König et al. 1901Eurytemora Giesbrecht 1881Eurytemora affinis (Poppe 1880)Evadne Lovén 1836Evadne anonyx G.O. Sars 1897Evadne nordmanni Lovén 1836Fallacia tenera (Hustedt) Mann in Round et al. 1990Fejervarya cancrivora (Gravenhorst 1829)Fissidens fontanus Steudel 1824Flavobacterium Bergey et al. 1923 emend. Bernardet et al.1996 emend. Dong et al. 2013 emend. Kang et al.2013 emend. Kuo et al. 2013Flavobacterium gelidilacus Van Trappen et al. 2003 emend.Joung et al. 2013Fontinalis Hedwig 1801Fontinalis antipyretica Hedwig 1801Fontinalis dalecarlica Bruch & Schimper in B.S.G. 1846Fragillariopsis cylindrus (Grunow) Helmcke & Krieger1954Fritillaria borealis Lohmann 1896Fucellia tergina (Zetterstedt 1845)Fucus Linnaeus 1753Fucus cottonii Wynne & Magne 1991Fucus evanescens C.A. Agardh 1820Fucus radicans Bergström & Kautsky in Bergström et al.2005Fucus serratus Linnaeus 1753Fucus spiralis Linnaeus 1753Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus 1753Fulica atra Linnaeus 1758Furcellaria lumbricalis (Hudson) Lamouroux 1813Gadus morhua Linnaeus 1758

Gammarus Fabricius 1775Gammarus duebeni Liljeborg 1852Gammarus locusta (Linnaeus 1758)Gammarus oceanicus Segerstråle 1947Gammarus salinus Spooner 1947Gammarus tigrinus Sexton 1939Gammarus zaddachi Sexton 1912Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1758Gavia arctica (Linnaeus 1758)Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan 1763)Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin 1789)Gloeocapsa crepidinum (Thuret) Thuret 1876Gloeocapsopsis crepidinum (Thuret) Geitler ex Komárek1993Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebbing 1899)Gobius niger Linnaeus 1758Gomphonema Ehrenberg 1932Gomphonema olivaceum (Hornemann) Brébisson 1838Goniomonas Stein 1878Gracilaria Greville 1830Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss 1967Graphiola Poitou 1824Graphiola phoenicis (Mougeot) Poiteau 1824Gymnocephalus cernuus (Linnaeus 1758)Gymnodinium Stein 1878Gymnodinium catenatum Graham 1943Gymnodinium corollarium Sundström et al. in Sundströmet al. 2009Gyraulus acronicus (Férussac 1807)Gyrodinium Kofoid & Swezy 1921Gyrodinium fusiforme Kofoid & Swezy 1921Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow 1844Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus 1758Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus 1758)Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius 1791)Haliclona limbata (Montagu 1814)Haliclona oculata (Linnaeus 1759)Halicryptus spinulosus von Siebold 1849Halidrys siliquosa (Linnaeus) Lyngbye 1819Halosiphon tomentosus (Lyngbye) Jaasund 1957Hediste Malmgren 1867Hediste diversicolor (O.F. Müller 1776)Helicostomella Jörgensen 1924Hemimysis anomala G.O. Sars 1907Heterocapsa arctica subsp. frigida Rintala & Hällfors 2010Heterocapsa triquetra (Ehrenberg) Stein 1883Heterocyprideis sorbyana (Jones 1857) Elofson 1941Heterocypris salina (Brady 1868)Heteroleibleinia cf. kützingii (Schmidle) Compère 1986Heteromastus Eisig 1887Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada ex Hara & Chihara1987Hildenbrandia rivularis (Liebmann) J. Agardh 1851Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini 1841Hinia reticulata (Linnaeus 1758)

xxvi List of genera and species with author names

Holophrya Ehrenberg 1831Huso huso (Linnaeus 1758)Hyalella azteca (Saussure 1858)Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant 1777)Hydrobia ventrosa (Montagu 1803)Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Linnaeus 1753Hydrodyction reticulatum (Linnaeus) Bory 1824Hyperoplus lanceolatus (Le Sauvage 1824)Hyphomonas (ex Pongratz 1957) Moore et al. 1984 emend.Weiner et al. 2000 emend. Li et al. 2014Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes 1844)Idotea Fabricius 1798Idotea balthica (Pallas 1772)Idotea chelipes (Pallas 1766)Idotea granulosa Rathke 1843Isoetes echinospora Durieu 1861Isoetes lacustris Linnaeus 1753Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex Silva in Silva et al.1996Karenia mikimotoi (Miyake & Kominami ex Oda) Hansen &Moestrup in Daugbjerg et al. 2000Katablepharis cf. remigera (Vørs) Clay & Kugrens 2000Keratella Bory 1822Keratella cochlearis subsp. baltica (Sokolova 1927)Keratella quadrata (Müller 1786)Keratella quadrata subsp. platei Jägerskiöld 1894Kurtiella bidentata (Montagu 1803)Labyrinthula zosterae Porter & Muehlstein in Muehlstein &Short 1991Lacrymaria Ehrenberg 1830Lacrymaria rostrata Kahl 1935Laminaria saccharina (Linnaeus) Lamouroux 1813Lampetra fluviatilis (Linnaeus 1758)Lamprothamnium papulosum (Wallroth) Groves 1916Lamprothamnium succinctum (Braun) Wood 1962Larus argentatus Pontoppidan 1763Larus canus Linnaeus 1758Larus fuscus Linnaeus 1758Larus marinus Linnaeus 1758Larus ridibundus Linnaeus 1766Lemna Linnaeus 1753Lemna gibba Linnaeus 1753Lemna minor Linnaeus 1753Leptodora kindti (Focke 1844)Leptolaimus elegans (Stekhoven & De Coninck 1933)Gerlach 1958Leptolaimus papilliger de Man 1876Leptolegnia baltica Höhnk & Vallin 1953Leucocryptos marina (Braarud) Butcher 1967Licmophora debilis (Kützing) Grunow ex Van Heurck 1881Licmophora gracilis var. angelica (Kützing) H. Peragallo &M. Peragallo 1901Limanda limanda (Linnaeus 1758)Limnocalanus macrurus G.O. Sars 1863Limnomysis benedeni Czerniavsky 1882

Limosella aquatica Linnaeus 1753Liparis liparis (Linnaeus 1766)Littorella uniflora Bergius 1768Littorina Férussac 1822Littorina littorea (Linnaeus 1758)Littorina saxatilis (Olivi 1792)Lohmaniella Leegaard 1915Loktanella Van Trappen et al. 2004 emend. Moon et al.2010 emend. Lee 2012 emend. Tsubouchi et al. 2013Lumpenus lampretaeformis (Walbaum 1792)Lutra lutra (Linnaeus 1758)Lyngbya aestuarii Liebman ex Gomont 1892Macoma Leach 1819Macoma balthica (Linnaeus 1758)Macoma balthica subsp. rubra (da Costa 1778)Macoma calcarea (Gmelin 1791)Maeotias marginata (Modeer 1791)Manayunkia aestuarina (Bourne 1883)Marenzelleria Mesnil 1896Marenzelleria arctia (Chamberlin 1920)Marenzelleria neglecta Sikorski & Bick 2004Marenzelleria viridis (Verrill 1873)Martyana atomus (Hustedt) Snoeijs 1991Martyana schulzii (Brockmann) Snoeijs 1991Mastogloia Thwaites ex W. Smith 1856Mastogloia baltica Grunow in van Heurck 1880Mastogloia smithii Thwaites ex W. Smith 1856Mastogloia smithii var. amphicephala Grunow in VanHeurck 1880Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars 1857)Melanitta fusca (Linnaeus 1758)Melanitta nigra (Linnaeus 1758)Melosira arctica Dickie 1852Melosira moniliformis (O.F. Müller) C.A. Agardh 1824Mergus serrator Linnaeus 1758Merlangius merlangus (Linnaeus 1758)Mertensia ovum (Fabricius 1780)Mesocyclops G.O. Sars 1914Mesodinium rubrum (Lohmann 1908)Metacystis Cohn 1866Metridium dianthus (Ellis 1768)Micrococcus Cohn 1872 emend. Stackebrandt et al.1995 emend. Wieser et al. 2002Microcystis Beck 1837Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing 1846Microlaimus de Man 1880Mnemiopsis Agassiz 1860Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz 1865Monodinium Fabre-Domergue 1888Monoporeia affinis (Lindström 1855)Monoraphidium contortum (Thuret) Komárková-Legnerováin Fott 1969Monosiga Kent 1878Monostroma Thuret 1854Mustela vison (Schreber 1761)

List of genera and species with author names xxvii

Mya Linnaeus 1758Mya arenaria Linnaeus 1758Myoxocephalus quadricornis (Linnaeus 1758)Myoxocephalus scorpius (Linnaeus 1758)Myrionecta rubra Lohmann 1908Myriophyllum spicatum Linnaeus 1753Mysis Latreille 1802Mysis mixta Liljeborg 1853Mysis relicta Lovén 1862Mysis salemaai Audzijonyte & Väinölä 2005Mysis segerstralei Audzijonyte & Väinölä 2005Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad 1831)Mytilus Linnaeus 1758Mytilus edulis Linnaeus 1758Mytilus trossulus Gould 1850Nais elinguis Müller 1774Najas marina Linnaeus 1753Nannochloropsis limnetica Krienitz et al. 2000Nassarius reticulatus (Linnaeus 1758)Navicula Bory 1822Navicula pelagica Cleve 1896Navicula perminuta Grunow in van Heurck 1880Navicula ramosissima (C.A. Agardh) Cleve 1895Navicula vanhoeffenii Gran 1897Nemalion multifidum (Lyngbye) Chauvin 1842Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas 1814)Neomysis integer (Leach 1814)Neosiphonia harveyi (Bailey) Kim et al. 2001Neovison vison (Schreber 1777)Neptunea antiqua (Linnaeus 1758)Nerophis ophidion (Linnaeus 1758)Nitella C.A. Agardh 1824Nitellopsis obtusa (Desvaux) Groves 1919Nitokra spinipes Boeck 1865Nitrobacter Winogradsky 1892Nitrosomonas Winogradsky 1892Nitrosopumilus maritimus Konneke et al. 2006Nitzschia Hassall 1845Nitzschia frigida Grunow 1880Nitzschia inconspicua Grunow 1862Nitzschia paleacea (Grunow) Grunow in Van Heurck 1881Nitzschia sigmoidea (Nitzsch) W. Smith 1853Nodularia Mertens ex Bornet & Flahault 1886Nodularia baltica Komárek et al.1993Nodularia litorea Thuret ex Komárek et al. 1993Nodularia spumigena Mertens ex Bornet & Flahault 1886Nostoc Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault 1886Nuphar lutea (Linnaeus) Smith 1809Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray 1834Nymphon grossipes (Fabricius 1780)Obesogammarus crassus (G.O. Sars 1894)Odobenus rosmarus (Linnaeus 1758)Odonthalia dentata (Linnaeus) Lyngbye 1819Oikopleura dioica Fol 1872Oithona similis Claus 1866

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum 1792)Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum 1792)Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792)Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus 1766)Oocystis heteromucosa Hegewald in Hegewald et al. 1980Ophiura albida Forbes 1839Ophrydium versatile (Müller 1786) Bory 1824Ophryoglena Ehrenberg 1831Orchestia Leach 1814Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque 1817)Orconectes virilis (Hagen 1870)Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758)Osmundea truncata (Kützing) Nam & Maggs in Nam et al.1994Ostreococcus tauri Courties & Chrétiennot-Dinet 1995Pachysphaera Ostenfeld 1899Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana 1852)Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben 1777)Palaemon Weber 1795Palaemon adspersus Rathke 1837Palaemon elegans Rathke 1837Palaemonetes Heller 1869Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Weber & D. Mohr 1805Paludestrina jenkinsi (Smith 1889)Paracalanus parvus (Claus 1863)Paracyprideis fennica (Hirschmann 1909)Paramacrobiotus richtersi Murray 1911Paramecium O.F. Müller 1773Paramysis lacustris (Czerniavsky 1882)Paraphysomonas De Saedeleer 1930Parlibellus Cox 1988Patella Linnaeus 1758Pauliella Round & Basson 1997Pauliella taeniata (Grunow) Round & Basson 1997Penilia avirostris Dana 1849Pentapharsodinium tyrrhenicum (Balech) Montressor et al.1993Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus 1758Perccottus glenii Dybowski 1877Peridiniella Kofoid & Michener 1911Peridiniella catenata (Levander) Balech 1977Peringia ulvae (Pennant 1777)Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus 1758Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus 1758)Phalacrocorax carbo subsp. sinensis Staunton 1796Phalacroma rotundatum (Claparéde & Lachmann) Kofoid& Michener 1911Phoca groenlandica Erxleben 1777Phoca hispida Schreber 1775Phoca vitulina Linnaeus 1758Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus 1758)Phormidium Kützing ex Gomont 1892Photobacterium Beijerinck 1889Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus 1758)Phragmites australis (Cavanilles) Trinius ex Steudel 1841

xxviii List of genera and species with author names

Phyllodistomum Braun 1899Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) Dixon 1964Phyllophora pseudoceranoides (Gmelin) Newroth & Taylor1971Physa fontinalis (Linnaeus 1758)Pisidium Pfeiffer 1821Planktonema lauterbornii Schmidle 1903Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus 1758)Pleopis Dana 1852Pleopis polyphemoides (Leuckart 1859)Pleurobrachia pileus (O.F. Müller 1776)Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus 1758Pleurosira inusitata (Hohn & Hellerman) Desianti et al.2015Pleurosira laevis fo. polymorpha Compère 1982Plumaria plumosa (Hudson) Kuntze 1891Podiceps auritus (Linnaeus 1758)Podon Liljeborg 1853Podon intermedius Liljeborg 1853Podon leuckartii (G.O. Sars 1862)Polarella glacialis Montresor et al. 1999Polyarthra Ehrenberg 1834Polydora Bosc 1802Polyides rotundus (Hudson) Gaillon 1828Polysiphonia Greville 1823Polysiphonia brodiei (Dillwyn) Sprengel 1827Polysiphonia fibrillosa (Dillwyn) Sprengel 1827Polysiphonia fucoides (Hudson) Greville 1824Polytoma papillatum Pascher 1927Pomatoschistus microps (Krøyer 1838)Pomatoschistus minutus (Pallas 1770)Pontogammarus robustoides (G.O. Sars 1894)Pontoporeia Krøyer 1842Pontoporeia femorata Krøyer 1842Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing 1843Portlandia arctica (Gray 1824)Posidonia König 1805Potamogeton crispus Linnaeus 1753Potamogeton filiformis Persoon 1805Potamogeton pectinatus Linnaeus 1753Potamogeton perfoliatus Linnaeus 1753Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray 1843)Prasiola (C.A. Agardh) Meneghini 1838Praunus flexuosus (Müller 1776)Priapulus caudatus Lamarck 1816Proboscia Sundström 1986Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundström 1986Prorocentrum Ehrenberg 1834Prorocentrum cordatum (Ostenfeld) J. D. Dodge 1975Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg 1834Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) J. Schiller 1933Protaspis Bryant 1933Protoperidinium Bergh 1881Protoperidinium divergens (Ehrenberg) Balech 1974Protoperidinium pentagonum (Gran) Balech 1974

Prymnesium parvum Carter 1937Prymnesium polylepis (Manton & Parke) Edvardsen et al. inEdvardsen et al. 2011Pseudocalanus Boeck 1872Pseudocalanus acuspes (Giesbrecht 1881)Pseudochattonella verruculosa (Hara & Chihara)Tanabe-Hosoi et al. 2007Pseudofallacia tenera (Hustedt) Liu et al. in Liu et al. 2012Pseudolithoderma rosenvingei (Wærn) Lund 1959Pseudomonas Migula 1894 emend. Yang et al. 2013Pseudonitzschia H. Peragallo 1900Pseudosolenia calcar-avis (Schultze) Sundström 1986Pseudostaurosira brevistriata (Grunow) Williams & Round1988Psychromonas Mountfort et al. 1998 emend. Nogi et al.2002Pteropus mariannus Desmarest 1822Pterothamnion plumula (Ellis) Nägeli in Nägeli & Cramer1855Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus 1758)Pusa hispida (Schreber 1775)Pygospio elegans Claparède 1863Pylaiella littoralis (Linnaeus) Kjellman 1872Pyramimonas Schmarda 1849Pyramimonas gelidicola McFadden et al. 1982Quadricilia rotundata (Skuja) Vørs 1992Radix balthica (Linnaeus 1758)Radix labiata (Rossmässler 1835)Radix ovata (Draparnaud 1805)Radix peregra (Müller 1774)Rangia cuneata (Sowerby 1832)Ranunculus fluitans Lamarck 1778Ranunculus palustris Garsault 1764Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould 1841)Rhizosolenia Brightwell 1858Rhodochorton purpureum (Lightfoot) Rosenvinge 1900Rhodomela confervoides (Hudson) Silva 1952Rhodotorula Harrison 1928Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (Jörgensen) Harrison 1928Rhoicospenia abbreviata (C.A. Agardh) Lange-Bertalot1980Rivularia atra Roth ex Bornet & Flahault 1886Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande 1918Ruppia maritima Linnaeus 1753Ruppia spiralis Dumortier 1879Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus 1758)Sabatieria Rouville 1903Sabatieria pulchra (Schneider 1906)Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) Lane et al. 2006Saduria entomon (Linnaeus 1758)Salmo salar Linnaeus 1758Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758)Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus 1758)Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt 1955Sarscypridopsis aculeata (Costa 1847)

List of genera and species with author names xxix

Savillea micropora (Norris) Leadbeater 1975Scagelothamnion pusillum (Ruprecht) Athanasiadis 1996Sclerotium Tode 1790Schizonema C.A. Agardh 1824Scoloplos armiger (Müller 1776)Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus 1758)Scophthalmus rhombus (Linnaeus 1758)Scrippsiella Balech ex Loeblich 1965Scrippsiella hangoei (Schiller) Larsen 1995Scrobicularia plana (da Costa 1778)Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link 1833Serratia Bizio 1823Shewanella MacDonell & Colwell 1986Shewanella baltica Ziemke et al. 1998Shewanella frigidimarina Bowman et al. 1997Skeletonema Greville 1865Skeletonema grevillei Sarno et al. 2005Skeletonema marinoi Sarno et al. 2005Snowella Elenkin 1938Solea solea (Linnaeus 1758)Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus 1758)Spartina anglica Hubb 1978Spermothamnion repens (Dillwyn) Rosenvinge 1924Sphacelaria arctica Harvey 1858Sphaerium Scopoli 1777Sphaerolaimus Bastian 1865Spinachia spinachia (Linnaeus 1758)Spirodela polyrhiza Hegelmaier 1868Spirogyra Link 1820Spirulina Turpin ex Gomont 1892Spongomorpha aeruginosa (Linnaeus) van den Hoek 1963Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus 1758)Spumella Cienkowsky 1870Stephanodiscus neoastraea Håkansson & Hickel 1986Stephanoeca Ellis 1930Sterkiella histriomuscorum (Foissner et al. 1991) Foissneret al. 1991Stictyosiphon tortilis (Gobi) Reinke 1889Strobilidium Schewiakoff 1892Strombidium Claparède & Lachmann 1859Stuckenia filiformis (Persoon) Börner 1912Stuckenia pectinata (Linnaeus) Börner 1902Subularia aquatica Linnaeus 1753Sulfurimonas Inagaki et al. 2003 emend. Takai et al.2006 emend. Labrenz et al. 2013Sulfurimonas gotlandica Labrenz et al. 2013Surirella brebissonii Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1987Synchaeta Ehrenberg 1832Synchaeta baltica Ehrenberg 1834Synchaeta cf. littoralis Rousselet 1902Synechococcus Nägeli 1849Synechocystis Sauvageau 1892Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus 1758

Tabularia tabulata (C.A. Agardh) Snoeijs 1992Talitrus saltator (Montagu 1808)Teleaulax acuta (Butcher) Hill 1991Telonema Griessmann 1913Temora Baird 1850Temora longicornis (O.F. Müller 1785)Tenellia adspersa (Nordmann 1845)Terebellides stroemii M. Sars 1835Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky1902Thalassiosira Cleve 1873Thalassiosira anguste-lineata (A. Schmidt) Fryxell & Hasle1977Thalassiosira baltica (Grunow) Ostenfeld 1901Thalassiosira hyperborea (Grunow) Hasle 1989Thalassiosira hyperborea var. lacunosa (Berg) Hasle 1989Thalassiosira levanderi van Goor 1924Thalassiosira oestrupii (Ostenfeld) Proschkina-Lavrenko exHasle 1960Thalassiosira punctigera (Castracane) Hasle 1983Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus 1758)Thiobacillus Beijerinck 1904Thiomargarita namibiensis Schulz et al. 1999Thymallus thymallus (Linnaeus 1758)Thysanoessa inermis (Krøyer 1846)Tintinnidium Kent 1881Tintinnopsis Stein 1867Tolypella glomerata (Desvaux) Leonhardi 1863Tolypella nidifica (O.F. Müller) Leonhardi 1864Trachelomonas Ehrenberg emend. Deflandre 1926Travisia forbesii Johnston 1840Tryblionella scalaris (Ehrenberg) Siver & Hamilton 2005Tubifex costatus (Claparède 1863)Tubificoides benedii (Udekem 1855)Ulothrix Kützing 1833Ulothrix zonata (Weber & Mohr) Kützing 1843Ulva Linnaeus 1753Ulva flexuosa Wulfen 1803Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus 1753Ulva lactuca Linnaeus 1753Ulva linza Linnaeus 1753Ulvopsis grevillei (Thuret) Gayral 1964Uria aalge (Pontoppidan 1763)Urospora penicilliformis (Roth) Areschoug 1866Ursus maritimus Phipps 1774Urticina felina (Linnaeus 1761)Valvata piscinalis (O.F. Müller 1774)Verrucaria maura Wahlenberg 1803Verrucomicrobium Schlesner 1988Vertebrata lanosa (Linnaeus) Christensen 1967Vibrio Pacini 1854Vorticella Linnaeus 1767Vorticella anabaena Stiller 1940

xxx List of genera and species with author names

Xestoleberis aurantia (Baird 1838)Yoldia arctica (Gray 1824)Zannichellia palustris Linnaeus 1753Zannichellia palustris subsp. pedicellata (Rosén & Wahlen-berg) Hook 1892

Zoarces viviparus (Linnaeus 1758)Zostera Linnaeus 1753Zostera marina Linnaeus 1753Zostera noltei Hornemann 1832

List of genera and species with author names xxxi