Upload
sophia-ryan
View
217
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Biological Impacts on marine organisms in high CO2 world
Yoshihisa ShirayamaSeto Marine Biological
LaboratoryKyoto University
contents
Direct chronic impacts of raised concentration of atmospheric CO2 on shallow water organisms– Adults– Early development
Acute impacts of largely raised concentration of sea-water CO2 on deep-sea organisms due to ocean sequestration– Lethal– Sublethal– Benthic chamber
Estimated pH change of the seawater in AD 2100
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
200 400 600 800 1000
Before the industrial revolution
Present
2100年での大気CO2濃度
予測範囲(IPCCシナリオ IS92a)
pH
PCO2 (ppm)
B1 Scenario
A1F1 Scenario
Meaning of Ocean Sequestration
C
O2
conc
entr
atio
n
Year
A: no sequestration; B: 50% at 1500m; C: 50% at 4000%; D: 100% at 1500m; E: 100% at 4000m
Approach
Shallow water– +200 ppm to +2,000 ppm air bubbling– long-term culturing (up to 6 months)– Calcareous shelled animals
• Sea urchin
• snail
Shallow water calcareous species used in the long-term experiment
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Echinometra mathaei Strombus luhuanus
Survival: Experiment 1 Control 560ppm
21
23
25
27
29
31
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Weeks from start
Su
rviv
ors
(n
um
ber
s)
21
23
25
27
29
31
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28Weeks from start
Su
rviv
ors
(n
um
ber
s)
Hemicentrotus
pulcherrimus
Echinometra mathaei
Strombus luhuanus
Growth: Hemicentrotus pulcherrimusExperiment 1 Experiment 3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Weeks from start
Cu
mu
lati
ve p
erc
en
tag
e w
et
we
igh
t in
cre
ase
Control
CO2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Weeks from start
Cu
mu
lati
ve p
erc
en
tag
e w
et
we
igh
t in
cre
ase
Control 109%
CO2 65%
Control 155%
CO2 100%
Growth: Echinometra mathaeiExperiment 1 Experiment 3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Weeks from start
Cu
mu
lati
ve p
erc
en
tag
e w
et
we
igh
t in
cre
ase
Control
CO2
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Weeks from start
Cu
mu
lati
ve p
erc
en
tag
e w
et
we
igh
t c
ha
ng
e
Control 51%
CO2 36%
Control 26%
CO2 -7%
Growth: Strombus luhuanus (Expt 1)
Length Weight
0
5
10
15
20
25
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Weeks from start
Cu
mu
lati
ve p
erc
en
tag
e le
ng
th in
cre
as
e
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Weeks from start
Cu
mu
lati
ve p
erc
en
tag
e w
et
we
igh
t in
cre
ase
Control
CO2Control 22%
CO2 17%
Control 74%
CO2 56%
Damage of shell at +2000 ppm
Approach to Deep-sea Sequestration modification
Laboratory experiment– +2,000 ppm to +20,000 ppm air bubbling– lethal impacts– Sublethal impacts
in situ experiment– benthic chamber– +5000 ppm, +10000 ppm
+5000 ppm is not acutely lethal on adult copepods
Impacts on reproduction of copepods
8.2 8.0 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.60
20
40
60
80
100
control +500 +1000 +2000 +5000+10000
0
20
40
60
80
100
ppm
pH
A
B
Fer
ti li z
ed e
ggs,
%
Fer
ti li z
ed e
ggs,
%
Fig 44 cell/fert2 cell/fert1 cell/fert
A
0
20
40
60
80
100
control(8.0) (7.8) (7.6) (7.4) (7.0) (6.8)
+500 +1000 +2000 +5000 +10000 ppm(pH)
0
20
40
60
80
100B
Clea
vage
d em
bryo
s,%
Clea
vage
d em
bryo
s,%
Impact of high CO2 in the early life stage of sea urchins
A B C D E F
G H I J K L
Morphology of sea urchin larvae in high CO2 sea water
Benthic Chamber
Experiments so far conducted
Cruise Depth (m) Exposure time (h)
Exposure pCO2 (ppm)
K12-02
2,000
306 500 (control)
5,000 (LCO2)
20,000 (HCO2)
KT13-02 77
K13-03 375
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
FORAMINIFERIDAKINORHYNCHANEMATODA
CAUDOFOVEATABIVALVIAPOLYCHAETA
OSTRACODAHARPACTICOIDANauplius
20000ppm
5000ppm
control
0~3cm (n=2)出現総個体数平均
Abundance of meiobenthosNo. of individuals in 0-3 cm layer
0 8 107 1.6 108 2.4 108 3.2 108 4 108
堆積物表層20000ppm
0~3cm平均
bacteria (cells m -3) (n=2,average)
堆積物表層5000ppm
0~3cm平均
堆積物表層control
0~3cm平均
Abundance of Bacteria
Mean of 0-3cm
Mean of 0-3cm
Mean of 0-3cm
surface
surface
surface
Future research needs
Shallow water– Impacts on reproduction– More precise simulation (daily fluctuation etc.)– Ecosystem approach– Modeling
Deep-sea sequestration– Precise simulation of CO2 change– More information on sublethal impacts – In situ approach especially ecosystem level– Modeling
Public outreach