Biological Control of Boneseed Boneseed Bio-control Agents Introduced to Australia Chrysanthemoides tip moth in 1989 Three leaf-feeding beetles during the early 1990s A seed-feeding fly in 1998 Boneseed leafroller in April 2000 Boneseed leaf buckle mite 2008 Boneseed Bio-control Agents Introduced to Australia Chrysanthemoides tip moth in 1989 Three leaf-feeding beetles during the early 1990s A seed-feeding fly in 1998 Boneseed leafroller in April 2000 Boneseed leaf buckle mite 2008 Boneseed Bio-control Agents Introduced to Australia Chrysanthemoides tip moth in 1989 Three leaf-feeding beetles during the early 1990s A seed-feeding fly in 1998 Boneseed leafroller in April 2000 Boneseed leaf buckle mite 2008 Boneseed Bio-control Agents Introduced to Australia Chrysanthemoides tip moth in 1989 Three leaf-feeding beetles during the early 1990s A seed-feeding fly in 1998 Boneseed leafroller in April 2000 Boneseed leaf buckle mite 2008 Boneseed Bio-control Agents Introduced to Australia Chrysanthemoides tip moth in 1989 Three leaf-feeding beetles during the early 1990s A seed-feeding fly in 1998 Boneseed leafroller in April 2000 Boneseed leaf buckle mite 2008 Bio-control Agent Being Considered for Introduction to Australia A rust fungus Host-range testing may take two or three more years to complete Boneseed Leafroller in NZ Releases: ,500 Larvae 3080 Adults 36 Sites Establishment North Island: looking fairly promising South Island: not recovered after winter Boneseed rust: Highly promising biocontrol agent Witches broom symptom Spore containing pustules on leaf Host-range Testing of the Boneseed Rust Began in 2007 in South Africa. Intracellular vesicle Penetration point Basidiospore Detached leaf assay Whole plant inoculation trial, to run for 3 years - needed for witches broom symptom development Stemphyllium/leaf roller synergy? -tip dieback