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Biological Chemistry
Thursday February 16th, 2006
http://charlescurtis.ca
Summary
CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsDenaturationNucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Molecules which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Used as a source of energy for plants and animals
Monosaccharides
Simplest carbohydrateContains only one unit of a sugar
moleculeMost commonly contain six carbons
Disaccharides
Contains two sugarsMost common is sucrose (table sugar)
Polysaccharides (Complex Carbohydrates)
Insoluble in waterExamples include:
RiceWheat flourCornstarchPotatoesPasta
Cellulose
Different type of bond between monosaccharides
Humans can not digest
Chitin
Modified form of celluloseFound in hard exterior skeletons of
insects and crustaceans
Lipids
Like carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Contain less oxygen then carbohydratesMore dominated by C-H, and C-C bonds
Triglycerides
Contains glycerol and three fatty acidsGlycerol section is always the same,
therefore it is the change in fatty acids that make up different triglycerides
What was different?
Saturated fatUnsaturated fat
Review of Carbon BondingForms four bondsBond can be single, double or tripleSingle bonds give overall straight fat structureDouble bonds produce a kink
Fats vs Oils
Waxes and Phospholipids
See page 30 of text bookWaxes
Contain carbon and hydrogenCompletely non-polar
PhospholipidsSimilar to triglyceride but with phosphate
bases and with only two fatty acids
Steroids
Made up of four carbon ringsExamples
Sex hormones: testosterone and estradiolcholesterol
Proteins
Are built from 20 amino acids8 are considered essential because the
body can not synthesis them from other molecules
The Peptide Bond
Polypeptide
Enzymes and Catalysts
Enzymes are proteins, which increase the rate of reaction. They allow reaction to occur at room temperature.
Enzymes and chemical, which speeds up the rate of a reaction are called catalysts.
Denaturation
Proteins will loose their shape when heated.
See page 32 of text – Figure 19a/bMay or may not be reversibleCan anyone give me an example,
possible one from breakfast?
Nucleic Acids
Contains three parts:A five carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
Ribose = RNADeoxyribose = DNA
A phosphate groupNitrogen containing organic group.
Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Thymine (T)Cytosine C)
Nucleotide
DNAComposed of two nucleotide strandsForms double helixContains genetic information, which is
passed from one generation to the nextRNA
Composed of a single nucleotideForms single helix
Please Read pages 33 and 34 for more information on Nucleic acid.
DNA – Double Helix
Homework
p35 Questions # 8-14