Biological Bases of Behavior Chapter 3. What’s In This Chapter? What does biology have to do with our behavior? What’s in a brain????? How does the brain

Biological Bases of BehaviorBiological Bases of BehaviorChapter 3Chapter 3

What’s In This Chapter?What’s In This Chapter?

• What does biology have to do with our behavior?

• What’s in a brain?????• How does the brain tell the body what to

do?• How does the body let the brain know

what it’s doing?• Can your brain do things without the

body?• Can your body do things without the brain

knowing it?

The BrainThe Brain

Lesion tissue

destruction a brain

lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused

Phineas GagePhineas GageShow music videoShow music video

How we Investigate the How we Investigate the BrainBrain

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface

these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

How we Investigate the How we Investigate the BrainBrain

• Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB)Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB)– Mostly used with research on animals &

some human brain surgery– Weak electrical currents sent into a brain

structure to activate it

• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)– New technique that temporarily enhance or

depress activity in a specific area of the brain (about 2 centimeters in to the brain)

CT (computed tomography) Scan a series of x-ray

photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called CAT scan

Two-dimensional

Sample image: Perfusion CT in a patient with stroke demonstrates the part of the brain with severely decreased blood flow (arrows).

What are some common What are some common uses of the procedure?uses of the procedure?

• Detection of bleeding, brain damage and skull fractures in patients with head injuries.

• Detects a blood clot or bleeding within the brain shortly after a patient exhibits symptoms of a stroke.

• Detection of most brain tumors. • Planning radiation therapy for cancer of

the brain or other tissues. • Guiding the passage of a needle used to

obtain a tissue sample (biopsy) from the brain.

PET ScanPET Scan

PET (positron emission tomography) Scan a visual display of brain activity (metabolic activity)

that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

PET Scan ProcessPET Scan Process

• observe blood flow or metabolism in any part of the brain.

• subject is injected with small quantity of radioactive glucose

• Brain cells use glucose as fuel

• shows levels of activity as a color-coded brain map

• red indicates more active brain areas,

• Blue/green: less active areas.

• gray outer surface is MRI picture of the surface of the brain inner colored structure is cingulate gyrus, part of the brain's emotional system

MRI ScanMRI ScanMRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves

produces computer-generated images distinguish among different types of soft

tissue allows us to see structures within the brain A brief pulse of radio waves disorients the brain’s atoms momentarily, when the atoms return to their normal spin, they release detectable signals.

Healthy brain (left) schizophrenic brain (right)

enlarged fluid filled brain region

Examples of PET and MRI techniques Examples of PET and MRI techniques

Thalamus Cortex

•These 2 images show subjects who received a painful injection of the chemical capsaicin into the upper arm. show increased blood flow (the PET scan shows the thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex after the injection. The gray areas of the images (the MRI) Using this method can identify the areas of the brain that are active during specific conditions.

•could be used to study just about any other cognitive function.

http://members.visi.net/~mandy/pepguide.html

fMRI ScanfMRI Scan

• Functional magnetic resonance Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)imaging (fMRI)– New MRI that monitors blood flow New MRI that monitors blood flow

and oxygen consumption in the brain and oxygen consumption in the brain to identify areas of high activityto identify areas of high activity

– Higher resolution than a PET scanHigher resolution than a PET scan– Probing the Anatomy of Sexual Probing the Anatomy of Sexual

Arousal Arousal • p. 96 Discussionp. 96 Discussion

Brain StructuresBrain Structures• The brain has three

main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

• The forebrain: cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, & Limbic system

• The midbrain: part of the brainstem

• The hindbrain: cerebellum, pons and medulla (lower part of the brainstem)

Lower-Level Brain Lower-Level Brain StructuresStructures

Brainstem the oldest part central core of the brain beginning where the spinal cord swells as

it enters the skull responsible for automatic survival

functions

Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing

The BrainThe Brain

Brain stemBrain stem• "brain stem" is the part

of your brain that was first to evolve in primitive human beings.

• called a "reptilian brain" since it resembles almost the whole brain of a reptile.

• source of all your instincts and feelings!

• links your brain to your "spinal cord.“

• It is where all the incoming and outgoing "messages" come together and cross over.

Controls sleeping, waking, and dreaming

Reticular Formation (the panty hose) a nerve network inside the brainstem that

plays an important role in controlling arousal/sleep

Severe damage can induce a coma Located in the brainstem

Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] (411 operator) the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on

top of the brainstem; communication passes through

it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Cerebellum [sehr-uh-Cerebellum [sehr-uh-BELL-um] BELL-um]

“Sarah the Southern Belle”

the “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem

it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance

Important in walking, balance, or shaking hands

The Limbic SystemThe Limbic System

Limbic System: a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres emotions such as fear and

aggression basic drives such food and sex includes the hippocampus,

amygdala, and hypothalamus.

Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] two almond-shaped neural clusters

that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion (aggression/rage and fear)

Hypothalamus: neural structure lying

below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities eating drinking body temperature

helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

is linked to emotion “pleasure center” or

“reward center”

The Limbic SystemThe Limbic System

Electrode implanted in reward center

So reinforcing that the mouse pressed the pedal up to 7000x in one hour

The Cerebral CortexThe Cerebral Cortex

Cerebral Cortex the intricate fabric of

interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres

the body’s ultimate control and information processing center

Glial Cells- glue cells cells in the nervous system that

support, nourish, and protect neurons

Cerebral Cortex: Basic Cerebral Cortex: Basic SubdivisionsSubdivisions

Structure of the Structure of the Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex

Frontal Lobes “behind your forehead”

involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans (initiative) and judgments (morality)

Parietal Lobes “top and rear”

include the sensory cortexOccipital Lobes “back of head”

include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field

Temporal Lobes “above the ears”

include the auditory areas

Function of the Function of the Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex

Motor Cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes

that controls voluntary movements

Sensory Cortex area at the front of the parietal

lobes that registers and processes body sensations



Functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex (occipital lobes) activated as the subject looks at faces

Visual and Auditory Visual and Auditory CortexCortex

Temporal Lobes

Occipital Lobes

Association AreasAssociation Areas

More intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of the cortex

The Cerebral Cortex & The Cerebral Cortex & LanguageLanguage

Aphasia impairment of language, usually caused

by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)

Broca’s Area an area of the left frontal lobe that

directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Wernicke’s Area an area of the left temporal lobe involved

in language comprehension and expression

Specialization and Specialization and IntegrationIntegration

Specialization and Specialization and IntegrationIntegration

Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words

The Cerebral Cortex:The Cerebral Cortex:Brain ReorganizationBrain Reorganization

Plasticity the brain’s capacity for modification, as

evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development Children have a surplus of neurons When one area is damaged, other areas may

in time reorganize and take over some of its functions

“stem cell research”

Our Divided BrainSOur Divided BrainS

Corpus Callosum

large band of neural fibers

connects the two brain hemispheres

carries messages between the hemispheres

Transfer more than a billion bits of info per sec.

Corpus callosum

Our Divided BrainsOur Divided Brains

The information highway from the eye to the brain

The opposite side of the brain’s hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body

Hemispheric SpecializationHemispheric Specialization

http://www.sciencecartoonsplus.com/contact.htm

The Hemispheres of the The Hemispheres of the BrainBrain

Clinical neurologists Gereon Fink of the University of Düsseldorf in Germany and John Marshall from the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford,

pursued the idea that the difference between the two

hemispheres lay in their style of working.

““The left brain does The left brain does the work that no one the work that no one

in their right mind in their right mind would want to do.”would want to do.”

-Amanda Barrow1st period

• The left brain focuses on detail. • It is the natural home for all mental skills that need us to act in a series of

discrete steps or fix on a particular fragment of what we perceive.

• skills such as recognizing a friend's face in a crowd or "lining up" words

to make a sentence.

The Left The Left HemisphereHemisphere

(Verbal)(Verbal)

LEFT Hemisphere LEFT Hemisphere FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

Speech

Language

Logic

Writing

RIGHT RIGHT HemisphereHemisphere

FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS•concentrates on the broad,

background picture.

•It has a panoramic focus..

•good at seeing general connections

•best able to represent the relative position of objects in space

•handles emotional and metaphorical aspects of speech.

Right Hemisphere Right Hemisphere FunctionsFunctions

Spatial Reasoning

Art

Music

Emotions

• So, in a neat and complementary division of labor, one side of the brain thinks and sees in wide-angle while the other zooms in on the detail.

• To examine the functions carried out by each hemisphere, neurologists scanned the brain of subjects while they were shown a series of letter navons. A letter navon is a large letter composed of smaller letters as shown in the side box. The researchers soon found out that while the subjects concentrated on the small F's, the left hemisphere showed greater activity; when they focused on the big S, the right hemisphere became active.

• Thus, they had

demonstrated that the left hemisphere focused on the details, while the right perceived the overall, background picture.

Split BrainSplit Brain

A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (corpus callosum) between them.

Split BrainSplit Brain Sperry & Gazzaniga

“Look at the dot.” Two words separatedby a dot are momentarily projected.

“What worddid you see?”

or

“Point withyour left hand to theword you saw.”

Split BrainSplit Brain

• Only 10 split-brain studies

• Perceptual asymmetries- right and left imbalances btwn the cerebral hemispheres in the speed of visual or auditory processing

-This corresponds with split-brain studies and shows the specialization of the hemispheres

Test yourself for Split Test yourself for Split BrainBrain

• Perform the following task simultaneously. You should be able to do both tasks with ease if you are split-brain

• Draw a picture of a house; include windows, door, chimney with either hand

• With the other hand, write your first and last name in cursive writing.

• You can’t stop one task to work the other!

Neural and Hormonal Neural and Hormonal SystemsSystems

Neural CommunicationNeural Communication

Biological Psychology

branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior

some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists,

behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists

Neural CommunicationNeural CommunicationNeuron

a nerve cell the basic building block of the nervous system

cell body contains the nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles typical of eukaryotic cells.

Dendrite the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that

receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

Axon the extension of a neuron, ending in branching

terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands, sends info away from cell body

Myelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath a layer of fatty

cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons

enables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses

Neural Neural CommunicationCommunication



Action Potential a neural impulse; a brief electrical

charge that travels down an axon generated by depolarization (the

movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane)

Threshold the level of stimulation required to

trigger a neural impulse

Neural CommunicationNeural CommunicationSynapse [SIN-aps]

junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft

Neurotransmitters chemical messengers that travel the

synaptic gaps between neurons when released by the sending neuron,

neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse


Cell body end of axon

Direction of neural impulse: toward axon terminals


FILMChapter 2: Embryonic and Fetal Brain Development (13 min 28 sec) Safari Montagehttp://videoservicesondemand.volusia.k12.fl.us/SAFARI/montage/schoolnews.html

http://videoservicesondemand.volusia.k12.fl.us/SAFARI/montage/schoolnews.html

FLUSHING TOILETFLUSHING TOILET• All or None Principle:

once the handle is pushed and the toilet begins flushing, there is no stopping it.

• Once a neuron is fired, it cannot be stopped or it’s message taken back

• Like a gun, either a neuron fires or it doesn’t.

• The strength of the stimulus does not affect the action potential speed.

Direction of Impulse• A toilet only flows

one way-out into the sewage system. The direction never changes. A toilet that is working properly never flows up.

• A neuron always fires the impulse in a specific direction- towards the target

Refractory Period• Brief period of time

after you flush the toilet during which the handle is useless and the toilet cannot be flushed again.

• Same for a neuron, which limits the number of times a neuron can be fired per second.

• When positively charged ions are pumped back outside the neural membrane

• A camera flash that pauses to recharge

THRESHOLD:• There is a specific

level of intensity and a limit to the volume that it is possible to flush down a toilet

• The amount of pressure required to push the trigger to flush the toilet

• When a toilet is being flushed, a minimum intensity of water pressure is needed in order for the toilet to function properly.

• The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

Resting Potential• When the toilet is not

being flushed, no water moves in or out and is stable. Ready to be flushed immediately

• When a neuron is at rest it too is stable;

• It is at a polarized state• A resting axon has an

excess of neg. charged ions inside and the fluid outside of an axon membrane has an excess of pos. charged ions.

Action Potential• A neural impulse• When a neuron is at

a depolarized state• Brief electrical

charge that travels down an axon

• When a neuron’s receptor is stimulated, ions rush in and energy flows down the axon

• The toilet handle is pushed to initiate water rushing into and flowing down the toilet

Depolarization• Pushing the handle

stimulates the toilet into action. New water coming into the bowl. the flow of positively charged ions into the axon leads the axon to become positively charged relative to the outside.

• Causes the next channel to open.

• Domino effect

DepolarizationDepolarization



Serotonin Pathways Dopamine Pathways


Acetylcholine [ah-seat-el-KO-leen] a neurotransmitter that, among its

functions, triggers muscle contraction…& thus, movement

Linked to Alzheimer's disease

Endorphins [en-DOR-fins] “morphine within” natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure


Neurotransmitter molecule

Receiving cellmembrane

Receptor site onreceiving neuron

Agonist mimicsneurotransmitter

Antagonistblocksneurotransmitter

Agonist –Agonist –vsvs- Antagonist- Antagonist

• Excitatory• Can mimic the nt• Can block nt’s

reuptake• Opiates enhance

normal arousal or sensation of pleasure

• Ecstacy enhances sexual arousal

• Inhibitory• Prevents the nt’s

release• Or occupy its

receptor site and block its effect

• Is similar but not enough to stimulate the receptor

• Foreign money in a snack machine

Ecstasy commonly appears in a tablet form, usually imprinted with a monogram Neurotransmitter Agonist. Film: Club Drugs

• MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), most commonly known by the street names ecstasy or XTC primary effect is believed to be the stimulation of secretion as well as inhibition of re-uptake of large amounts of serotonin as well as dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, inducing a general sense of openness, empathy, energy, euphoria, and well-being. Tactile sensations are enhanced for some users, making general physical contact with others more pleasurable;

• Good medical use has been the reported ability to facilitate self-examination with reduced fear may prove useful in some therapeutic settings, 2001: permission granted to FDA for testing in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine

BOTOXBOTOXAntagonistAntagonist

• botox is toxic compound. It is an enzyme that breaks down one of the fusion proteins that allow neurons to release acetylcholine. Small doses block the release of acetylcholine by nerve cells that signal muscle contraction.

• Botox originally produced for the intended relief of uncontrollable muscle spasms. First approved in 1989 to treat two eye muscle disorders--uncontrollable blinking (blepharospasm) and misaligned eyes (strabismus

• Increasingly being used for cosmetic purposes, to paralyse facial muscles as a means of concealing wrinkles.

NICOTINENICOTINEAgonistAgonist

• an increase in acetylcholine causes a increased heart rate and increased production of saliva.

• Nicotine acts by increasing the activity of

certain acetylcholine receptors Nicotine is a potent nerve poison and is included in many insecticides.

• In lower concentrations, is a stimulant and one of the main factors leading to the pleasure and habit-forming qualities of tobacco smoking.

NEUROTRANSMITTER NEUROTRANSMITTER ANTAGONISTANTAGONIST

• Curare is a potent neurotoxin. Used as an arrow poison by some Indian peoples of South America

• Death from curare is caused by loss of the ability to breathe as a result of paralysis. The alkaloid curare molecule mimics the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by binding to its receptor at muscle synapses. This prevents nerves from stimulating muscle contraction.

NEUROTRANSMITTERNEUROTRANSMITTERAgonistAgonist

• The venom of a black widow spider causes a synaptic flood of ACH.

• Results in violent muscle contractions, convulsions, and possible death.

Bipolar DisordersBipolar Disorders• occurs with equal frequency in

men and women. The peak age of onset is during late teens.

• Neurotransmitter abnormalities in a number of pathways including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine

• thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum.

The Nervous The Nervous SystemSystem

Nervous System the body’s speedy, electrochemical

communication system consists of all the nerve cells of the

peripheral and central nervous systems

Central Nervous System (CNS) the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) the sensory and motor neurons that

connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

Central(brain and

spinal cord)

Nervoussystem

Autonomic (controlsself-regulated action of

internal organs and glands)

SomaticSkeletal (controls

voluntary movements ofskeletal muscles)

Sympathetic (arousing)

Parasympathetic (calming)

Peripheral


Nerves neural “cables” containing many axons part of the peripheral nervous system connect the central nervous system

with muscles, glands, and sense organsSensory Neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system


Interneurons CNS neurons that internally communicate

and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Motor Neurons Longest portion is the axon carry outgoing information from the CNS

to muscles and glandsPeripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System

1. Somatic Nervous System – voluntary (skeletal)

2. Autonomic nervous system- involuntary (glands/muscles)

Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous SystemSystem

Somatic Nervous System the division of the peripheral

nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

Afferent neurons- carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body

Efferent neurons- carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body

The Nervous The Nervous SystemSystemAutonomic Nervous System

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)

A. Sympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system

that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

Fight or Flight B. Parasympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system

that calms the body, conserving its energy

The Autonomic The Autonomic Nervous SystemNervous System

chart on p. 91chart on p. 91

The Autonomic Nervous The Autonomic Nervous SystemSystem chart on p. 91chart on p. 91

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous SystemReflexReflex a simple, automatic, inborn response to a

sensory stimulus

Skinreceptors

Muscle

Sensory neuron(incoming information)

Motor neuron(outgoing information)

Brain

Interneuron

Spinal cord


Neural Networks interconnected

neural cells with experience,

networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results

Inputs Outputs

Neurons in the brain connect with one

another to form networks

The brain learns by modifyingcertain connections in response to feedback

The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System

Endocrine System the body’s

“slow” chemical communication system

a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Neural and Hormonal Neural and Hormonal SystemsSystems

Hormones chemical messengers, mostly those

manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another

Adrenal [ah-DREEN-el] Glands a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline)

and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress

Pituitary Gland under the influence of the hypothalamus, the

pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

• The adrenal glands are orange-colored endocrine glands which are located on the top of both kidneys

Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland

The Master Gland• Prolactin - Prolactin stimulates milk production from the breasts after

childbirth • Growth hormone or GH - GH stimulates growth in childhood • In adults it is important for maintaining muscle mass as well as bone

mass. It also affects fat distribution in the body. • Adrenocorticotropin or ACTH - ACTH stimulates production of

cortisol by the adrenal glands. Cortisol, a so-called "stress hormone" is vital to survival

• Luteinizing hormone or LH - LH regulates testosterone in men and estrogen in women.

• Follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH - FSH promotes sperm production in men and stimulates the ovaries to enable ovulation in women

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH - TSH stimulates the thyroid gland, which regulates the body's metabolism, energy, growth and development

• Follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH - FSH promotes sperm production in men and stimulates the ovaries to enable ovulation in women

• "Gene Therapy": production of transgenic mice• Mice homozygous for a dwarfism gene (lit / lit) grow at a slow rate. An artificial plasmid (top

left) is constructed that combines a rat growth-hormone (RGH) gene fused to a mouse metallothionein promoter (MP) gene. A large number of these plasmids are then injected into fertilized eggs of mice; in a small fraction of cases the plasmid is stabily integrated into the mouse's chromosomes. Production of RGH can then be induced by exposure of the embryo to heavy-metals, which activates the MP promoter. The resulting transgenic offspring (left) weighs 44g (its control sibling weighs 29g). The recombinant chromosome is subsequently inherited in a Mendelian dominant pattern.

Gigantism• Gigantism is an

excessive secretion of growth hormone during childhood before the closure of the bone growth plates, which causes overgrowth of the long bones and very tall stature. he vertical growth in height that marks this condition is also accompanied by growth in muscles and organs, which makes the child extremely large for his or her age. The disorder can also delay puberty.

The Doughnut AssignmentThe Doughnut Assignment

• Select a doughnut that best represents your limbic system

• Place skittles in the sequential order for the following:

• Hypothalamus: green skittle• Pituitary gland: yellow skittle• Amygdala: 2 peanut M&Ms• Hippocampus: orange skittle• “Bon Appetite”

Practice TestPractice Test

1. A neural impulse is initiated when a neuron’s charge momentarily becomes less negative, or even positive. This event is called:

a. An action potentialb. A resting potentialc. Impulse facilitationd. Inhibitory


2. Neurons convey information about the strength of stimuli by varying:

a. The size of their action potentialsb. The velocity of their action potentialsc. The rate at which they fire action

potentialsd. All of the above


3. Alterations in activity at dopamine synapse have been implicated in the development of:

a.Anxietyb.Schizophreniac.Alzheimer's diseased.Nicotine addiction

Practice TestPractice Test4. Tania just barely avoided a head-on collision on a

narrow road. With heart pounding, hands shaking, and body perspiring. Tania recognizes that these are signs of the body’s fight or flight response, which is controlled by the:

a.Empatheic division of the peripheral nervous system

b.Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

c.Somatic division of the peripheral nervous systemd.Sympathetic division of the autonomic, nervous

system


5. The hindbrain consists of the:

a.Endocrine system and the limbic system

b.Reticular formationc.Thalamus, hypothalamus, and

cerebrumd. cerebellum, medulla, and pons


6. Juan is watching a basketball game. The neural impulses from his eyes will ultimately travel to his primary visual cortex, but first they must pass through the:

a.Amygdalab.Hypthalamusc.Thalamusd.pons


7. The ______ lobe is to hearing as the occipital lobe is to vision.

a.Frontalb.Temporalc.Parietald.cerebellar


8. Paul has profound difficulty producing spoken language. If his problem is attributable to brain damage, the damage would probably be found in:

a.The cerebellumb.Sperry’s areasc.Broca’s aread.Wernicke’s area


9. Sounds presented to the right ear are registered:

a.Only in the right hemisphereb.Only in the left hemispherec.More quickly in the right hemisphered.More quickly in the left hemisphere


10. In people whose corpus callosums have not been severed, verbal stimuli are identified more quickly and more accurately:

a.When sent to the right hemisphere firstb.When sent to the left hemisphere firstc.When presented to the left visual fieldd.When presented auditorally rather than

visually


11. Hormones are to the endocrine system as _________ are to the nervous system.

a.Nervesb.Synapsesc.Neurotransmittersd.Action potentials

Homework Review

1. Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making?

(a) Reticular formation(b) Corpus Callosum(c) Hypothalamus(d) Cerebral cortex(e) Pituitary gland2. An individual experiencing a low blood- glucose level would

be best advised to do which of the following?(a) take a nap(b) eat a snack(c) drink a glass of water(d) drink a diet soda(e) get some exercise

3.One suspected cause of schizophrenia is the abnormal increase of which of the following neurotransmitters in the brain?

(a) Acetylcholine(b) Somatotropin(c) Dopamine(d) Norepinephrine(e) serotonin4.For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the(a) right Cerebral hemisphere(b) left cerebral hemisphere(c) Occipital lobe(d) Corpus Callosum(e) Cerebellum

5. People who have experienced severe damage to the frontal lobe of the brain seldom regain their ability to

(a) make and carry out plans(b) recognize visual patterns(c) process auditory information(d) process olfactory information(e) integrate their multiple personalities6. Which of the following is a brain-imaging technique that

produces the most detailed picture of brain structure?• (a) Electroencephalography (EEG)• (b) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)• (c) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)• (d) Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)• (e) Electromyography (EMG)

7. Stimulations of portions of the left temporal lobe of the brain during surgery will cause the patient to

(a) see lights(b) lose the sense of smell(c) jerk the left arm(d) extend the tongue(e) hear sounds8. The role of the parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous

system is to(a) facilitate the body’s fight-or-flight response(b) prepare the body to cope with stress(c) promote rapid cognitive processing(d) prompt the body to use its resources in responding to

environmental stimuli (e) establish homeostasis after a fight-or-flight response

9. Which of the following occurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold?

(a) the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential

(b) the neuron hyperpolarizes.(c) neurotransmitters are released from the dendrites(d) the absolute refractory period of the neuron prevents it from

responding.(e) the neuron’s equilibrium potential is reached10. The thalamus processes information for all of the following

senses EXCEPT(a) smell(b) hearing(c) taste(d) vision(e) touch

Documents

Biological Bases of Behavior Chapter 3. What’s In This Chapter? What does biology have to do with our behavior? What’s in a brain????? How does the brain