BIOL 3151: Principles of Animal Physiology ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Dr. Tyler Evans Email:
[email protected]@csueastbay.edu Phone:
510-885-3475 Office Hours: M 9-12 or appointment or stop by anytime
Office: South Science 350 Website:
http://evanslabcsueb.weebly.com/
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TODAYS SCHEDULE Course Description Unifying themes in
physiology
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LEARNING OUTCOMES (What I hope you will gain from this course)
make connections between concepts within Principles of Animal
Physiology, across all science disciplines (e.g. zoology, ecology,
chemistry, physics), and the physiological concepts as they apply
to everyday life engage in forming scientific inquiry and
developing explanations/arguments from scientific evidence Other
learning objectives are listed in the course syllabus
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LECTURES lectures will be presented using Powerpoint. each
lecture will be posted on Blackboard prior to class (almost always
the evening before). it is important to realize that my Powerpoint
slides do not represent all material required for the exams.
important information that will be covered in exams will be added
to each lecture. thus attending class and taking thorough notes is
the key to success.
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all required material will be available through Blackboard no
required textbook the primary source of information for this course
will be the lectures COURSE MATERIALS
https://bb.csueastbay.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp
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TEXTBOOK Principles of Animal Physiology (2nd edition) by
Christopher D. Myers and Patricia M. Schulte. BIOL 3151: Principles
of Animal Physiology ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY NOT REQUIRED copy on reserve
in library should you need to reference it
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provide students with an opportunity to directly observe and
discuss the principles discussed in lecture provide students with
hands-on experience in collecting physiological data expose
students to the scientific method, hypothesis testing and deductive
reasoning interpreting experimental data and integrating
information from lecture, labs and the scientific literature
develop scientific communication skills, both written and oral
stimulate your scientific curiosity LABS you will be performing
laboratory exercises designed to help you understand certain
fundamental physiological principles. lab materials will be posted
on Blackboard each week LAB LEARNING OUTCOMES
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LABS (There are labs today!) ATTENDANCE your attendance in lab
each week is mandatory. In order to get credit for a missed lab,
you must: 1. provide written documentation (proof) for your
absence. CSUEB is very strict regarding what is considered a valid
reason for absence (illness, death in the family) 2. notify the
instructor before your lab session 3. arrange to make up the lab at
a later date any unexcused absence from a lab will result in 0
credit for the missed lab. you are required to stay for the entire
lab session, or until excused by the instructor. You will check out
with your lab instructor, showing you have met the lab learning
objectives and that your computer and lab space have been returned
to their original condition.
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GRADING Exam #1...20 points (Oct 18) Exam #220 points (Nov 13)
Final Exam..25 points(Dec 10) Lab..25 points Problem Sets.10 points
(see syllabus) Lab Component.....25 points (see syllabus) Lab
Reports/Assignments...20 points Participation....5 points Your
final grade will be determined by three exams, labs, and problem
sets: exams will focus on lecture materials
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COURSE POLICIES (in accordance with CSUEB guidelines) Academic
Dishonesty please review CSUEBs policies and understand what is
considered academic dishonesty:
http://www20.csueastbay.edu/academic/academic-policies/academic-dishonesty.html
Missed Exams make every effort to avoid missing scheduled exams. In
case of an emergency or legitimate conflict, you may be eligible to
take a specially scheduled make-up exam. However, you must provide
verifiable, written documentation for your absence. Any unexcused
absence from an exam will result in a score of 0 for that exam.
Special Academic Accommodations: if you have a documented
disability, accommodations can be arranged for exams and other
activities. For more information please visit:
http://www20.csueastbay.edu/af/departments/as/ Courtesy: Please
turn off all audible sounds to any electronic devices (phones,
PDAs, etc.) while in lecture and refrain from using your laptops
for activities not related to lecture during class time Use of
these items is strictly prohibited during all exams, unless special
accommodations have been arranged.
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KEYS TO SUCCESS IN BIOL 3151 Attend lectures Prepare and take
thorough notes Study those notes Ask questions!
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WAIT LIST demand is currently much higher than the number of
students we can safely admit (there are currently 18 students on
the wait list) we have done everything we can to allow as many
students to take this course as possible offer this course every
quarter opened an extra lab section this quarter space for students
in the lab is what limits enrollment if space opens up, students
are admitted based on position on wait- list If you are on
wait-list, you can attend lectures until next Wed. If at this point
you are still not able to enroll, you will not be able to take the
course this quarter because you will have missed two labs.
enrollment questions: speak with office manager in Biology Office
(N Sci 429)
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PREREQUISITES Prerequisites for this course are: BIOL 1401 BIOL
1402 BIOL 1403 CHEM 1101 CHEM 1102 CHEM 1103 If you do not have
these courses, you cannot take this class
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QUESTIONS?
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TODAYS LECTUTRE INTRODUCTION AND UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
What is animal physiology? study of how animals work -Knut Schmidt
Nielsen study of the structure and function of various parts of an
animal and how these parts work together to allow animals to
perform normal behaviors and respond to the environment Knut
Schmidt Nielsen textbook pg 4
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY there are more than a MILLION different
species of animals that live on Earth animals display a large
diversity of adaptations to deal with the challenges posed by a
specific environment
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Diversity of Environments = Diversity of Animals Temperature:
-40 300 o C Oxygen: Anoxia (no oxygen) to supersaturated Pressure:
< 1atm (sea level) to ~ 1200atm (deep ocean) Salinity:
Freshwater up to many-fold more concentrated than seawater UNITY IN
DIVERSITY
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despite this great diversity, there are many commonalities
within physiology and unifying themes that apply to all
physiological processes this Unity in Diversity is the result of:
organisms are faced with a common set of challenges organisms have
to follow the same set of rules UNITY IN DIVERSITY
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UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 1.Physiological processes obey
physical and chemical laws 2.Physiological processes are regulated
to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges 3.The
physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which
arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its
interaction with its environment. 4.The genotype is a product of
evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many
generations textbook pg 10
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 1.
Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws animals are
constructed from natural materials and therefore must obey the same
chemical and physical laws that apply to everything around us
textbook pg 10 e.g. living systems follow the laws of
thermodynamics
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 1.
Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws electrical
laws are involved in many physiological processes just like we use
electricity to power many machines, animals use to power cells
Nerve cell Muscle fiber Muscles and nerve cells use electrical
signals to cause muscle contraction textbook pg 11
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 1.
Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws differences
in body size have a profound effect on physiology heat is produced
by tissue metabolism a larger animal has more difficulty shedding
metabolic heat than does a small animal A mouse will lose heat much
more quickly than an elephant, which has important consequences for
thermal biology textbook pg 11
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 2.
Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges most organisms are faced with
environmental variation, which in turn influences physiological
processes multicellular animals can be classified according to the
strategies they use to cope with changing conditions: 1.CONFORMERS:
allow internal conditions to change with variation in external
conditions 2.REGULATORS: maintain relatively constant internal
conditions regardless of conditions in the external environment
textbook pg 12
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 2.
Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges CONFORMERS e.g. seasonal
rainbow trout body temperatures SUMMER: High body temperature
WINTER: Low body temperature
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 2.
Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges REGULATORS e.g. human body
temperatures your body temperature is likely to be 37C whether you
are sunning yourself on the beach or outside on a cold day your
body has mechanisms to maintain its internal temperature (within
limits)
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 2.
Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges CONFORMERS REGULATORS
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Refers to coordinated physiological processes that collectively
work to maintain internal conditions in the face of environmental
change A common way to maintain homeostasis is through the use of
FEEDBACK LOOPS Feedback loops can be POSITIVE or NEGATIVE
HOMEOSTASIS UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 2.
Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges textbook pg 13
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 2.
Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP response
sends a signal back to the stimulus to reduce intensity of stimulus
During early digestion, in coming food causes the stomach to swell
and this change in volume triggers a negative feedback loop that
reduces hunger textbook pg 13
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 2.
Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP Maximize
changes in the regulated response, rather than reducing the
response When a toxin is detected in the stomach, a positive
feedback loop is triggered to induce forceful contractions that
induce vomiting textbook pg 13
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 3. The
physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which
arises as the product of the genetic make- up (genotype) and its
interaction with its environment. Phenotype is a product of
genotype and its interaction with the environment GENOTYPE: genetic
makeup PHENOTYPE: morphology, biochemistry, physiology, and
behavior PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY: single genotype generates more than
one phenotype depending on environmental conditions textbook pg
13
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 3. The
physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which
arises as the product of the genetic make- up (genotype) and its
interaction with its environment. phenotypic plasticity is an
important mechanism to regulate physiology to function under
certain conditions for example if identical twins were raised in
different environments, one twin might grow larger than the other
due to differences in diet textbook pg 14
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 3. The
physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which
arises as the product of the genetic make- up (genotype) and its
interaction with its environment.
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 3. The
physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which
arises as the product of the genetic make- up (genotype) and its
interaction with its environment. Phenotypic plasticity occurs as
when animals remodel their physiological machinery in response to
external conditions textbook pg 14
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 4. The
genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of
organisms over many generations Evolutionary Changes (i.e.
Adaptation) Physiological change occurring by the process of
natural selection (i.e. evolution) occurs over the course of many
generations rather than within the lifetime of an organism e.g.
pesticide resistance in mosquitos textbook pg 15
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY 4. The
genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of
organisms over many generations. i.Adaptation e.g. pesticide
resistance in mosquitos pesticides target the enzymes
acetylcholinesterase some mosquito have a mutation in the
acetylcholinesterase gene that makes in resistant to pesticide
because pesticide resistant mosquitos survive better, their numbers
expand over time textbook pg 15
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LECTURE SUMMARY Concept of UNITY IN DIVERSITY: despite this
great diversity, there are many commonalities within physiology and
unifying themes that apply to all physiological processes Four
unifying themes in physiology: 1.Physiological processes obey
physical and chemical laws e.g. Muscles and neurons obey laws
governing electricity 2.Physiological processes are regulated to
maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges conformers
vs. regulators negative and Positive Feedback Loops homeostasis
3.The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype,
which arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and
its interaction with its environment. phenotypic plasticity 4.The
genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of
organisms over many generations adaptation
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES LECTURE 1: UNITY IN DIVERSITY What are the
four unifying themes of physiology? Provide an example that
explains each. What is the difference between a conformer and a
regulator? Provide an example of each and illustrate the
differences using a graph What is homeostasis? How is homeostasis
maintained through positive and negative feedback loops? What is
phenotypic plasticity? Provide an example.
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NEXT LECTURE Basic Principles of Chemistry and Biochemistry in
Physiology (Chapter 2)