BIOL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology IIBIOL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

What is the function of the heart?

the heart’s function is to…

Pump characteristics:

Essentially ______________, hence 2 routes!

-____________

-____________

Location -________________ -________________

Size -___________

Orientation -_________

Where should the tin man look for a heart?

Heart held in position via attachments: -on top: ______________

-below:

What is the external anatomy of the heart?

Heart surrounded by a double-layered protective sac the _______________

Consists of three layers:

Fibrous pericardium

Visceral pericardiumParietal pericardium

_______________He died of a broken heart... ___________________

What is the external anatomy of the heart?

______________________________

_______________ Pericardial cavity

_____________

right = ________left = _________“_________”

______________

_______

_________________(divides atria and ventricles)

_________________ (divides ventricles)

What is the external anatomy of the heart?

The cardiac sulci are marked by ___________, which are associated with ____________________.

What is the external anatomy of the heart?

Vessels associated with sulci…

__________________ (Right and Left)

__________________ (anterior and posterior)

What is the external anatomy of the heart?

What happens if a thrombus/embolus ends up in these vessels?

Vessels associated with sulci…

__________________ _______________ return blood to heart via…

To what chamber? ?

What is the external anatomy of the heart?

________________

_____________ -3 entrances *__________ *__________

_______________ - - - …to pulmonary trunk

1

23

What is the internal anatomy of the heart?

______________

______________4 entrances (_____________)

____________ (Mitral valve)

_____________: Exit semilunar valves… to __________________

12

34

_____________________separates the R&L ventricles

_____________ separates R&L atria

What is the internal anatomy of the heart?

____________ or ______________?

The 3 “cardiums” or layers of the heart wall:

_________: smooth serous membrane and loose connective tissue

_________: thick muscular layer

_________: simple squamous epithelium and fibrous connective tissue

What is the anatomy of the heart wall?

Cardiac histology Characteristics:

Slower onset and longer duration of contraction

Why? mitochondria

myofibril

sarcomere

nucleus

Intercalateddiscs

branch

What is the histology of the heart wall?

Take 5!!!

Under resting conditions most ATP produced in cardiac muscle is derived from the metabolism of fatty acids. During periods of heavy exercise, however, cardiac muscle cells use lactic acid as an energy source. Why is this an advantage?

Discuss with your neighbor and predict an

answer

_________ “fires”

Impulse reaches ___ ______, 0.1 sec delay

Impulse travels to __ _______ (Bundle of His)

Impulse travels down _________ _______________

Finally back up ______________

What controls the timing and sequence of a heart beat?

____________:when tissue other than SA node initiates action potential

If not SA node what other possibilities?

What happens when your pacemaker loses time?

Electrodes used to measure change electric potential = ____________________

Each wave represents an electric potential

P wave = ________________

QRS complex = __________ _______________________

T wave = ____________ __________________

Where is atrial repolarization?

How can we represent this electrical activity?

Two terms used to describe status of myocardium:______ = contraction______ = relaxation

Terms can refer to atrial or ventricular condition…

However, if not specified it is always ventricular

What is the cardiac cycle?

Distinct periods occurring include:

Ventricular Systole 1) period of _______ _________

2) period of _________

What is the cardiac cycle?

Ventricular Diastole 3) period of ________ ________4) period of _______ _______ _______ (70%)

5) period of _______ ________ ____

What is the cardiac cycle?

Take 5!!!

Fibrillation is abnormal, rapid contractions of different parts of the heart that prevent the heart muscle from contracting as a single unit. Why does atrial fibrillation not cause immediate death, but ventricular fibrillation does?

Discuss with your neighbor and predict an

answer

Heart sounds are caused by…

Consists of:

“Lubb” =

Normal heart sounds

Mitral valve stenosis

“Dup” =

Sometimes a third sound =

What makes the rhythm of this drum in my chest?

The heart is regulated in two fashions…

1) ______________depends on characteristics of the heart itself(in or out of the body!)

• ____________

• ______________ (preload relates to stroke volume)

How is the heart’s activity regulated?

2) ____________depends on neural and hormonal control

• _______________ via vagus nerves < heart rate“vagal stimulation”

• _______________ via cardiac nerves > heart rate & > force of contraction

• _______________ > rate & > force...via which ones?

How is the heart’s activity regulated?

__________monitor conditions including:

1) Changes in pressure (______________) in major arteries work with medulla oblongata

Effects of ions

1) ________+ can decrease heart contraction to heart block2) _________++ can increase rate (death due to skeletal muscle tetany)

Effects of temperature = ?

2) Changes in chemistry (_____________) in medulla oblongata (CO2) and major arteries (O2)

How is homeostasis of the heart achieved?

• Endocarditis• Myocarditis• Rheumatic fever

(endocarditis)• Coronary heart

disease• Angina pectoris• Myocardial

infarction

• Congenital heart defects:

Septal defects

Patent ductus arteriosus

Stenosis

Incompetent (prolapsed) valve• Cyanosis• CHF• Hypertension

What are some of the diseases/disorders of the heart?