1) Acetylcholine receptors Muscarinic, nicotinic, PS, SS, ionotropic, metabotropic, muscle contraction, HR, vasodilation, broncho constricion, myasthenia gravis (antibodies against receptor), atropine, scopalamine, nicotine, muscarine (from mushroom), curare used for operations, botulin toxin Glycolysis Glucose->G6P->F6P->F1,6BP->3PGA+DHAP(glycerol, fructose enters here)->1,3BPG->3PG->2PG->PEP->Pyruvate(some AA enter here, Alanine, Serine) 2 phases, investing, charging, regulation by phosphorylation of enzymes, PFK-I rate-limiter, activated by 2,3BPF (made by PFK-II, which is regulated by phosphorylation-state, insulin, glucagon, epinephrine), also regulation by energetic state of cell(concentrations of ATP,AMP, Citrate) Acid base Regulation of acid-base balance by kidney(elimination via ammonia, PO4) and lungs(CO2 elimination, carbonic anhydrase(zinc)), buffer systems, hemoglobin, plasma proteins, phosphate, bicarbonate(most imp), disturbances(metabolic, respiratory) 2) FA abs/ reabs Gastric lipase, Pancreatic lipase splits TAGs FA + MAG (emulsified by bile), absorbed by enterocytes, remade as TAGs, packed into chylomicrons, shipped to circulation by lymph, delivers TAGs to extrahepatic tissues, nascent chylomicron absorbed by liver and redistributed as VLDL. g-protein transduction splits GTP GDP conformational change leads to activation/inactivation of enzymes, phospholipase C, adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase, ion channels. ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH ammonium metabolism Ammonia absorbed from diet is bound to glutamine in liver(perivenous) by glutaminase. Glutamine is then released into the blood for use as nitrogen donor for protein synthesis or for neurotransmitter synthesis in nervous tissue (GABA). Excess ammonia (from protein catabolism) is converted to urea in liver and excreted in urine and feces(some of this is reabsorbed and enters ammonia metabolism again) 3) Purine/ pyrimidine metabolism Purines: G, A Pyrimidines: C, U, T Purine synthesis glutamine, CO2, aspartate, n10-formyl-THF, glycine. PRPP synthetase rate-limiter 1 glutamine, 2 glycine, 3 THF, 4 Glutamine, 5 cyclization, 6 CO2, 7 Aspartate, 8 lyase (fumarate), 9 THF, 10 cyclohydrolase, 11 IMP

IMP GMP, AMP GMP IMP Dehydrogenase (NADH, H2O) to hypoxanthine GMP Synthetase; glutamine + ATP AMP adenylsuccinate synthetase; aspartate GTP -- lyase; fumarate Degradation: AMP conversion to IMP (Deaminase) or Adenosine (removing phosphate) then inosine (ADA, deficiency in this enzyme T, B cell depletion) Removing of ribose (hypoxantine) Xantine oxidase (production of H2O2) xantine uric acid (also production of H2O2) GMP same as AMP but directly to xanthine. SCID ADA deficiency Pyrimidine synthesis: Co2, aspartate, glutamine 1 Carbamoyl synthase II, Glutamine, CO2, ATP, 2 Aspartate, 3 Dihyroorotase (cyclization), 4 Dehydrogenase (Orotate), 5 Ribosyl Transferase (OMP), 6 Decarboxylation (UMP) CTP synthetase; glutamine + ATP thymidylate syntase: n5-n10 methylene THF (methotrexate inhibits reduction of DHF, flurouracil inhibits THF) Degradation: to b-alanine and b-aminoisobyturate Isoenzymes Isoenzymes are enzymes catalizing same reaction but has different affinity and reaction speed (Km, Vmax), differs also in AA sequence Hexokinase/Glucokinase Lactate DH 4 subunits H-unit M-unit LDH1 Heart, RBC LDH2 Endotheloreticular system LDH3 - Lungs LDH4 Kidney, placenta LDH5 Liver, muscle Myocardial Infarction marker Creatine Kinase 2 subunits MM (skeletal muscle), MB (Heart), BB(Brain) Catalyses creatine Creatine Phosphate Myocardial Infarction marker ALT, AST Food absorption Proteins

denaturation by HCl in stomach, trypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin Glutathione transporter in enterocytes Lipids Gastric lipase Emulsification by bile salts Pancreatic lipase to MAG, FA Absorption and resynthesis of TAG Carbohydrates ptyalin (saliva) starch, glycogen to smaller pieces Pancreatic amylase to disaccharides maltase, lactase, isomaltase, sucrase on enterocytes split to monosaccharides Gal, glu cotransport with sodium fructose absorbed passively 4) Histamine, serotonine (receptors) Histamine receptors g-protein linked H1 Gq Bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, GI motility H2 Gs - increase sinus rhythm H3 Gi - Neurotransmitter H4 Gi Mast cell chemotaxis Serotonin Sleep, GI motility, NT release, Behavior, sex behavior H2O soluble vitamins Vit C cofactor in catecholamine synthesis collagen synthesis (proline hydroxylation) in conjunction with vit E antioxidant of lipid membranes absorption of iron Bile acid synthesis Vit B B1- Thiamine Oxidative Carboxylation B2 Riboflavin FAD, FMN Oxireductases B3 Niacin NAD, NADP Oxireductases B5 Pantothenic acid CoA Part of FA synthase B6 Pyridoxine Transamination reactions Deamination, decarboxylation B9 Folic Acid

single carbon transfer reactions NorAdr Adr Serotonin Melatonin dUMP dTMP Pyrimidine synthesis B12 Cobalamine Cobalt BCAA catabolism, methionine resynthesis Biotin Carbondioxide transfer Lipoproteins Chylomicrons (Apo-B48) Enterocytes Deliver TAGs to extrahepatic tissues Receives Apo-CII (activator of LPL), Apo-E, becomes nascent chylomicron Remnant chylomicrons absorbed by liver, repackaged to VLDL and released to blood VLDL (Apo-B100, Apo-AI) Receives ApoCII, E from HDL Delivers TAGs Returns ApoC, E to HDL becomes LDL Scavenged by liver HDL Produced in intestine and liver cholesterol scavenger, return to liver(bile) Exchanges lipids with other lipoproteins Has LCAT, transforms free cholesterol to cholesterolesters 5) female sex hormones Progesterone synthesised from cholesterol excreted from corpus luteum during pregnancy suppress prolactin function keeps endometrium in secretory phase, so fetus may get implanted and not aborted, nutrition suppresses mothers immune system relaxes smooth muscles Estrogens Synthesised in ovaries from cholesterol LH stimulates theca cells to produce androgens which is transferred to granulosa cells, where FSH has increased production of aromatases, who convert androgens to estrogens. Sensitivize tissues to progesteron, by increasing receptor formation Development of secondary sexual characteristics Glycoprotein metab, GAG

O, N-glycosidic bonds metabolized in lysozymes Heme prot + DM Cytochromes, glycosylated hemoglobin 6) glucorcorticoids (metab pathway) Cortisol, corticosterone Formed in Zona Fasiculata in adrenal cortex Cholesterol CytP450scc Pregnenolone 17-hydroxylase delta4-5 Isomerase 17OH-pregnenolone Progesterone delta4-5 isomerase 21-hydroxylase 17OH-progesterone 11-deoxycorticosteron 21-hydroxylase 11-hydroxylase 11-deoxycortisol corticosterone 11-hydroxylase Cortisol Functions: Glucose saving, gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, hyperglycemia Lipolysis, ketone bodies Immunosuppressant, inhibit PLC Increase in levels 2 hours before waking (infarction incidents are high in the morning) Bile pigment metab Biliverdin, bilirubin Heme Oxidase breaks ring, releases Fe, H2O, NADP Heme biliverdin + CO biliverdin reductase mid bridge reduced biliverdin bilirubin (NADPH cofactor) antioxidant bilirubin transport in blood (albumin) conjugated in hepatocyte with 2 UDP-glucoronate excreted in bile converted to free bilirubin by bacteria reduced to urobilinogen, reabsorbed excreted in kidney as urobilin some is converted to stercobilin and excreted in feces Hyperbilirubinuria (jaundice) Prehepatic increased hemolysis increased indirect bilirubin in blood (unconjugated) Intrahepatic damage to hepatocytes, increase in both uncon., con. Increased AST ALT as well. Posthepatic cholestasis increased direct bilirubin(conjugated)

In urine, increased only in hepatic and cholstatic jaudice 7) TCA anapleortic reactions Filling up intermediates AA(ketogenic/glucogenic) alpha-ketoglutarate Histamine, Glutamate, Glutamine, Proline, Arginine Succinyl-CoA Methionine, Valine, Isoleucine, Odd-chain FA Fumarate Tyrosine, Phenylalanine Acetyl-CoA Lysine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Cysteine FA (Acetyl-CoA) Oxaloacetate from Pyruvate, Aspartate Free radical, biolog import Immune system(myeloperoxidase, hypochlorous acid), signaling (NO, vasodilation, ROS; cell growth, chemotaxis, apoptosis, (signaling molecules in subtoxic concentrations)) Branched AA metab Metabolised in muscle Deaminated, decaboxylated, dehydrogenized Valine(Metacrylyl-CoA), Isoleucine(Tiglyl-CoA), Leucine(Methylcrotonyl-CoA) Valine and isoleucine transformed to methylmalonyl-CoA and then to succinyl-CoA in a reaction which requires Vit B12. Leucine is metabolised to acetyl-CoA 8) electron transport chain (phospho regulated) Complex I NADH Dehydrogenase NADH:ubiquinone oxireductase Fe-S center NADH+H NAD FMN Complex II Succinate Dehydrogenase Succinate:ubiquinone oxireductase FADH FAD Fe-S center Type B heme Comp I, II ubiqinone (Q) ubiquinol (QH2) Complex III Ubiquinol:cytochrome C oxireductase Cytochrome bc1 complex 2 B type hemes

C type, cytochrome c Rieske Fe-S center Complex IV cytochrome c oxidase cytochrome aa3 Type a heme Cu center 1/2O2 + H+ H2O 400ml/day Complexes create proton-gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane, which is used to drive ATP synthase NADH from glycolysis, TCA FADH from FA-oxidation, TCA Phospholipids + lipids Sphingolipids (Serine + Palmitoyl-CoA) Ceramide + phosphorylcholine Sphingomyelin Ceramide + Glucose/galactose Glucosyl(extraneural)/galactosyl(neural)-Cerebroside Sulfate cerebrosides in myelin + more sugars and N-Acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) gangliosides cell to cell regocnition and signaling Phosphatidyls serine, ethanolamine, choline, inositol, glycerol, cardiolipin interrelationship with TAG synthesis Muscle biochem (myosin actin) Myosin Thick filament Head globular light chain binds to actin, ATPase activity alpha helix heavy chains flexible hinges make power stroke possible Actin Globular-actin -(polymerization)-> Fibrillar-actin F-actin + tropomyosin + troponin T,I,C makes thin filament Ca binds to troponin C, reveals binding site for globular-head myosin head binds, releases P causes conformational changes leading to power-stroke ADP is released from myosin head, ATP is bound and head is released ATP is cleaved and myosin head binds again, if enough Ca is present 9) mechanism of hormone action

Steroid hormones (adrenal gland, cortisol, testosterone, aldosterone, thyroid hormone) Binds on HRE(hormone response elements, increasing transcription of genes) Non-steroid hormones G-protein action adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C FA synth, oxidation Activation of Facyl by binding to CoA (cytosol) Transport across mitochondrial membrane by carnitine shuttle Carnitine acyl transferase I carnitine acyl translocase carnitine acyl transferase II Limiting step If long chain, peroxisomal acyloxidation (above 22C) Oxidation (Mitochondria) Dehydrogenase acyl-coa trans-delta2-enoyl-CoA Hydratase Td2Enoyl-CoA Hydroxyl-acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Hydroxyl-acyl-CoA 3-keto-acyl-CoA Thiolase 3-ketoacyl-coa Acyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA7 Repeated If odd chain fatty acid, last step acetyl-CoA + proprionylcoa(succinyl-coa, TCA) Synthesis (Cytosol) Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acetyl-CoA Malonyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA binds on FA-synthase complex ACP 3-Keto-acyl synthase malonyl-ACP + acetyl-ACP 3-keto-acyl-ACP 3-keto-acyl reductase (NADPH) 3-keto-acyl-ACP Hydroxyl-acyl-ACP Dehydratase hydroxyl-acyl-ACP trans-delta2-enoyl-ACP Reductase trans-delta2-enoyl-ACP Acyl-ACP Repeated until enough C's Then hydrolysed of FA synthase complex Regulation by FA concentration, Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA Obesity Higher energy intake than energy output

several disorders, leptin insensitivity, insulin intolerance, HSL deficiency, too many adipocytes(from high energy intake during childhood), may lead to diabetes type II(insulin resistance), atherosclerosis(LDL-deposits) 10) eicosanoids Generated from arachidonic acid, eicosapentenoic acid, linolenic acid, usually bound to phospholipids in cell membrane. Cleaved of by phospholipase C(inhibited by cortisol). Acted upon by COX(cyclooxygenase, inhibited by aspirin(NSAID)), made into prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and by Lipooxygenase, leukotrienes. Functions range among inflammatory reaction, fever, anaphylaxis, sleep, platelet activation, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation. chemotaxis(LTs) Gluconeogenesis pyruvate carboxylase oxaloacetate(transported out of MIT as malate(NADH is needed inside, NAD+ is needed in cytosol to change betwixt Oaa and malate) PEP carboxykinase(GTP is used) PEP PEP DH 2PG mutase 3PG kinase 2,3BPG DH 3PGAldehyde Aldolase 1,6BPFructose Bisphoshofructose Phosphorylase (Rate-limiter, regulated by phosphorylation by influence of glucagon, epinephrine...) F6P isomerase G6P G6PPhosphatase glucose(occurs in ER-lumen, and shipped out only in liver) Glycerol enters at Dihydroaceton Phosphate Alanine, glycine, serine, cysteine, threonine, tryptophan enters at pyruvate. Glucagon is degraded to glucose as well Energetic state of cell important in regulation (Citrate, Acetyl-CoA) Coenzymes ? vitamins B1 Thiamine Pyruvate DH complex, alpha-ketoglutarate DH complex, BCAA DH complex, transketolase (Pentose Phosphate Pathway) B2 Riboflavin Oxidoreductase reactions as FAD, FMN Electron-transport chain complex I, II, TCA, beta-oxidation, Tetrahydrofolate, activation of vit B6, Retinal, Niacin production from tryptophan. B3 Niacin Oxidoreductases NAD, NADP Electron-transport-chain, TCA, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, thymidine formation, purine, pyrimidine, beta-oxidation, FAsynthesis, PPP, glutathione reducion, ketone bodies synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, fan ka jvlig mykje B5 Pantothenic Acid Part of CoA

important activator of substances, FA, Acetyl, succinyl, AA metabolism, FA synthesis/metabolism B6 Pyridoxine Amino acid reactions, deamination, transamination, carboxylations Neurotransmitters, serotonin, melatonin, adrenalin, noradrenalin, GABA, niacin, AA decarboxylation B9 Folic Acid Tetrahydrofolate Single carbon carrier Purine and pyrimidine synthesis Methyl, methylene, methenyl, formyl, formino-THF, serine donor of carbon. Important to give to pregnant women, fetus needs DNA, RNA B12 Cobalamine Contains Cobalt requires intrinsic factor(parietal cells) to be absorbed in distal part of ileum BCAA-metabolism, Methionine resynthesis from homocysteine Biotin CO2 transfers Vit C Hydroxylation reactions (collagen, noradrenalin) 11) chol metab, transp atherosclerosis Cholesterol absorbed in intestine, transported in chylomicrons to periphery and liver, repackaged in VLDL, LDL. Much cholesterol much LDL greater chance for depositing in tunica intima and oxidation atherosclerosis (hypercholesterolemia) Synthesis from acetyl-CoA AC-CoA + AcAc-CoA HMG-CoA Mevalonate MevalonylPP IsopentenylPP GeranylPP FarnesylPP Squalene Lanosterol Cholesterol Used for bile acid synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis, membranes. Reabsorbed from bile 95%, rest excreted as coprostanol. Medications regulating cholesterol synthesis include statins(levostatin, HMG-CoA synthase inhibitor) and plantsterols which inhibit absorption. Role of liver in detoxification Inactivate and make more soluble for excretion Phase I Oxidation(Hydroxylation) Creates free radicals Alcohols Reduction Aromatic nitrogen compounds Ketones secondary alcohols

Hydrolysis Ester-bonds, amide bonds Phase II Conjugation Glucoronidation UDP-glucoronate Glucoronyl Transferase ER-, nuclear-membrane Groups: -OH, -COOH, -NH2, -SH Acetyl SAM Amines Methyl Acetyl-CoA Aromatic amines sulfonamides decreased solubility Glutathione Gamma-glutamyl-cystenyl-glycine Glutathione-S-transferase Peptides Glycine Acyltransferase Cyclic acids Sulfatiation PAPS Sulfotransferases Substances; Alcohols, phenols, steroids, GAGs, glycolipids, glycoprotein 12) TGA metab / regulation Absorption from intestine as MAG and FA Bile acids help Pancreatic lipase by making micelles. MAG and FA is recreated to TAG in enterocyte and shipped to blood in chylomicrons (to peripheral tissues, liver) Lipoprotein lipase break down TAGs to MAG and FA yet again on the membrane of cells, FA and glycerolphosphate is then absorbed or bound to albumin and transported in the blood. In adipocytes glycerolphosphate and FA are resynthesized to TAG for storage by acyl-transferases and a phosphatase. Release of FA from adipocytes is regulated by phosphorylation-state of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) which splits FA from TAG. Phosphorylation is regulated by cAMP, which in turn is regulated by hormones (epinephrine, glucagon, insulin(is most important) FA beta-oxidation acetyl-CoA regulation by concentration of acetyl-coa, regulating step carnitine shuttle (inhibited by malonyl-coa(FA-Synthesis) Biodeg of glucose in aerobic cond

Kinase(ATP), Isomerase, Kinase(ATP), Aldolase, 3PGAldehyde DH(NAD), 2,3BPG Kinase, Mutase, Enolase, Pyruvate Kinase, LDH/PDH depending on O2-supply(Congestion of TCA) Special in RBC anaerobic Pyruvate DH Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA enters TCA cycle or FA synthesis/ketogenesis Neurochem of synaptic signal transmission Concentrations ions, metabotropic, ionotropic, IPSP, EPSP, NT, Ca2+, presynaptic, postsynaptic, synaptic cleft, synapsin-I activation by Ca2+, 13) biodeg/ biosynth of PL and glycolysis glycerol glycerol-3-phosphate lysophophatidate phosphatidate(may go to inositol , cardiolipin synthesis) DAG UDP-choline/UDP-ethanolamine attachment, serine can exchange ethanolamine making phophatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine choline by methylation by SAM x3. Sphingomyelin is serine, ceramide, phosphatidylcholine Degradation Phospholipase A1, A2, B, C, D split off acyls and choline/serine/ethanolamine/inositol, leaving glycerol-3-P and FA, glycerol-3-P may enter glycolysis via dihydroaceton phosphate. Muscle biochem Electron transport chain Complex I NADH Dehydrogenase NADH:ubiquinone oxireductase Fe-S center NADH+H NAD FMN Complex II Succinate Dehydrogenase Succinate:ubiquinone oxireductase FADH FAD Fe-S center Type B heme Comp I, II ubiqinone (Q) ubiquinol (QH2) Complex III Ubiquinol:cytochrome C oxireductase Cytochrome bc1 complex 2 B type hemes C type, cytochrome c Rieske Fe-S center Complex IV

cytochrome c oxidase cytochrome aa3 Type a heme Cu center 1/2O2 + H+ H2O 400ml/day Complexes create proton-gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane, which is used to drive ATP synthase NADH from glycolysis, TCA FADH from FA-oxidation, TCA 14) male sex hormones Testosterone Synthesised in testis, by leydig cells, LH stimulate synthesis. From cholesterol, FSH stimulate Sertoli cells, important for spermogenesis Testosterone important for secondary sexual characteristics(deep voice, hair, muscle) Metab of carbon skeleton Phenylalanine/ tyrosine, met/disorders 15) oxidative phosphorylation Complex I NADH Dehydrogenase NADH:ubiquinone oxireductase Fe-S center NADH+H NAD FMN Complex II Succinate Dehydrogenase Succinate:ubiquinone oxireductase FADH FAD Fe-S center Type B heme Comp I, II ubiqinone (Q) ubiquinol (QH2) Complex III Ubiquinol:cytochrome C oxireductase Cytochrome bc1 complex 2 B type hemes C type, cytochrome c Rieske Fe-S center Complex IV cytochrome c oxidase

cytochrome aa3 Type a heme Cu center 1/2O2 + H+ H2O 400ml/day Complexes create proton-gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane, which is used to drive ATP synthase NADH from glycolysis, TCA FADH from FA-oxidation, TCA Aas and purine derivatives in neurotransmission Metab of basic AA 16) neurotransmission Metab in RBC Metab in postabsorptive states 17) cofactor of enzymes Gluconeogenesis Eicosanoids 18) tyrosine, clinical significance Acidic saccharides and alcohol derived from saccharides Glucuronic acid conjugation reactions bilirubin, steroids, drugs, Phase II detoxification Proteoglycans, hyaluronate Alcohols from saccharides sorbitol, galactolol if glucose/galactose is in high concentration(diabetes) the saccharide may be transformed to its alcohol counterpart by aldose reductase, this alcohol is not so easily diffusable across membranes and will accumulate in cytosol(in cells which has low levels of sorbitol DH). This will lead to damage to cells (kidney, nerves, lens(occurs often in DM)) 19) HMP pathway and its clinical significance Oxidative pathway (yielding NADPH): G6P (DH, gives NADPH) Pgluconolactone (Gluconolactonase) PhosphoGluconate (PGDH, gives NADPH) Ribulose-5-P Non-Oxidative: Ribulose-5-P Ribose-5-P/Xylulose-5-P Glyceraldehyde-3-P + Sedoheptulose-7-P Erythose-4-P + Fructose-6-P(enters glycolysis) Erythose-4-P + Xylulose-5-P 2 3PGlyceradehyde (enters glycolysis)

Important for NADPH production for FA synthesis, Ribose-5-P for pyrimidine, purine synthesis. In RBC NADPH is very important to keep oxidant balance (glutathione reductase) Pyrimidine degrad + synthesis and its pharmacological significance Detoxification / function of the liver + role cyt p450 system Inactivate and make more soluble for excretion Phase I Oxidation(Hydroxylation) Creates free radicals Alcohols Reduction Aromatic nitrogen compounds Ketones secondary alcohols Hydrolysis Ester-bonds, amide bonds Phase II Conjugation Glucoronidation UDP-glucoronate Glucoronyl Transferase ER-, nuclear-membrane Groups: -OH, -COOH, -NH2, -SH Acetyl SAM Amines Methyl Acetyl-CoA Aromatic amines sulfonamides decreased solubility Glutathione Gamma-glutamyl-cystenyl-glycine Glutathione-S-transferase Peptides Glycine Acyltransferase Cyclic acids Sulfatiation PAPS Sulfotransferases Substances; Alcohols, phenols, steroids, GAGs, glycolipids, glycoprotein 20) smooth muscle contraction Isoenzymes

Branched chain AA 21) muscle contraction G-proteins Xenobiotics 22) enzyme activity, regulation Ca, PO4, Mg metab + regulation Metab in absorptive states 23) eicosanoids Gluconeogenesis 24) TAG synthesis and degrad Glycolysis Neurons and synapses 25) bile pigment, hyperbilibubinemia Regulation of metab pathways Glucocorticoids 26) Acid base balance, buffer systems Synthesis of ATP, regulation Recombinant DNA technique 27) AA which yields glucose Lipid digestion Role of G-protein 28) Respiratory chain structure Complex I NADH Dehydrogenase NADH:ubiquinone oxireductase Fe-S center NADH+H NAD FMN

Complex II Succinate Dehydrogenase Succinate:ubiquinone oxireductase FADH FAD Fe-S center Type B heme Comp I, II ubiqinone (Q) ubiquinol (QH2) Complex III Ubiquinol:cytochrome C oxireductase Cytochrome bc1 complex 2 B type hemes C type, cytochrome c Rieske Fe-S center Complex IV cytochrome c oxidase cytochrome aa3 Type a heme Cu center 1/2O2 + H+ H2O 400ml/day Complexes create proton-gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane, which is used to drive ATP synthase NADH from glycolysis, TCA FADH from FA-oxidation, TCA Biochemical aspect of muscle tissue and connective tissue 29) TCA cycle Branched chain AA 30) Mitochondrial role of FA metab Tyrosine metab 31) role og Mg and thiamine in carbohydrate metab Cholesterol metab and role of bile acids Intermediatory relationships during pregnancy and lactation 32) TAG synth and degradation Thyroid hormones

Lipoproteins 33) Synthesis and degradation of heme 34) Well fed state Nervous tissue Plasma proteins 35) Gluconeogenesis Acethylcholine metab Metab of sulfur 36) long term starvation + exercise GAG in connective tissue Jaundice 37)FA synth Catecholamines synth and degradtion, role as neurotransmittor Microminerals, especially Cu and Fe 38)digestion of saccharides Glucorcorticoids, mineralcorticoids Connective tissue and collagen 39) DM Protein digestion, absorption and distribution in tissues Transaminases and phosphatases 40) G-protein Saccharide digestion Gluconeogenic AAs 41) gluconeogenesis and its regulation

Types of enzymes used in AA metab and catabolism Importance of thymine in nucleotide synthesis 42) synthesis and degradation of TAG Stress hormones AAs synth through alfa-ketoglutarate 43) Smooth muscle contraction / relaxation Detoxification function of liver G-proteins

1)Cholesterol biosynthesis, regulation Activity of antioxidants and enzymes on Ros Cori Cycle and Glucose Alanin

2)Hormonal regulation of citrate cycle in well fed and starvation phase, activation, inactivation Calsium, magnesium and fosfor role in metabolism, function, regulation Female hormones, regulation, activation, function, inactivation

3)Magnesium and thiamine in metabolism of saccharides . Metabolic interrelationship in pregnancy and lactation (or something like that) Blie acids, lipid digestion, cholesterol.

FA synthesis

Catecholamines metabolism. Function as neurotransmittor in PNS and CNS (receptors also) Mircominerals - function. Cupper and iron and their function in detoxification (and metabolism also I think) about 12 months ago Report

glycogen synth\degrad - in skeletal msucle during musclecontraction cholesterol transport, lipoporteins+ importance carboskeleton and their importance in metabolism about 12 months ago Report

regulation of smooth muscle contraction Role of liver in detoxification of xenobiotics G protein about 12 months ago Report

Biosynthesis and degradation of pyrimidines, and their regualtion in cell cyclus. Liver in detoxification . Cyt P450. Use of products in pentose phosphate pathway in cell metabolism. about 12 months ago Report

stress hormones and their importance. amino acids yielding alpha keto glutarate and their metabolism...(was also something with malate i think but we never got to that.) TAG metabolism about 12 months ago Report

Dobrota; pyruvate metabolism mineral trace elements and their "circulation in metabolism" menstrual cycle

Additional Q's - what are the substrates for gluconeogenesis - value for copper and iron (which I didn't know) - what are heavy vegetarians called (vegans)

try to give a good introduction so he doesn't interrupt you and if you can - refer to things he told us during lectures about 12 months ago Report

eicosanoids synthesis and products ketoacidosis Na,Cl,K, their metabolism, and their regulation on the blood pressure

Good luck everyone :) about 12 months ago Report

1. cholesterol synthesis, regulation 2. vitamin and ensymes which take place in detoxification of oxygen species 3. cori cycle, glucose-alanine cycle - function

Profesor was realy nice, dont worry !!!! time which you resive for make notes, use the best how is possible, because sometimes he only read this and ask some small question. DONT WORRY & GOOD LUCK about 12 months ago Report

Digestion and reabsorption of lipids, diseases. Regulation of insulin and glucagon, affects on metabolism in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and the liver. Biological importance of fat-soluble vitamins.

Good luck! :) about 12 months ago Report

TAG synthesis and degredation. Regulation. Importance of stress hormones Catabolism of amino acids to form alpha-ketoglutarate. Aspartate metabolism. about 12 months ago Report

- Glucose to hexoses, fructose + galctose metabolism + mannose metabolism Pathways of production of ATP under aerobic conditions + regulation serotonin, glycine, histamin and GABA meatabolism + regulation - Regulation of metabolism in long-term starvation and exercise Glycoproteins and glycolipids. Their metabolism and relation to connective tissue and other tissues. Common diseases of heme-degradation and hyperbilirubinemias. - TCA, anabolic & catabolic reactions. Regulation of TCA. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Role in metabolism, function, regulation Female hormones, regulation, activation, function, inactivation 1) Transport of reducing agents to mitochondria during arobic and anaerobic conditions.

2) metabolism of Basic Aminoacids and their intermediates fate 3) metabolism of exitation amino acids, purin dervators, and their importance as neurotramitters! Noen f sm sprsml som jeg husker han spurte underveis var bla: - What causes an anaerobic condition? name some pathalogical situations - Which two tissue produce lactat? is it pathological. - How diffrent neurotransmitter work? Name how Many receptor Glutamat have! and its importance specialy at the brain! 1. Enzyme control on cellular level and all other levels 2. Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis 3. Blood proteins, Antibodies, Immunoglobulins 1. absrption and digestion of saccharides. disaccharide deficiency. 2. collagen synthesis and degradation. Connective tissue 3. glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Synthesis, activation, inactivation 1. Citric acid cycle, regulation, anabolic and catabolic processes. 2. Mg, PO4 and Ca. Their relationship, regulation and biological importance. 3. Female hormones, biosynthesis, importance, inactivation 1. Glutamine and it's role in the Urea Cycle. Ammonia donator, source of energy in kidney, intestine, collector and transporter of ammonia 2. Thyroid hormone. Biosynthesis, importance, inactivation. 3. Phospholipids. 1. Decarboxylation, hydroxylation, oxidation reactions of AA

2. Gluconeogenesis. Short term and long term regulation 3. Biosynthesis of Thymidine 1. Muscle contraction 2. Metabolism of branched chain amino acids 3. Importance of plasma isoenzymes in differential diagnosis Lactate DH, creatine kinase, AST, ALT 1. Importance of saccharidic acids and alcohols. 2.Metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids and tissue effects. 3. Phenylalanine and Tyrosine metabolism. + errors in metabolism.