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BioinformBioinformááticatica

BioinformBioinformááticaticaIs the use of computationalIs the use of computational

methods to study biological datamethods to study biological data

Over 400 genomes [2007]Over 400 genomes [2007]http://http://vimssvimss..lbllbl..govgov//

Genomics, Genomics, MetagenomicsMetagenomics,,Proteomics, Proteomics, MetabolomicsMetabolomics, etc., etc.

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¿¿QuQuéé genesgenes est estáán presentesn presentes??¿¿EstEstáán esos n esos genes genes presentes presentes en men máás des de

una copiauna copia??¿¿QuQuéé genes no genes no estestáán presentesn presentes??¿¿CuCuáál es l es el el orden orden de de los los genes y genes y tendrtendráá

esto algesto algúún significadon significado??¿¿CuCuáán n similar similar es es el el genoma genoma de unde un

organismo organismo a a otrootro??

Observando genomas completosObservando genomas completos……

Molecular EvolutionMolecular Evolution Is on the molecules themselves andIs on the molecules themselves and

understanding the process of mutation andunderstanding the process of mutation andselection that act on the sequencesselection that act on the sequences

HomologyHomology: sequences are homologous if: sequences are homologous ifthey descend from a common ancestorthey descend from a common ancestor

Similarity (% of DNA:DNA identity)Similarity (% of DNA:DNA identity)

If they are related by the evolutionary processIf they are related by the evolutionary processof of divergencedivergence (homologous) or if there is (homologous) or if there issome chance that it will have evolved moresome chance that it will have evolved morethan once independently (than once independently (convergentconvergentevolution)evolution)

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Bacteria

Arquea

Eucarya

Bacteria

Arquea

Eucarya

E. coli

KueneniaMarine ANAMMOX

4.27 Mb/41% GC

Genómica &Bioinformática

9 genomas de E. coli secuenciadosAprox. 3,000 genes en común…8,000 genes diferentes entre todas

Vibrio cholerae (2 cromosomas)Burholderia cepacia (3 cromosomas)

1/3 - 1/2 of all bacteria might harbor a plasmid (not all conjugative)

Up to 25% of genomes were acquired from othersJumping genes (clc mobile elements; islands of genomic information)

Type-genes:

Type-genes:

V. cholerae, symbiont of copepods (zooplankton). Role of global process (eg. El Niño yLa Niña), temperature, water currents, predictability of pathogens transport.

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