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Purdue extension4-H-1019
Bioindicators of Water QualityQuick–Reference Guide
Authors: Julie Speelman and Natalie Carroll | Photographer (unless otherwise noted): Julie Speelman | Design and Layout: Jennifer Mazonas
This publication shows aquatic insects that can be used as bioindicators of water quality in Indiana waterways. Bioindicators are biological systems that are sensitive to environmental changes and, therefore, can indicate when pollution is present in the water.
A tolerance score is included for each insect in this publication. The tolerance score, ranging from 0–10, represents the insect’s sensitivity to pollution and can be used to estimate the quality of the water in which the insect was found. Insects with a score of 0 are intolerant to pollution, meaning they cannot tolerate any water pollution, while insects with a score of 10 are very tolerant of polluted water.
Materials Needed• dipnet• whiteplasticpail,bowl,ordishpan(Note:Thewhitecolormakesiteasier
to see the insects.)• 2–3whitestyrofoameggcartonsorplasticicecubetrays• datasheet—availableonlineat:www.four-h.purdue.edu/natural_
resources/ (select“ResourcesforEducators”and“Bioindicators”)
Instructions• Locateabodyofwater(e.g.,stream,pond,lake)tosample.Thewatershouldonlybeatmostkneedeepandalloweasyaccessforobtainingthesample.Makesureyouhavepermissiontosamplethewater.
• Dipthepailinthewatertobesampled.• Collectinsectsamplesfromallhabitatswithina200-footsection
of that body of water, and place them in the pail. Jab your dip net against the vegetation and into mud or sand at the bottom to collectinsects.Scrapetheundersideofrocksandlogsintothenet.
• Collectinsectsfor45minutes.• Usingtheicecubetray,sorttheinsectsthatlookthesameintothe
different compartments of the tray using your hand or forceps. Be suretoputsomewaterintheicecubetrayfirsttokeeptheinsectsfrom drying out.
• Usethebioindicatorflashcardsorquickreferenceguidetoidentifytheinsects.Recordthenumberofinsectsfromeachinsectfamilyyouidentify on the data sheet.
• Placetheinsectsbackinthewaterwhenyouarefinished.• Completethecalculationsdescribedinthenextsectiontodetermine
the quality rating.
Assessing the Water Quality of a SiteFor each insect family group:• Recordthenumberofinsectsfoundforeachspecieslisted.• MultiplytheToleranceValuebytheNumberFound,andentertheresultunderFamilyToleranceScore.
• SumtheNumberFoundandFamilyToleranceScorecolumns(OrderTotals).
For each insect order:• TransfertheOrderTotalstotheOrderSummarysection.• SumtheNumberFoundandOrderToleranceScorecolumns (GrandTotal).
• DeterminetheBioticIndexbydividingtheGrandTotalToleranceScorebytheGrandTotalNumberFound.
• Usethebioticindexinthetableprovidedtoestimatethewaterquality rating and degree of organic pollution.
Biotic Index
Water Quality Rating
Degree of Organic Pollution
0.00–3.75 excellentorganic pollution unlikely
3.76–4.25 very goodslight organic pollution possible
4.26–5.00 goodsome organic pollution probable
5.01–5.75 fairfairly substantial pollution likely
5.76–6.50 fairly poor substantial pollution likely
6.51–7.25 poor very substantial pollution likely
7.26–10.0 very poorsevere organic pollution likely
Resources• U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)• AboutBiologicalIntegrityandIndicators:
www.epa.gov/bioindicators/html/about.html• InvertebratesasIndicators(lookforBugsasIndicatorsofWaterQuality):
www.epa.gov/bioindicators/html/invertebrate.html• Bugguide.net(hostedbyIowaStateUniversityEntomology):
www.bugguide.net
• HoosierRiverwatch(providestrainingonthisandmanyotherwater-relatedtopics):http://www.in.gov/dnr/nrec/3046.htm
• VolunteerStreamMonitoringTrainingManual(download,13.7MB):http://www.in.gov/dnr/nrec/files/nc-Riverwatch_Manual.pdf;Chapter5covers biological monitoring.
• HoosierRiverwatcheventscalendar:http://www.in.gov/dnr/nrec/
ColeopteraBeetles
Dryopidae Long-toed Water Beetle Diptera
Flies
5
Dytiscidae (larvae)Predaceous Diving Beetle
5
Gyrinidae (larvae)Whirligig Beetle
4
Gyrinidae(adult)Whirligig Beetle
4
Dytiscidae(adult)Predaceous Diving Beetle
5Haliplidae (larvae)
Crawling Water Beetle
7
Elmidae(larvae)Riffle Beetle
5Haliplidae(adult)
Crawling Water Beetle
7
Elmidae(adult)Riffle Beetle
5 Hydrophilidae (larvae)Water Scavenger Beetle
5
Hydrophilidae(adult)Water Scavenger Beetle
5
Psephenidae (larvae)Water Penny
4
ChaoboridaePhantom Midge
8
ChironomidaeNon-biting Midge
6 pale forms
8 red forms
CulicidaeMosquito
8
AthericidaeAquatic Snipe Fly
2
DixidaeDixid Midge
1
BlephariceridaeNet-winged Midge
0
CeratopogonidaeBiting Midge
6
EmpididaeAquatic Dance Fly
6
MuscidaeHouse Fly, Stable Fly,
Green Bottle Fly
6Ephydridae
Shore Fly
6
EphemeropteraMayflies
SimuliidaeBlack Fly
6
SciomyzidaeMarsh Fly
6
PsychodidaeMoth Fly
10
StratiomyidaeSoldier Fly
8
SyrphidaeRattailed Maggot
10
TabanidaeHorse Fly, Deer Fly
6
TipulidaeCrane Fly
3
IsonychiidaeBrushed-legged Mayfly
2
LeptohyphidaeLittle Stout Crawler Mayfly
4
LeptophlebiidaeProng-gilled Mayfly
2
PolymitarcyidaePale Burrowing Mayfly
2
PotamanthidaeHacklegill Mayfly
4
HeptageniidaeFlat-headed Mayfly
4Ephemeridae
Common Burrowing Mayfly
4
EphemerellidaeSpiny Crawler Mayfly
1
BaetidaeSmall Minnow Mayfly
4
BaetiscidaeArmored Mayfly
3
CaenidaeSmall Square-gill Mayfly
7
SiphlonuridaePrimitive Minnow Mayfly
7
HemipteraAquatic Bugs
GelastocoridaeToad Bug
Undetermined
BelostomatidaeGiant Water Bug
10
CorixidaeWater Boatman
9
LepidopteraAquatic Moths
MegalopteraAlderflies,
Dobsonflies, and Fishflies
CorydalidaeDobsonfly
OdonataDamselflies and
Dragonflies
AeshnidaeDarner
HebridaeVelvet Water Bug
Undetermined
MesoveliidaeWater Treader
Undetermined
HydrometridaeWater Measurer
Undetermined
PleidaePygmy Backswimmer
Undetermined
SaldidaeShore Bug
Undetermined
VeliidaeBroad-shouldered Water Strider
NotonectidaeBackswimmer
Undetermined
GerridaeWater Strider
Undetermined
NepidaeWater Scorpion
8Naucoridae
Creeping Water Bug
5
PyralidaeAquatic Caterpillar
5Calopterygidae
Broad-winged Damselfly
5
3
SialidaeAlderfly
4
0
GomphidaeClub-tailed Dragonfly
1
CoenagrionidaeNarrow-winged Damselfly
9
LestidaeSpread-winged Damselfly
9
LibellulidaeCommon Skimmer
7
Photo
: Dr. J
onath
an N
eal
Photo
: Dr. J
onath
an N
eal
Photo
: Dr. J
onath
an N
eal
6
PlecopteraStoneflies
TrichopteraCaddisflies
CapniidaeSmall Winter Stonefly
1
NemouridaeBrown Stonefly
2
PteronarcyidaeGiant Stonefly
0
PerlodidaePatterned Stonefly
2
PerlidaeCommon Stonefly
1
LeuctridaeRoll-winged Stonefly
0
TaeniopterygidaeWinter Stonefly
2
BrachycentridaeHumpless Casemaker Caddisfly
1
GlossosomatidaeSaddle Casemaker Caddisfly
0
HelicopsychidaeSnail Casemaker Caddisfly
3
HydropsychidaeCommon Net Spinner Caddisfly
4
PhilopotamidaeFinger Net Caddisfly
3
LimnephilidaeNorthern Casemaker Caddisfly
4
LeptoceridaeLong Horned Casemaker
4
LepidostomatidaeLepidostomatid Casemaker
1
HydroptilidaeMicro Caddisfly
4
PhryganeidaeGiant Casemaker Caddisfly
4
ColeopteraBeetles
DryopidaeLong-toed Water Beetle
Dytiscidae (larvae)Predaceous Diving Beetle
5
Dytiscidae (adult)Predaceous Diving Beetle
5
Using this guide with the data sheets
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This material may be available in alternative formats.
Purdue Agriculture Produced by Agricultural Communication 08/12
Order or download materials at the Purdue Extension Education Store • www.the-education-store.com
Order SummaryOrder Total
ColeopteraDipteraEphemeropteraHemipteraLepidopteraMegalopteraOdonataPlecopteraTrichoptera
Grand Total
Number Found Order Tolerance56852030635 155
240130027283825
BiotoicIndex=[GrandTotalTolerance]/[GrandTotalNumberFound]=155/35=4.43
Coleoptera (Beetles)
Family Tolerance Value
Number Found
Family Tolerance Score
DryopidaeDytiscidaeElmidaeGyrinidaeHaliplidaeHydrophilidaePsephenidae
5554754
Order Total 50300020 0
1000015025
Tolerance Value
FamilyName
CommonName
5