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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Biogas Technology from Research to Regional Technology Transfer
Asia Pacific Regional Workshop on Biomass Energy Resource AssessmentBangkok, Thailand
July 7, 2015
Warinthorn Songkasiri, Ph.D.National Center for Genetic Engineeing and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)
Bangkok, Thailand
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Biogas
» Anaerobic Digestion converts organic compounds to methane and carbon dioxide
» Biogas composition• CH4 ~50-80%• CO2 ~10-30%• Others ~ H2O, H2S • LHV 4,300 – 6,000 Kcal/m3
» 1 m3 of biogas equivalent to:• LPG 0.46 kg• Electricity* 1.2 kW-h• Diesel 0.4 kg• Fuel Oil (C) 0.47 litres• Gasoline 0.6 kg• Coal 0.8 kg• Charcoal 1.6 kg*Conversion efficiency at 25%
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
1,959.95 MW4,800 MW
3
Bioenergy
AEDP Target Current Capacity
Biomass
• Promote “Distributed Green Generation”• Promote Planting Fast Growing Trees• Extending transmission & distribution lines
193.40 MW600 MW
AEDP Target Current Capacity
• Promote biogas production in household level• Promote “CBG” Compress Bio-Methane Gas• Biogas Safety Campaign
Biogas
112.7 MW400 MW
AEDP Target Current Capacity
• Promote MSW in medium/small size Local Admin Organization• Speed up private sector for co-working or implementing government WTE projects• Promote “RDF” Refuse-Derived Fuel
Municipal solid waste
Source: Dr. Surachai Satitkunarat, ASEAN Biomass workshop, 2014
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Primary Resources for Biogas - Organics
Industrial Wastewater Animal Farm Waste/Wastewater Agricultural Residues Municipal Wastes
Benefit of Biogas System Environmental Benefit
Waste and wastewater treatment Odor removal
Economic Benefit Replacement of fossil fuel for heat
generation Replacement of electricity from grid Profit from selling electricity to
national grid
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Potential of biogas production and existing in use of biogas
17%36%
4%
Source: Chaiprasert, 2011
Raw material Biogas conversion Biogas cleaning Biogas utilization
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
I. Pre-Treatment of Raw Material
II. Biogas Reactor
III. Post-Treatment
Components of Biogas System
Size reductionRemoval of inorganic
Neutralizing toxicity
Enzymatic treatmentAcid treatment
WastewaterSecondary Treatment
Open Ponds
BiogasBiogas Cleaning
Purification
Solid WasteSludge Treatment
Fertilizer
Sludge (Solid) Biogas (Gas) Wastewater (Liquid)
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
I. Categorized by Types of Microorganism Attachment
II. Categorized by Efficiency of the System Based on Organic Loading Rate (OLR) [=] kg COD/m3 reactor/day
Biogas Technology
Suspended Growth(granule)
Attached Growth(biofilm)
High Rate OLR > 4
Low RateOLR < 2
Conventional Rate2 < OLR < 4
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Biogas Technology
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Biogas TechnologyRaw Material High Rate (H) Conventional Rate (C) Low rate (L)
AFF UASB HYBRID CSTR Plug flow channel ABR ACL MCL
Industrial WastewaterCassava Starch O O O O O O
Palm Oil O O O O O
Ethanol O O O O O O
Para-Rubber O O O O O
Pulp and Paper O
Food O O O O O O
Candy* O O
Agricultural ResiduesCassava Pulp O O O O
Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch O
Palm Oil Decanter Cake O O
Animal Farm WastewaterSwine O O O O O
Dairy O O
MSW O O O
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Success Story of Biogas Development in Thailand
2,300 biogas plants installed during 1995-2006 1,655 plants: small scale 70% are anaerobic fixed dome
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Biogas Development in Thailand: Industrial Wastewaters
Technology Import Technology R&D Demonstration Domestic Market Technology Export
1960 Biogas technology has been introduced in Thailand
1984 Full Scale Plant (12 distilleries Plants, import technology
1985- 1989 ASEAN Food Waste Project/tapioca waste/pineapple
1985 Biogas pilot plant at Ban Pong tapioca starch factory
1999 Full scale Biogas Plants at Rice starch factory
2002 EPPO partially subsidized investment cost of 12 cassava starch factories
2005+ Several Industrial Biogas Plants have been built and operated
2010+ Biogas technology has been exported to neighbor ngcountries
Thai Biogas Energy Company Limited (TBEC) (shareholders: Thailand, Finland, UAE) set up biogas plant at DoungphasukCassava Factory in Lao PDR(500 tons starch/day)
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Biogas Development in Thailand: Animal Farm Wastewater
1975-1980 Universities, Health Dept, National Energy Policy Board, and Dept of Agricultural Extension (DoAE)• DoAE started a biogas
promotion program (E self-sufficiency)
• Small biogas plant in livestock and some industries such as liquor/ beer, food and starch factories
• Only 35% of 2,800 biogas plant in use
• Bad construction, lack of experience and awareness
1988-1995 • Chiang Mai U and DoAE
received support from GTZ initiated a Thai-German Biogas Promotion Project (TG-BP), Fixed Dom Technology
• 7 years, 3 phases - for Household farmers and industrial levels
• DoAE – small (8-50 m3)• CMU – medium and large
farms (100-1000 m3)
1992 The National Energy Policy Office (EPPO, now) managed the fund • “The biogas
dissemination programmein livestock farms: medium and large size farms”
• Subsidize up to 38% of biogas construction part
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 ....2030
2010-2012 EPPO managed the fund to Chiang Mai U • “The biogas
dissemination programme in chicken farms phase I”
• 4 Farms
2008-2014EPPO managed the fund with CU• “The biogas dissemination programm in Community
Waste” • Subsidize up to 40-70% of investment and Consult
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Lack of success cases/stories Lack of demonstration projects High investment Lack of governmental support Lack of local technology, only imported technology especially
industrial level. Household level had technology from China and India Lack of operational experience
Lessons Learnt from the Biogas System Failure
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Biogas Development in Thailand: Industrial Wastewaters
Technology Import Technology R&D Demonstration Domestic Market Technology Export
1960 Biogas technology has been introduced in Thailand
1984 Full Scale Plant (12 distilleries Plants, import technology
1985- 1989 ASEAN Food Waste Project/tapioca waste/pineapple
1985 Biogas pilot plant at Ban Pong tapioca starch factory
1999 Full scale Biogas Plants at Rice starch factory
2002 EPPO partially subsidized investment cost of 12 cassava starch factories
2005+ Several Industrial Biogas Plants have been built and operated
2010+ Biogas technology has been exported to neighbor ngcountries
Thai Biogas Energy Company Limited (TBEC) (shareholders: Thailand, Finland, UAE) set up biogas plant at DoungphasukCassava Factory in Lao PDR(500 tons starch/day)
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Biogas Development in Thailand: Industrial Wastewaters
Technology Import Technology R&D Demonstration Domestic Market Technology Export
AFF: Anaerobic Fixed Film Technology
High rate anaerobic digestor
Single stageLess spaceBiofilm on mediaHigher shock load
ToleranceSuitable with high
suspended solid wastewater
Investment Cost42.70 M baht
EPPO(21.25% as EPPO’s protocal)
9.07 M baht
Other Source- Environmental Fund- Soft loan
Factory
Starch Program
BIOTEC / KMUTT + TTDI + Tapioca Starch Association
12 biogas demonstration plants for tapioca starch factories166 million baht (30% of capital cost)Wastewaters 25 million m3
4 agencies- Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP) (4 factories – UASB)- Department of Factory (3 factories – UASB)- BAU, Chiang Mai University (2 factories – H-UASB)- KMUTT (3 factories – Anaerobic Fixed Film Reactor)
- 2 million baht technology fee- Training and knowledge dissemination to operators/factory owners
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Biogas Project in Cassava Starch Industry
after
Starch production 240 Ton dry starch/day
Volume of waste water 2,400 m3/day
COD 23,000 mg/l
Organic loading 55.2 Ton COD/day
Reactor size 12,000 m3
Biogas production 17,600 m3/day
crude oil equivalent 8,270 L/day ( $1M/year)
Before the biogas project
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Influent
Packed bed
suspended bed
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Transfer of Anaerobic Fixed Film and Anaerobic Hybrid Technology
Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
BiogasUtilization
Saving Otherbenefit
Rice Flour Mill (1 factory)
Electricity 60,000 $USannually
No impact on community
TapiocaStarch (6 factories)
Fuel oil replacement and Electricity
1.2- 1.8 million$US annually
No impact on community
Dehydration fruit (2 factories)
Fuel oil replacement
200,000 $USannually
No impact on community
Tunacanning (1 factory)
Biomass(wood)replacement
170,000 $USannually
ReclaimWWTP space for other purpose
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Transfer of Anaerobic Fixed Film and Anaerobic Hybrid Technology
Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Anaerobic Fixed Film Reactor
Cassava Starch
Factory I
Replacement of fuel oil 20 million baht/year
Replacement of fuel oil 5.40 million baht/year
Replacement of fuel oil 3.3 million baht/year
Replacement of fuel oil 10 million baht/year
Food Factory
Seafood Factory
Cassava Starch
Factory II
Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor
Impact in 2014
Palm Oil Factory I
Palm Oil Factory II
Electricity Generation11.8 million baht/year
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Investment Promotion (Ministry of Energy)
2002, support 30% of investment cost (9/12 starch factory) 2003, soft loan with 4% interest rate
(not more than 50 M baht ) 2007, support 20% of investment cost 2009, support 50% of investment cost for biogas production from latex
factory, solid wastes, frozen food factory
Biogas Investment Promotion (NSTDA)
• Soft loan with low interest rate(75% of investment cost but not more than $ us1.5 M)
• 2006 soft loan with low interest rate and 1 year grace period• 22 companies joined
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Measures and Strategies to Promote Biogas Technology
Financial support Tax incentive Promotion for Energy Service Company (ESCO) Small Power Purchase Tariff Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Environmental Law Enforcement
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Biogas Development in Thailand: Industrial Wastewaters
Technology Import Technology R&D Demonstration Domestic Market Technology Export
Phase II2008-2013EPPO managed the fund “The biogas dissemination programme in Industrial” Starch – 60 plants; Fixed film, Cover lagoon, UASB, ABR, ACL, MCLOil extracted from plants-- 89 plants, UASB , CSTR, ACL, MCLEthanol– 21 plants; UASB , CSTR, ABR, ACL, MCLFood processing – 7 plants, Fixed film, UASB, Plug flow, ABR, ACL, MCLLatex industry-- 47 plants; UASB, CSTR, ABR, ACL, MCLOthers– 140 plants• Subsidize up to 20-50% of biogas construction part
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Biogas Development in Thailand: Animal Farm Wastewater
1975-1980 Universities, Health Dept, National Energy Policy Board, and Dept of Agricultural Extension (DoAE)• DoAE started a biogas
promotion program (E self-sufficiency)
• Small biogas plant in livestock and some industries such as liquor/ beer, food and starch factories
• Only 35% of 2,800 biogas plant in use
• Bad construction, lack of experience and awareness
1988-1995 • Chiang Mai U and DoAE
received support from GTZ initiated a Thai-German Biogas Promotion Project (TG-BP), Fixed Dom Technology
• 7 years, 3 phases - for Household farmers and industrial levels
• DoAE – small (8-50 m3)• CMU – medium and large
farms (100-1000 m3)
1992 The National Energy Policy Office (EPPO, now) managed the fund • “The biogas
dissemination programmein livestock farms: medium and large size farms”
• Subsidize up to 38% of biogas construction part
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 ....2030
2010-2012 EPPO managed the fund to Chiang Mai U • “The biogas
dissemination programme in chicken farms phase I”
• 4 Farms
2008-2014EPPO managed the fund with CU• “The biogas dissemination programm in Community
Waste” • Subsidize up to 40-70% of investment and Consult
Page 24
Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
2.5
Palm oil
cassava
1.4
sugarcane
5.77.2
Plantation Areas of Principle Crop in ASEAN (M hectares)
0.3
0.1
0.1
Source: FAO STAT, 2009-2010
0.2
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.41.2
0.2
Plantation areas (M hectares)
0.3
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
250120
608
Processing plants of Principle Crop in ASEAN
20
30
10
46
19
9
Palm oil
cassava
sugarcane
Number of Processing Plants
400
4
4
source: http://en.baomoi.com, http://www.bioenergyconsult.com/2012/02/,http://gain.fas.usda.gov, http://etpblog.pemandu.gov, http://www.ijsejournal.com/file/7.pdf, http://www2.hcmuaf.edu.vn
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
416
608
Status of Biogas Plant in ASEAN: Palm Oil Mills
without Biogas94%
With Biogas4%
Under construction 2%
WithoutBiogas74%
With Biogas8%
Under construction 7%
แผน 7%
source: http://www.gpo.gov, http://etpblog.pemandu.gov.my/posts/2011/05/30/wKrisada Chavananand, 2011.
WithoutBiogas24% With Biogas
37%
Under construction 39%76
Number of total processing plants
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)Status of Biogas Plant in ASEAN: Cassava Processing
source: http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/984/attach/indonesia_final.pdf, http://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj14(5)11/2.pdf
With Biogas70%
WithoutBiogas30%
∼80
4WithoutBiogas75%(Open lagoon)
With Biogas25%
With Biogas17%
WithoutBiogas83%
60
4
WithoutBiogas25%
With Biogas75%
With Biogas≅ 10%
without Biogas≅ 90%
400 Number of total processing plants
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Source: John C.Y. Lee,2010
ASEAN Biogas-Market Potential Forecast
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Opportunities of Biogas Consultant in ASEAN Market
Thai Biogas Energy Company Limited (TBEC) (shareholders: Thailand, Finland, UAE)set up biogas plant at Doungphasuk Cassava Factory in Laos
(500 tons of starch/day)
Waste to Energy (Singapore) build a biogas project at T.T.Y Tapioca Starch Factory in Cambodia
(260 tons of starch/day)
Source: http://www.ttycorp.com/Biogas.html, http://www.tbec.co.th/e_news15.htm, http://www.tw2e.nl/who-is-
Topec Waste to Energy (Netherland)build a biogas project at Siang Phong Tapioca Starch Factory
in Cambodia
ASEAN cross-boarder Consultant
Policy support?Financial support?Technology support?Incentive? … …
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Key Factors to Success
• Business Need
• Incentive
• Organization and Opportunity
• Government Support
• Applicable Technology
• Solution and Success Study
Page 31
Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Aiming to Low Carbon Industry: Agro-Industries in Thailand
Zero Emission
Process Improvem
ent
Hybrid AD
Water reused
Product Quality
Energy
By product Utilized
Biogas
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Trend in Biogas Technology Development in Thailand
Technology Import Technology R&D Demonstration Domestic Market Technology Export
Centralized plant(small-scale)
Improve efficiency
Safety
Existing Technology
Different substrates• Ligno-cellulose• Salt• Toxicity
New technology/New substrate
Microorganism selection
(local diversity)
Engineering Design
Demonstration project
Policy • Standard • Safety
• Standard • safety
Incentive policy
Capability Building R&D / Technicians / operators / Technology
Page 33
Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management (ECoWaste)
Director: Dr. Annop Nopharatana
Lab Head: Dr. Warinthorn Songkasiri
Address: Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management (ECoWaste)
PDTI Building, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkhuntien)
49 Soi Tiantalay 25, Thakham, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150 Thailand
Telephone number: (662) 470-7524
Fax number : (662) 452-3455
Contact Information
Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management
(ECoWaste)
33
