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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Biogas Developments in International Energy Agency Countries
David BAXTER
Leader of IEA Bioenergy Task 37
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Overview
• IEA Bioenergy and Task 37 Overview
• Task 37 "Country Reports"
• AD process and feedstocks
• AD of waste – Landfill
• Future Trends
Set up in 1978 by IEA
Member Countries
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumBrazilCanadaCroatiaDenmarkEuropean CommissionFinlandFranceGermanyIreland
ItalyJapanKoreaNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwaySouth AfricaSwedenSwitzerlandUnited KingdomUSA
http://www.ieabioenergy.com/
IEA Bioenergy presently has 10 Tasks
Task 32: Biomass Combustion and Co-Firing
Task 33: Thermal Gasification of Biomass
Task 34: Pyrolysis of Biomass
Task 36: Integrating Energy Recovery into Solid Waste Management
Task 37: Energy from Biogas
Task 38: Climate Change Impacts of Biomass and Bioenergy Systems
Task 39: Commercialisation of Conventional and Advanced Liquid Biofuels
from Biomass
Task 40: Sustainable Bioenergy Markets and International Trade: Securing
Supply and Demand
Task 42: Biorefineries: Sustainable Processing of Biomass into a Spectrum
of Marketable Biobased Products and Bioenergy
Task 43: Biomass Feedstocks for Energy Markets
Austria Ireland
Brazil Korea
Denmark Netherlands
European Commission Norway
Finland Sweden
France Switzerland
Germany United Kingdom
Member countries participating in Task 37
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Objectives of Task 37
To address challenges related to the economic and environmental sustainability of biogas production and utilisation.
To promote best practices in the biogas sector for the achievement of optimum environmental performance and competitive economic performance.
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Scope of Task 37 work programme
• Agricultural slurries, crops & crop residues• Organic fraction of municipal solid waste• Waste water treatment/sewage sludge• (Landfill gas)
• Heat, electricity generation & CHP• Up-grading to biomethane - Injection into
grid/compression for vehicle fuel• Storage and Power-to-gas
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Country Reports
Annual summary report published each January
http://www.iea-biogas.net/country-reports.html
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Biogas facilities included in data collection
• Waste water treatment plants (WWTP)
• Biowaste – co-digestion or monodigestion of food waste and other types of biowaste
• Agriculture – digestion at farms (mainly manure and energy crops)
• Industrial – digestion of waste stream from various industries (e.g. food industries)
• Landfill – landfills with collection of the landfill gas
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Total biogas plants in Task 37 countries
9945
IEA Bioenergy Task 37 Biogas plants: very large to very small
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Landfill plants in Task 37 countries
No data for Austria and Switzerland
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
GWh
Energy recovered from biogas in Task 37 countries
Ireland and Netherlands data are capacities: No energy data for Norway
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Task 37 Biogas upgrading plant list
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Biogas upgrading technologies (T37 plant list)
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Drivers for biogas
Increased need to treat residues and wastes in an environmentally friendly manner- agriculture; manure/slurry management- industry; organic residues- municipalities; food waste
Renewable energy production, environmental protection and security of energy supply- decarbonising energy supply- renewable fuels in transport
Optimum use of output from biogas plants
Economic performance of biogas plants
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Particular challenges for the biogas sector
Maximising utilisation of products;Heat use – limited availability of heat distribution grids
Availability of financial support
Long-term stability of financial support schemes
Meeting environmental performance requirements
Feedstock prices
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
AD Process and Feedstocks
Dedicated crop or residue/waste ??
Dedicated crops:Favoured in some countries, not favoured in othersMany possibilities, some crops grown on degraded land
Residues from farming operations:Favoured in all countries, some residues have competing uses
Wastes:The main feedstock for ADIntense use in some countries leading to competition for their use
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Feedstock pretreatment
ISBN 978-1-910154-05-2 (Electronic)http://www.iea-biogas.net/technical-brochures.html
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Biogas plant process monitoring
ISBN 978-1-910154-03-8 (Electronic)http://www.iea-biogas.net/technical-brochures.html
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
European Landfill Legislation
EU Directive (99/31/EC) of April 26, 1999 on the landfill of
waste (LFD) (Amended version: 13/12/2011)
Basic rules:— prevent pollution of the soil, groundwater or surface
water by the combination of a geological barrier and a bottom liner during both the operational/active phase and by the combination of a geological barrier and a top linerduring the passive phase/post closure
— collect and treat contaminated water and leachate, — collect and use landfill gas. If the gas collected
cannot be used to produce energy, it must be flared.
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Landfill legislation
European landfill directive:
• Landfill reduction targets for biodegradable municipal waste:
2006: reduced to 75% of 1995 amount (by weight)2009: reduced to 50% of 1995 amount (by weight)2016: reduced to 35% of 1995 amount (by weight)
(extensions applied to some countries)
• EU Council Decision of December 19, 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills in Article 16 of and Annex II of the LFD
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Landfill diversion
• Requirements for gas control (Annex I, Paragraph 4,2). “Landfill gas shall be collected from all landfills receiving biodegradable waste and the landfill gas must be treated and used..”
• Waste hierarchy: promotes in the EU directive on waste (2008/98/EC) (prevent, reuse, recycle, recover, dispose)
Other significant EU legislation:Industrial emissions directive: 2010/75/ECAnimal by-products regulation: 1069/2009
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Laflèche Bioreactor, Ontario, Canada
Multiple small cells landfillEach cell: 250,000 tonnes (~ 10 months of MSW) Cells with double wall impermeable membrane on the bottom and sides to prevent leachate leakage After each daily addition of MSW to the bioreactor compost is added as a cover to reduce odours. Biogas contains 60% methane (high compared to traditional landfill gas). Estimated that biogas production in each “cell” of the bioreactor will drop significantly after 12-15 yearsPower generating capacity = 4.5 MW
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Developments in waste management
• Separation of waste at sourceproviding clean individual waste streams for recycling and recovery of biodegradable municipal waste (including biowaste for composting or anaerobic digestion)
Rapid growth of biogas production from food waste (source separated food waste good for process stability and use of digestate as fertiliser)
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Optical sorting at VänersborgAD plant, Sweden
Courtesy www.biogas.org.uk
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Task 36 + Task 37 Source Separation
ISBN 978-1-910154-01-4 (Electronic)http://www.iea-biogas.net/technical-brochures.html
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Web Address: www.iea-biogas.netDigestate
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Future Trends
• Very large increase in biogas production
• Very large increase of biogas upgrading to biomethane(grid injection and use as vehicle fuel)
• Very large increase in use of residues and wastes(what will happen with energy crops ??)
• Intensive efforts to improve economic performance
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Needs for the Future
• Improvements in economic performance
• Stricter attention to process emissions & control
• Compatible regulations for grid injection, biomethanetrade, certification
• Successful operation in energy market increasingly supplied by wind and solar
• Social involvement in projects (e.g. renewable energy villages)
• Stable regulatory environment
The Biogas HandbookScience, production And applications
2013
http://www.woodheadpublishing.com/en/book.aspx?bookID=2576
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
