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Biofortification of Crops for Reducing Malnutrition
Gurdev S. KhushUniversity of California, Davis, CA
Human Dietary Requirements
MacronutrientsCarbohydrates, LipidsProteins, Amino Acids
MicronutrientsSeventeen MineralsThirteen VitaminsMany phytochemicals
Consequences ofMicronutrient Malnutrition
• higher morbidity• higher mortality
– 23% reduction with vitamin A supplementationpp
• lower cognitive ability• lower work productivity• impaired growth• impaired reproduction• 5% annual loss in GDP in South Asia
Malnutrition Problem
• 800 million people go to bed hungry• 250 million children are malnourished• 400 million people have vitamin A deficiency• 100 million young children suffer from vitamin A
deficiency• 3 million children die as a result of vitamin A
deficiency• 14 million children suffer from clinical eye
problems• 2 billion people are iron deficient• 1 billion people reside in iodine-deficient regions
Deficiencies of Iron Zinc and Vitamin A are most Debilitating
They Affect:• Development and Function of Brain• Reduce Immune Competencep• Impair Body Temperature Regulation• Psychomotor Development• Poor Work Performance
Some Statistics about Iron Deficiency
• Anemia affects 2 billion people worldwide
• Iron deficiency affects 3.7 billion people
• 40% of the people have clinical iron deficiency
• 58% of pregnant women in developing countries are anemic
• 31% of children under five are anemic
Abnormalities Caused by Zinc Deficiency
• Retarded Growth• Depressed Immune Function• Anorexia• Skeletal Abnormalities• Diarrhea• Alopecia• Dermatitis
A World Bank publication estimates that deficiencies of iron, zinc and vitamin A, at the level of malnutrition that presently exist in S h A i i l South Asia, cause economic losses equal to 5% of GNP each year due to sickness, poor work performance, lost education and other factors
Improving the nutritional status of children and adults is a highly effective way to is a highly effective way to increase economic productivity in agriculture and other sectors
Possible Solutions to Micronutrient Deficiencies
• Dietary diversification
• Food fortification
• Supplementation
• Biofortification
Strategy
Develop micronutrient dense staple crops using the best traditional practices and modern pbiotechnology to achieve provitamin A, iron and zinc concentrations that can have measurable effect on nutritional status
Breeding Micronutrient Dense Staple Food Crops
• Plant Breeding technology has great impact
• Impact greatest on lowest socioeconomic stratastrata
• Enhancement of staples will deliver most micronutrient
• Agronomic bonus in micronutrient-dense seeds can preserve and enhance nutrient balance
Fig.1 Effect of polishing on grain iron content
10
12
14
16
18
20nt
ent (
ppm
)
Areumbyeo IR 68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120 PSB Rc 28
About 70% loss
0
2
4
6
8
Brownrice
10 20 30 40 50 60
Polishing tim e (sec)
Iron
con
Fig 2. Effect of polishing on grain zinc content
20222426283032
cont
ent (
ppm
)
Areumbyeo IR 68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120 PSB Rc28
About 25% loss
14161820
Brownrice
10 20 30 40 50 60
Polishing time (sec)
Zinc
c
Iron content in polished rice grains (2 locations, 3 seasons)
6.637.40
4.01
2.973 004.005.006.007.008.00
ppm
0.001.002.003.00
IR69428-6-1-1-3-3
IR75862-221-2-1-2-B-B-BIR68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120IR64
Iron (ppm)
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
MN14 MN16 MN22 MN23 MN24 MN26 IR64
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
PR2004
WS
IR20
04W
S
IR20
05DS
IR200
5WS
PR2005D
S
PR2005W
S
Zinc content in polished rice grains (2 locations, 3 seasons)
20.00
25.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
IR69428 IR75862-221 IR68144-120 IR64
ppm
IRRI’s High Iron RiceIR68144-2B-2-2-3-2
‘Maligaya Special Rice #13’Yield potential of 5t/haMicronutrient level enhanced
Released in the Philippines
Leo Sebastian, PhilRice, October 2003
Genetic Engineering Approaches to Improve the Bioavailability and
Level of Iron in Rice• Introduction of ferritin (pfe) gene from
b d Ph l bsoybean and Phaseolus bean
• Introduction of phytase (PhyA) gene
• Selection of low phytate (Ipa) mutants
Vitamin A Deficiency• 400 million people in the world are
at risk of Vitamin A deficiency
•100-200 million children are affected 100 200 million children are affected by severe Vitamin A deficiency
•1.3 – 2.5 million preschool children die annually because of Vitamin A deficiency
Genetic Engineering for Vitamin A Synthesis in Rice Endosperm
Introduction of three genes under control of endosperm specific promoters
Psy and lyc from daffodil
Cryt1 from Erwina uredovora
Golden Rice
White and Golden Rice
The principle of provitamin A The principle of provitamin A The principle of provitamin A production is applicable to otherproduction is applicable to otherproduction is applicable to othercrops, like potato …crops, like potato …crops, like potato …
ControlControl TransgenicTransgenicDiretto et al 2007
Molecular-Aided-Backcrossing program
to transfer carotenoidsto transfer carotenoids loci into IR64 and IR36
BC1F1 progeny Number of seeds produced
IR64 X (146 X IR64)and reciprocals
1000
IR36 X (146 X IR36)and reciprocals
1303
IR64 X (309 X IR64) 761
SGR1 events
IR64 X (309 X IR64)and reciprocals
761
IR36 X (309 X IR36)and reciprocals
1192
IR64 X (652 X IR64)and reciprocals
921
IR36 X (652 X IR36)and reciprocals
903
BC2F1 for one cross in progress
Event Chromosome Location (Mbp)
SGR2E1 Chr3 24.66
SGR2G1 Chr5 27.70
SGR2L1 Chr2 35.28
Location of SGR2 loci
SGR2R1 Chr1 36.98
SGR2T1 Chr3 17.59
SGR2W1 Chr10 16.86
F1s with IR64, IR36, BR29, PSBRc 82 produced
Production of BC1F1 in progress
Harvest Plus Program of CGIAR
on Biofortificationon Biofortification
Phase II Crops
• Potato
• Barley
• Cowpeas
• Groundnuts
• Rice
• Wheat
• Maize
C
Phase I Crops
• Lentils
• Millet
• Plantain
• Sorghum
• Pigeon Peas
• Yams
• Cassava
• Sweet Potato
• Beans
WHP Kl
WHP H
Target Nutrients By Breeding Technique
TransgenicTransgenicConventionalConventional
BeanBean
BetaBeta--carotenecaroteneIronIron--ZincZincBetaBeta--
carotenecaroteneIronIron--ZincZincCropCrop
1010SweetpotatoSweetpotato
CassavaCassava
MaizeMaize
WheatWheat
RiceRice
Bean
b1
Slide 43
b1 Green: Current technique underway and being supported by the program
Light Green: Exploratory research on the technique. Looks promising.
Yellow: Not a priority area for H+.
Red: Not being considered.
bonnie, 8/30/2006
Research on Trace Minerals in Common Bean at CIAT
Studies at CIAT suggest that iron content of common bean could be increased by 60-80% and zinc content by 50% through breeding. The genetic differences were expressed over environments and seasons
Orange-fleshed Sweet Potatoes for Raising Vitamin A Intake
Most of the varieties currently grown in Sub-Saharan Africa have white or creamy flesh and little or no carotene.
New high yielding-orange fleshed varieties have 7.5 to 8.8 mg/100 gm of carotene
Orange Fleshed Sweetpotato
Carotene in Cassava Roots
Cassava is an important staple food for 50 million poor people.
Genetic variation for carotene content in cassava roots is high.
Orange colored roots have 9-10 times more carotene as compared to white roots
Improving the Amino Acid Profile of Food Crops
Incorporation of opaque2 gene into maize through breeding tointo maize through breeding to develop quality protein maize (QPM) which has double the amount of lysine and tryptophan
Linking agriculture and nutrition to promote dietary change and improve nutritional status can generate wide economic benefits, such as increased agricultural production and greater household security
100
150
200
250Cereals Pulses Population
% Changes in Cereal & Pulse Production & in Population Between 1965 & 1999
0
50
100
Indi
a
Paki
stan
Ban
glad
esh
Dev
elop
ing
Indi
a
Paki
stan
Ban
glad
esh
Dev
elop
ing
Wor
ld
Dev
elop
ing
India Biofortification Project• Indian Parliament recently has passed a
budget which includes $15 million for biofortification (Department of Biotechnology, DBT) for rice, wheat, and maize over five yearsmaize over five years.
• Crop leaders appointed for each crop; target nutrients are iron and zinc
• Joint meetings held in August, 2004, February, 2006, March, 2007
• MOU has been signed
In Conclusion“The remedy is to look at the whole field covered by crop production,animal husbandry, food, nutrition, and health as one related subject and then to realize the great principle that the birthright of every crop, every animal, and every human being is health.”