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8/3/2019 Bioethics for VIth Formers
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Bioethics What is bioethics?
Humans and other animals Some issues of human reproduction
Linda Baggott la Velle([email protected])
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Bioethics for VIth formers
What is Bioethics?Biology:the science of life is concerned
with the normal structure and function ofliving things at various levels oforganisation
Biomedical Science:usually incorporatesbiochemistry, physiology, pharmacologyandmedicine (human and veterinary)
Ethics:sometimes called moral philosophy,is concerned with how we should decidewhat is right and what is wrong
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Biology/Biomedical science
+Ethics =
Bioethicshttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/46.0.html
http://www.beep.ac.uk/content/46.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/46.0.html8/3/2019 Bioethics for VIth Formers
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Ethics
Straw Poll: Do you believe that thereare some some things that are always
right or wrong? Cultural differences
Two main categories of ethics: Deontology
Consequentialism
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Deontology
Deontological ethics (deon = Greek forduty) arise from an absolute set of
values that apply in all circumstances.For example, the Roman CatholicChurchs teaching that abortion is
always wrong.
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Consequentialism
Consequentialist ethicsarise from thebelief that there are no absolutes,
and that the likely outcomes in anysituation should be calculated.
Benefit and harm are weighed, and the
best situation is opted for.
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Decision Making and
Reaching Ethical Conclusions
Ethical conclusions are valid if theyare based on:
1. reason;
2. a well established ethical framework;
3. a reasonable level of consensus arisingfrom genuine debate.
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Bioethics for VIth formers
A bioethical dilemma:
Straw Poll
Should calves be takenfrom their mothers
before weaning to providemore milk for people?
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Human Life: two big
questions When does life begin?
Is human life uniquely different fromthat of other organisms?
Two important bioethical areas: Human reproduction Humans and other animals
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Humans and other animals
http://www.beep.ac.uk/content/
425.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/425.0.html
http://www.beep.ac.uk/content/425.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/425.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/425.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/425.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/425.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/425.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/425.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/425.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/425.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/425.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/425.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/425.0.html8/3/2019 Bioethics for VIth Formers
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Bioethics for VIth formers
How are we different?
1. Language
2. Self awareness
3. Ability to make moral decisions
But are these really unique to humans?
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Some evidence..
Washoe and Koko
Mirror test
Macaque experiment
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Bioethics for VIth formers
From Shadows of ForgottenAncestors by Carl Sagan and Ann
DruyanIn a laboratory setting, macaque monkeys
were fed if they were willing to pull a chainand electrically shock an unrelatedmacaque whose agony was in plain viewthrough a one-way mirror. Otherwise, theystarved. After learning the ropes, themonkeys frequently refused to pull the
chain; in one experiment only 13% would doso - 87% preferred to go hungry. Onemacaque went without food for nearly twoweeks rather than hurt its fellow.
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Genesis 1:28
Be fruitful and multiply, and replenishthe Earth and subdue it: and have
dominion over the fish of the sea andover the fowl of the air and overevery living thing that moveth upon
the Earth.
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Bioethics for VIth formers
The Use of Animals by You(if you are an average UK citizen)
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Straw Poll
1. Humans are more important thananimals. They are there for us to
use.2. Animals should have equal rightswith humans
3. Animals should be treated with moreconsideration than humans as theyhave no way to complain
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Another Straw Poll
Are you:
1. In favour of all scientific researchwith animals
2. In favour only of medical research
with animals
3. Against all research with animals
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Animal Experiments - for
major medical advances impossible without
human life more intrinsically valuable
no scientifically valid alternatives cannot train new medical
practitioners/scientists without
strict legislation to provide welfare limited research funding available, so
funded expts must be worthwhile
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Bioethics for VIth formers
20 major medical advances that
depended on animal research Anaesthetics Anticoagulants Blood transfusion Corneal transplants Diphtheria vaccine Drugs for asthma Drugs for high blood pressure Drugs to control transplant
rejection
Gene therapy for inheriteddiseases Heart lung machine for open
heart surgery
Heart transplants
The hib meningitis vaccine
Insulin for diabetes
Kidney dialysis Kidney transplants
Penicillin to treat infections
Polio vaccine
Replacement heart valves
Treatments for leukaemia Whooping cough vaccine
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Bioethics for VIth formers
The guiding principles in animalresearch
Refinement: to make sure animals suffer aslittle as possible
Reduction: to minimise the number ofanimals used
Replacement: to replace animal procedureswith non-animal techniques wherever possible.
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Animal Experiments -
against little effect on life expectancy/
disease rate
alternatives available evidence for cruelty
research trivial
desensitisation by educationalprocess
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Thought experiment - consider this
evidence:Results of LD50 tests of dioxin on various animals:
Guinea pig - 1 microgram/kilogram Hamster - 5000 micrograms/kilogram
Female rat - 45 micrograms/kilogram
Male rat - 22 micrograms/kilogram
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Animal research in context -
are there alternatives?
tissue culture,
computer modelling,
studies of patients and populations
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Bioethics for VIth formers
A Final Straw Poll
Are you:
1. In favour of all scientific researchwith animals
2. In favour only of medical research
with animals
3. Against all research with animals
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Some ethical aspects of
Human Reproduction
http://www.beep.ac.uk/content/188.0.html
http://www.beep.ac.uk/content/188.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/188.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/188.0.htmlhttp://www.beep.ac.uk/content/188.0.html8/3/2019 Bioethics for VIth Formers
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Bioethics for VIth formers
The Meaning of Life
1. Organisms have no control overwhether or not they become alive
2. Once alive they strive to stay alive3. They have a strong and instinctive
drive to reproduce
4. They die.
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Bioethics for VIth formers
When does life begin?
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Structure of a Mammalian Egg
(oocyte)Cumulus oophorus
Ooplasm
Oocyte surface membrane
Zona pellucida
Perivitelline space
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Bioethics for VIth formers
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Bioethics for VIth formers
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Ethics and Human
Reproduction Abortion
Contraception
Assisted Reproduction
Embryo Research
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Causes of Male Subfertility
Low or no sperm count
Abnormal sperm cells
Vasectomy
Testicular/tract damage: chemotherapy
surgery
accident
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Causes of Female Infertility
ovulation failure
tubal damage
cervical mucus problems
endometriosis
unexplained
no male partner
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Subfertility involving both
partners incompatible blood groups
carrier/s of serious genetic disorder:
Huntingtons Chorea Tay-Sachs disease
CF
coital failure
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Assisted reproduction:
possible treatments
Counselling
Hormones
Surgery
Procedures on gametes outside thebody
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Gamete Manipulation
procedures
Donor insemination [DI]
In vitrofertilisation [IVF]
Subzonal insemination [SUZI]
Intracytoplasmic insemination [ICSI]
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Bioethics for VIth formers
SUZI
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Bioethics for VIth formers
ICSI
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Ethical arguments in favour
of assisted reproduction
suffering of the infertile
genetic death can do, so should do - advances in
technology
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Ethical Arguments against
assisted reproduction
not everyones right to have a baby
resources should be diverted to: prevention and cure of disease
promoting better parenting
adds to world population problem
against evolution
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Fertility Clinic Team: Case
Study 1Mrs A is a divorcee in her late 50s and
wants to have hormone treatment to
enable her to become pregnant. Shewill need both an egg and a spermdonor.
What are the arguments for andagainst her getting the treatment?
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Fertility Clinic Team: Case
Study 2Jane and Mary have been together for 10
years in a stable and committed
relationship. They have their own house andJane has a very well paid job. They wouldlike a child, and Mary has come to theClinic to ask for DI treatment.
What are the arguments for and against hergetting the treatment?
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Fertility Clinic Team: Case
Study 3Mrs Y had treatment for cancer, which
involved removal of her uterus (womb). Her
ovaries are still functioning normally, andher sister, Mrs X has volunteered to act asa surrogate mother. Mr and Mrs Y willundergo gamete collection and Mrs X will
need hormone treatment.What are the arguments for and against
them getting the treatment?
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Fertility Clinic Team: Case
Study 4Two couples had IVF treatment at your
clinic. Mrs C does not become pregnant, but
Couple D are successful and go on to havehealthy twins. It is realised some weekslater that there was a mix-up in theembryology lab and the twins are
genetically those of Mr and Mrs A.
What are the ethical issues?
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Fertility Clinic Team: Case
Study 5
Mixed-race twins were born to a couple
after sperm of a donor of differentethnicity was mistakenly used in IVFtreatment.
What are the ethical issues?
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Bioethics for VIth formers
Fertility Clinic Team: Case
Study 6Mrs W had several unsuccessful attempts at IVF,although the procedures produced many spareembryos, which were frozen. Mrs W got cancer
and although she recovered, her ovaries were lostduring the treatment. Sadly, her marriage brokedown and her ex-husband withheld his consent (asis his right under the law) to her using the frozenembryos to try to have a baby. After 10 years
frozen embryos must be destroyed if consent touse them is not given. This period has elapsed.What are the ethical issues?