BIOETHICSWhat is right?

WHAT ARE ETHICS? A decision about what is right or wrong.

It may differ by country, generation, or religion.

WHO DECIDES WHAT IS ETHICAL?Review boards are established to approve proposed research and oversee current experiments.

HOW ARE ETHICAL DECISIONS MADE? The Hippocratic Oath outlines

behavioral expectations for doctors.This was not enough

There are now many documents that help guide decisions about bioethics.Nuremburg Code - 1946Declaration of Helsinki - 1964

PRIMARY GUIDELINES Respect each individual

Minimize harm/ Maximize benefit

Fairness

Authenticity

INSULIN: A CASE OF FAIRNESS.

HIS DECISION:

STEROIDS: A ISSUE OF AUTHENTICITY

What should Carl do?

The research must be valuable and have sufficient evidence to suggest that it could be beneficial

Informed Consent Minimize risks Cannot deny treatments that are known

to be helpful Must safeguard vulnerable populations The group that is used as test subjects

must also benefit

USING HUMANS AS TEST SUBJECTS

IS THIS ETHICAL?

ANIMAL RESEARCH Animals must not suffer unnecessarily

The benefits must exceed the risk to the animals and generate useful information

They should be well taken care of during the experiment and euthanized (only if necessary) or treated to remedy the condition upon completion of the experiment.

Animal Experiments on Chimpanzees

OTHER ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Publishing incomplete information about

the procedure

Misrepresenting data