Biodiversity Study

Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zoneof the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park

PNOC-Energy Development Corporation

4 October 2007Document No.: R07-052

Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.Kanla-on Natural ParkR07-052

Prepared for

PNOC-Energy Development Corporation

Prepared byMaunsell Philippines Inc11/F Ayala Life - FGU Center, 6811 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, PhilippinesT +632 843 6336 F +632 843 6125 www.maunsell.com

4 October 2007

51052707

© Maunsell Philippines Inc 2007

The information contained in this document produced by Maunsell Philippines Inc is solely for the use of the Client identified onthe cover sheet for the purpose for which it has been prepared and Maunsell Philippines Inc undertakes no duty to or acceptsany responsibility to any third party who may rely upon this document.

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Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park4 October 2007

http://www.maunsell.com

Quality InformationDocument Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural

Park

Ref 51052707

Date 4 October 2007

Prepared by Pastor Malabrigo Jr., Phillip Alviola, Abba Grace Sanchez

Reviewed by Jess Bayrante, Leah Bufi, Butch Aragones


Table of Contents1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Brief Review of Literature on Biodiversity in the Negros Island, Philippines 21.1.1 Flora 21.1.2 Fauna 2

1.2 The Biodiversity Study 41.2.1 Objective of the Study 41.2.2 Project Location 4

2.0 Methodology 72.1 Flora 7

2.1.1 Survey Method and Location 72.1.2 Collection of Voucher Specimens 92.1.3 Data Analysis 9

2.2 Fauna 102.2.1 Survey Location 102.2.2 Survey Method and Collection of Voucher Specimens 112.2.3 Data Analysis 13

3.0 Results and Discussions 143.1 Flora 14

3.1.1 Floral Diversity 143.1.2 Noteworthy Species 203.1.3 Conservation Status 223.1.4 Resource Use 23

3.2 Fauna 233.2.1 Avian community 233.2.2 Mammalian community 273.2.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 303.2.4 Noteworthy Species 313.2.5 Conservation Status 32

4.0 Impacts and Mitigating Measures 335.0 Environmental Monitoring Plan 396.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 42

6.1 Flora 426.2 Fauna 43

7.0 References 44


1.0 IntroductionIn pursuit of reducing the energy dependence on the foreign market and meeting the increasingenergy demand in the country, the Philippine National Oil Company – Energy DevelopmentCorporation (PNOC EDC) is continuing its effort to explore and develop alternative energy sources. In2003, DOE drafted the Renewable Energy Policy Framework, which envisioned the country to be theworld’s leader in geothermal energy.

The Philippines is the second largest producer of geothermal energy in the world. In 2006, geothermalenergy contributed about 18% to the country’s energy production. In addition to the five steam fieldsoperated by the PNOC EDC, exploratory activities are still being conducted to locate untappedgeothermal sources in the country.

In Northern Negros, the exploratory drillings carried out in 1994 verified potential geothermal sources,which is projected to provide 40 to 80 MWe of power. An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) wasprepared and submitted on 25 January 1995 for the development of the Northern Negros GeothermalProject (NNGP). The Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) was granted on 5 December 1995.

The government entered into a Geothermal Service Contract (GSC) with PNOC EDC. Based on thecontract, the geothermal block will cover a total land area of 4,650 hectares. Of this total area, 2,800hectares were classified as alienable and disposable lands (A & D), while the remaining 1,850hectares were part of Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park (MKNP).

The initial geothermal development was established in the A & D lands, which generates 40 MW andtargets to sustain power for 25 years. In order to achieve this projection, additional back-upmaintenance and replacement wells will be needed, which can be provided by the areas inside theMKNP but covered by the GSC. As earlier cited, the GSC included 1,850 hectares inside the park butdue to environmental concerns, the Congress, stakeholders, together with the World Bank parkconsultants of the Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Program (CPPAP), and PNOC EDCagreed to limit the development area to 169 hectares (out of 1,850 hectares), which is the minimumarea needed to reach the geothermal resource.

Consistent with NIPAS Act, Republic Act (RA) 9154 or the MKNP Act allotted the 169 hectares of Mt.Kanlaon’s land area for the establishment of buffer zone for geothermal development and utilization. In2001, then DOE Secretary conducted a meeting with the environmental NGOs relative to the intent ofusing the buffer zone. While the use of the buffer zone is legal, during the meeting, it was agreed thatPNOC EDC will conduct a comprehensive biodiversity study (both flora and fauna), which will precedethe geothermal developmental activities. This will ensure that environmental and conservationmeasures will be identified to mitigate the impacts of the activity at the buffer zone.

Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park4 October 2007 Page 1

1.1 Brief Review of Literature on Biodiversity in the Negros Island,Philippines

1.1.1 Flora

The moist forests of the Philippines, which include the montane and sub-montane forests of theNorthern Negros Forest Reserve (NNFR), are now classified as the eighth most vulnerable forestecoregion in the world (WWF 2001). This area contains the most endemic species that are‘functionally extinct’ or critically endangered within the whole of the Philippines. Less than 4% of theoriginal forest cover remains intact in Negros, putting a huge amount of pressure on the remainingendemic species (Heaney & Regalado 1998). Considering most of the botanists’ claim that thePhilippines is the most diverse country in the world on an acre per acre basis, it would be justified toassume that there could have been a high rate of species extinction in the island. Thus, thecomparison of the previous documentations on the Negros biodiversity to the primary data generatedin the current study is important.

The few recent studies on the Negros forest are confined to the North Negros Forest Reserveincluding Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park (Turner et al., 2002 and Hamann et al.1999).

Based on Merrill”s (1923-26) account and more recent revisions of Families in the Flora Malesiana,614 species of seed plants belonging to 352 genera and 103 families are expected to be present inNegros, excluding those that have been recently cultivated and introduced. Of which 364 species(59.3% endemism) are reportedly endemic species (Lagunzad et. al. 2004).

As cited by Lagunzad (2004), the previous plant collection from the Island of Negros and Siquijorinclude Cuming (1837), Steere (1875, 1888), Schandenberg (1881), Ch. S. Banks (1902), H. Long(1903), Usteri (1903), E. B. Copeland (1903-04), Muñoz (1904), Whitford (1906), Elmer (1908), H. D.Everett (1908), E. D. Merrill (1910), H. M. Curran (1933), Fairchild (1940) and Edaño (1947). Themost extensive collection was done by Elmer in 1909 in Cuernos Mountains from March to June nearthe Bonyao River (Lagunzad et. al. 2004).

Detailed botanical and floristic and ecological inventories are very disproportionately low, althoughcopious collections have been previously done. Hamann et al. (1999) is the only published floristicstudy, which involved a one-hectare permanent plot and reported 645 individuals sampled belongingto 92 species, 54 genera and 39 families. The structure of the transitional forest type was determinedby the dominance of species belonging to the following families: Lauraceae, Burseraceae, Sapotaceaeand Icacinaceae. The family Dipterocarpaceae registered a low importance values.

Other recent studies include that of the EIS of NNGP (PNOC EDC) in 1995 and a BiodiversityInventory of Mt. Kanla-on led by Dr. Robert S. Kennedy from Cincinnati Museum of Natural History(CMNH), Cincinnati, Ohio. The reports contain information on vegetation types as well as a listing ofplant species, conservation status and uses. There is however no single available published materialon these studies.

1.1.2 Fauna

As early as the 1750s, biological explorations have been done in the Philippines marking itsbeginnings with Pierre Poivre who visited Manila and probably Zamboanga between 1751-1755 andfrom it came the descriptions of 31 new species from the Philippines (Brisson, 1760 as cited byDickinson et al., 1992). Through the succeeding years, several expeditions were made on severalislands in the Philippines, focusing on several parts of Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Mindoro and Cebu.Most notable among these early expeditions were the Cuming (from 1836-39) with the British Museum(BM) and Challenger Expeditions (1874-1875 in Tweeddale, 1877). Over a hundred years havepassed before any explorations were done in Negros, starting with A.H. Everett in 1877-1878 which healso visited during that period the islands of Basilan, Bohol, Cebu, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanaoand Palawan (Sharpe, 1877).


The first exploration of Mt. Kanlaon dates back from the period between March and April, 1896 whenJohn Whitehead (as published by Ogilvie-Grant (1896), the famous English naturalist, collectedextensively in the north-central section of the mountain. Mr. Whitehead brought with him to BM severalskins (some of which reported for the first time on Negros Island), including the Visayan Tarictic(Penelopides panini), Visayan Wrinkled Hornbill (Aceros waldeni), and White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike(Coracina ostenta). Dioscoro S. Rabor, then with Siliman University, followed suit in 1953 where hecollected practically the same places Whitehead worked. Result of the expedition was reported byDillon S. Ripley of the Yale Peabody Museum and Rabor (Ripley and Rabor 1956) which included thedescription of the Negros Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus arcanus).

Virtually all early explorations (pre-war) on Mt. Kanlaon were focused on birds as early work onmammals, amphibians and reptiles were done on the southern portion of the Negros Island. Even A.H.Everett’s 1877-1878 mammals and herpetofaunal collections were from southern Negros as well.Walter Brown and Angel Alcala, of the California Academy of Sciences and Siliman University,respectively, collected amphibians and reptiles in Mt. Cuernos de Negros (1961 and 1964) while thetype locality of Negros endemic mammals such as the Negros shrew (Crocidura negrina), Negrosnaked-backed fruit bat (Dobsonia chapmani) were from southern Negros as well, both mammalsdescribed by Rabor (1952). Recent mammalian survey on the island were made on Mt. Guinsayawanby the team from University of Michigan Museum of Zoology and Siliman University in 1982 to 1984(Heidemann et al., 1987; Heideman and Heaney, 1989).

Recent explorations in Mt. Kanlaon were made in 1991 by a team of ornithologists from CambridgeUniversity (Brooks et al., 1992 and Evans et al., 1993) the results of which include sightings of severalNegros-Panay endemic birds such as the Visayan Tarictic (P. panini), Flame-templed Babbler (S.speciosa) and the White-throated Jungle Flycatcher (Rhinomyias albigularis). In 1995, field work bythe PNOC EDC EIA survey team revealed presence of at least 68 species of birds, 12 mammals, fouramphibians and 10 reptiles within the portion of Murcia and Bago City. At least 63 species of residentbirds were observed of which 38 species are forest dwellers (PNOC EDC, 1995). Moreover, a total of18 endemic birds were recorded including two Negros-Panay endemics, both of which are listed asthreatened species. In 1998, a group led by DENR and CMNH conducted an inventory of themountain resulting to documentation of 53 species of birds and 10 species of mammals, of which 48species of the birds recorded are resident breeders (DENR-CMNH, 1999). A substantial proportion (38species) of these resident birds are forest-dwellers and the 22 endemic species were also found onforest. In addition, three species of birds were restricted to Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region, twoof which are threatened (Stachyris speciosa and Coracina ostenta).


1.2 The Biodiversity Study1.2.1 Objective of the Study

PNOC EDC commissioned Maunsell Philippines Inc. (Maunsell) to prepare the Biodiversity Study forthe 169-hectare buffer zone. Site visits and surveys were conducted from 1 to 31 May 2007.

The specific objectives of the study are the following:

1. To characterize floral and faunal composition within the 169-hectare buffer zone of Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park by conducting:

a. 100% inventory within the proposed development area of PNOC-EDCb. 5% sampling on the remaining area within the buffer zone;

2. To determine the biodiversity status of the study area;

3. To identify the potential impacts of the proposed geothermal expansion to the flora and faunawithin the 169-hectare buffer zone; and

4. To design and propose environmental and conservation measures to prevent, minimize ormitigate development impacts at all phases of the project for the protection, conservation, andenhancement of flora and fauna inside the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP.

1.2.2 Project Location

Mt. Kanla-on is the highest peak in the Visayas region at 2,435 meters above sea level (masl). It islocated in the island of Negros, approximately 36 kilometers southeast of Bacolod City (Figure 1). OnAugust 11, 2001, RA 9154, known as the MKNP Act of 2001, declared Mt. Kanla-on as a ProtectedArea under the category of a “natural park”. It covers about 24,557 hectares, of which 24,388 hectareswere classified as the nature park and 169 hectares were set aside as buffer zone. MKNP falls underthe jurisdiction of La Castellana, Murcia, Bago City, La Carlota City and San Carlos City in NegrosOccidental; and Vallehermoso and Canlaon City in Negros Oriental. Subsequently, it is included as apriority area under the Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Project (CPPAP) (funded by theGlobal Environment Facility (GEF)).

PNOC EDC’s NNGP operates within the boundaries of Barangay Mailum, Bago City and BarangayMinoyan, Murcia of Negros Occidental. The existing facilities of the project such as power plant, wellpads, pipelines, and support facilities are confined within the 70-hectare alienable and disposable (A &D) land acquired by PNOC EDC. Adjacent to this area is the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNPdesignated for geothermal development under the MKNP Act. The survey was exclusively conductedwithin the 169-hectare buffer zone (Figure 2). Occupying an elevation of 900 to 1,200 masl, the bufferzone is covered with forest represented by lowland dipterocarp and mixed second-growth at the lowerelevations (900 to 1,000 masl) and lower montane forest at the 1,100 to 1,200 masl elevation.Agricultural plantations (corn), mixed second-growth and agroforest and NNGP infrastructures arefound below the boundaries of the 169-hectare buffer zone (north-west of the buffer zone). A smallportion of the buffer zone (ca. 1 hectare), adjacent to Well Pad B, had already been covered withgrassland-parang vegetation and with occasional rows of banana and ipil-ipil (Leucaenaleucocephala). Boundary delineation of the proposed access road has already been conducted fromthe grassland-parang area (0 meters) and continuing to a length of approximately 2.9 kilometers until itreaches the vicinity of the proposed Pad M1 and Pad M2 (Figure 2).


Figure 1. Location map of Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park.


Figure 2. The proposed road system and well pads inside the 169-hectare buffer zone.


2.0 Methodology2.1 Flora2.1.1 Survey Method and LocationProposed Development Area Inside the MKNP Buffer Zone

The established 2.9 kilometer P-line (center-width of the proposed road system) and the boundaryclearings of the proposed well pads were used as reference points for the 100% inventory.

For the inventory along the road system, the P-line was segmented into 200 meter length for each plotand the width varied from 30 to 50 meters depending on the slope of the area; 30 meters for relativelyflat area, 40 meters for mild sloping area and 50 meters for the rugged terrain (Figure 2). Individualplants (Ferns and Allies, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm) inside the proposed development area wereidentified to its corresponding taxon (family, genus, species). Woody plants that have diameter atbreast-height equal (DBH) or greater than 10 centimeters were properly numbered. The DBH,merchantable height (MH), and total height (TH) were also measured. Frequency of shrubs, poles andsaplings were counted, while Braun-Blanquet survey method was used for grasses and other groundcover. For unidentified plant species, specimens were collected and brought to the UPLB College ofForestry and Natural Resources Herbarium for drying and identification.

Area Outside the Proposed Development Area but still within the MKNP Buffer Zone

Quadrat sampling technique was used for obtaining the quantitative information about the structureand composition of the plant communities of the buffer zone outside the proposed development area.This method is applicable for forests where almost all of the major plant communities are present. Thequadrat design used by Kennedy et. al. in their 1998 Biodiversity Inventory of Mt. Kanla-on NaturalPark was adopted (Figure 3). A total of 178 quadrats (20m x 20m) equivalent to 7.12 hectares werelaid out and surveyed (Figure 4).

Figure 3. Design of sampling quadrats for trees, saplings and understories.

20 m

20 m

1 m 4 m

4 m

1 m

20 m

20 m

1 m 4 m

4 m

1 m


Note: Quadrats in red color are the most diverse quadratsFigure 4. Map showing the approximate location of the vegetation sampling plots.Figure 4. Map showing the approximate location of the vegetation sampling plots.


2.1.2 Collection of Voucher Specimens

The Sweinfurth’s method, commonly known as wet collection method, was employed for specimensthat were difficult to identify in the field. This involves the soaking of properly labelled specimens inethyl alcohol. Copious information as to the habitat, physiognomy, slope and aspect, characteristics ofthe plants that will be lost after drying, DBH and TH were noted down. The specimens were thenpacked in polyethylene bags and sealed for further analysis at the laboratory.

2.1.3 Data Analysis

Information gathered in the field were tabulated and analyzed to characterize floral composition withinthe 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP.

The relative density, relative dominance and relative frequency values for each species weredetermined to obtain their Importance Value (IV), which is the standard measurement in forest ecologyto determine the rank relationships of species. Also, the relative frequency, relative density and relativedominance indicate different aspect of the species importance in a community. Importance valueswere determined using the following formula:

Density = number of individualsarea sampled

Relative Density = density for a species x 100total density for all species

Frequency = number of plots in which species occurtotal number of plots sampled

Relative Frequency = frequency value for a species x 100total frequency for all species

Dominance = basal area or volume for a speciesarea sampled

Relative Dominance = dominance for a species x 100total dominance for all species

Importance Value = Relative Density + Relative Frequency+ Relative Dominance

Using the Multi-Variate Statistical Package (MVSP 3.0) software, the diversity indices of the differentsampling areas, which include the Shannon index (H), Simpson’s index (D), and Evenness index (E),were characterized. Shannon index assumes that individuals are randomly sampled from a largepopulation and that all species are represented in the sample. It gives an estimate of species richnessand distribution. Simpson’s index, on the other hand, gives the probability of getting different specieswhen two individuals (with replacement) were drawn inside a plot. The Evenness index is the ratio ofthe observed diversity to maximum diversity.

The Biodiversity Professional (BdPro32) software provided other statistical analysis such as similaritymatrix and ordination analysis based on species composition of the quadrats.


2.2 Fauna2.2.1 Survey Location

For the study of fauna, the whole 169-hectare buffer zone was compartmentalized into four sites inorder to cover as much area sampled as possible (Figure 6).

Site 1 (N 10º28’45.5”, E 123º06’42.1”)

Site 1 starts at grassland-parang portion of the buffer zone and follows the access road survey lineuntil it reaches the 1,200-meter survey mark. The elevation at this site is between 900 to 950 masl.Most of the route of survey line (up to the 880-meter mark) skirts along the edge of the buffer zone.Consequently, the vegetation at this point is represented by grassland-parang (at the beginning of thesurvey line) and edges of lowland dipterocarp forest. Mosaics of mixed second-growth and agroforestlands (mostly banana and corn) are also found within the 880-meter mark, particularly at the edge ofthe buffer zone. At the 900-meter mark (about 1,100 masl), the access road survey line enters theinterior of the buffer zone, marking the beginning of a lower montane forest. Transect lines for birdsand herpetofauna, mist-nets and live traps were placed along and within the vicinity of the survey line,terminating at the 1,200-meter mark.

Site 2 (N 10 º28”51.9”, E 123 º 07”10.2)

This site begins at the 1,250-meter mark and ends at the 2,000-meter mark. The start of the surveyline bisects the northern portion of the buffer zone and increases in elevation, ca. 1000-1100 masl, asthe survey line extends further and passes through the contours of mountain ridges. Vegetation at thisarea can be characterized as transition of lowland dipterocarp forest and lower montane forest(especially at ridgetops). There is a hiker’s trail within the site that is used to reach the peak of Mt.Kanla-on. The mist nets and live traps were concentrated along the edges of the survey line.

Site 3 (N 10 º 28’ 52.2”, E 123 º 07’ 31.5”)

The sampling area starts at the 2,050-meter mark of the access-road survey line. The survey line atthis point enters the contours of the several ridges, and consequently gains in elevation (ca. 1200masl), until it reaches a flat ridge at the 2,550-meter mark. The end of the survey line (at 2,700-metermark) is situated within a mixture of lowland dipterocarp forest (at ravines) and assemblages of lowermontane forest (e.g. Lithocarpus and Almaciga). A relatively wide river bisects between Pad M1 andM2 and runs parallel with the survey line. The bird and herpetofaunal transect extended beyond theend of the access-road survey line, while the mist nets and live traps were placed along the vicinity ofthe flat ridge.

Site 4 (N 10 º 28’ 43.4”, E 123 º 06’ 31”)

This site is situated at the southern portion of the buffer zone adjacent to well pad A. A trail bisects thisportion of the buffer zone and runs along the edge of the MKNP boundary. A mixed vegetation ofsecond-growth forest and agroforest plantation of banana (Musa), abacca (Musa textilis) and coffee(Coffea sp.) dominates the first 750 meters of the trail until the vegetation shifts to a transition zone oflowland forest and lower montane forest. This portion of the buffer zone is designated as free from anyof the power plant’s activities.


2.2.2 Survey Method and Collection of Voucher Specimens

Birds

In each of the sampling sites, bird census was carried out in pre-determined sampling intervals (0600to 0900 h and 1500-1730h) by walking through 1 to 1.2 kilometer transect line that was established onthe access-road survey line (Site 1 to 3) and established trail (Site 4). During each sampling period, allbird species seen or heard were noted using the following information: species name, number ofindividuals, habitat, elevation, if seen singly or in a group, feeding singly, as a group or in mixed flocks(if possible, species of feeding tree) and others (flying, perched, heard, seen, foraging behavior).General observations were used from dusk until 2100 h to record crepuscular and nocturnal birds.Special attention was allocated for mixed-flock congregations, which required observation for at leastfive minutes. Sampling was terminated after three consecutive days of transects.

Mist nets (6 and 12-m long, 4 shelves, 35-mm mesh) were used to capture cryptic and shy speciesthat were difficult to observe during transect counts. Fifteen to 21 mist nets were used for each studysite and were placed either singly or in series at strategic areas where birds are known to fly (e.g.ridgetops, flat areas within understorey, across rivers and creeks and along trails).

Nets were usually operated from 0600 to 1800 h, but on several occasion nets were left opened untilthe following day for nocturnal birds. Captured species were processed by taking standard biometricmeasurements that include total length (TL), tail-vent length (TV), wing cord (WC), tarsus (t), bill (b),gape (g) and weight (wt). The species were also photographed and identified using Kennedy et al(2000) and photographs.

Two voucher specimens were collected for each species per site, while the rest were released afterproper identification. All captured specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and stored in 70%ethanol. Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification of the species.All voucher specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History.

Figure 5. Map showing location of transects for wildlife sampling.


Nomenclature and classification of birds were based on Kennedy et al.(2000). Population andthreatened status follows the IUCN 2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor, 2002) andMallari et al (2000).

Amphibians and Reptiles

No standardized method was employed in the survey of herpetofauna. Instead, a wide array ofpossible microhabitats (sensu Alcala and Brown, 1998) for frogs and reptiles were examinedintensively for the duration of the fieldwork. These microhabitats include tree holes, forest floor,buttresses, decaying logs, leaf axils, epiphytes, tree ferns and bodies of water. Sampling periods wereusually conducted in the afternoon and the rest of the evening, although sampling in the morning wasoccasionally done after servicing the nets and traps. In addition, frogs were also located and identifiedby call. Interviews with the local guides were conducted.

Aside from species identification (if ascertained), other important information were recorded duringsampling such as microhabitat captured, altitude, date, weather, time observed and habit/behaviorprior to capture. Upon capture, descriptive and quantitative measurements, which were necessary forspecies identification (e.g. snout to vent length (SVL)), were noted. As much as possible, allmeasurements were taken from adult specimens, otherwise juvenile or sub-adults are properly notedin the standardized field catalogue. Age determination includes examination of gonadal condition, andpresence of secondary sex characteristics such as vocal sacs, nuptial pads, fins (for Agamids). Allcaptured specimens were photographed, fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stored in 70% ethanol.Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification of the species. Allcollected specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History.

Nomenclature and classification were based on Crombie (1986), Alcala and Brown (1998), W. Brownet al.(1999), R. Brown et al. (2000) for frogs and Alcala (1986), R. Brown et al. (1999) for reptiles.Population and threatened status follows IUCN 2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor,2002) and Alcala and Brown (1998).

Mammals

Cage traps were used to capture rodents and shrews. For the ground surface trapping, the traps wereplaced in various suitable locations (i.e. under root tangles, in front of burrow entrances, alongrunways, and on top of fallen logs). Traps were baited with either live earthworms or fried coconutcoated with peanut butter. All traplines were maintained for three nights.

Mistnets were used for capturing bats and were set on ridgetops, across trails and streams, and atedges of clearing adjacent to forest. Nets were tended continuously during the peak of the activity,which is from early dusk (about 17:30) until about 21:00. Nets were left open thereafter, and bats wereremoved at dawn. Any given net was left in place for three or four days at a time in all but a fewinstances. Nets were either set near the ground or were hoisted four to five meters aboveground andin some cases almost reaching the canopy.

Information on the presence and perceived abundance of large mammals, including civets, wild pigs,and deer, were obtained from knowledgeable local guides and hunters encountered during field work.

When possible, trapped animals with certain identification were released at the site of capture.Voucher specimens were measured, examined for reproductive condition, and either preserved ascomplete bodies in formalin (transferred to ethanol) or prepared as complete skeletons. Bodymeasurements taken include total length (TL), tail-vent (TV), hindfoof (HF), ear (EAR), forearm for bats(FA) and weight (wt). Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identificationof the species. All voucher specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History.

Nomenclature follows Heaney et al., (1998) whereas population and threatened status follows IUCN2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor, 2002).


2.2.3 Data Analysis

Birds

Community diversity indices were calculated from a mathematical formula that takes into account bothspecies richness and the relative abundance of each species in the community. Relative abundancerefers to the number of individuals of a given species divided by the total number of individuals of allspecies found. The community diversity was mathematically calculated using the Shannon-WeinerIndex. The value of the Shannon-Weiner index (represented by the symbol H’) was calculated usingthe following formula:

H = -Σ[ni/N ln ni/N]

The following diversity indices (parameters) were also used to determine the degree of speciesdiversity in all sampling sites:

1) Species Richness index simply refers to the number of species in each sampling site2) Dominance (D) index was mathematically calculated using the following formula:

D = (Hmax –H), where H = DiversityHmax = Maximum diversity = ln (n)

3) Evenness (e) index = H’/Hmax

4) Sorensen Similarity Index which measures the degree of similarity of bird assemblage betweentwo sampling sites. It is computed by the equation:

2c--------a + b

where a= number of species in first areab= number of species in second areac= number of species common to a and b

Amphibians and Reptiles

As the method used in determining herpetofaunal diversity was gathered solely on opportunisticsampling, effort allocated was not quantified. As such, standardization of data sets was not possible,rendering any quantitative analysis not possible. To offset this limitation, the main point of discussionwill rely on presence/absence of species and its habitat associations. The study sites were found torepresent different vegetation types, ranging from lowland dipterocarps, lower montane forest,grassland-parang vegetation, second-growth and forest edge vegetation and agroforest plantation.Information on the range of vegetation occupied for each herpetofaunal species was noted.

Mammals

Relative abundance in the form of trapping or netting success was used to analyze mammalianpatterns. Total relative abundance was calculated as the number of captures at a given study sitedivided by the number of trap-nights x 100 (i.e., the number of captures per 100 net/trap-nights).Relative abundance was also calculated to determine which study site or vegetation/habitat types eachspecies is most abundant. At least two levels of distribution patterns will be generated for the analysisof mammals: (1) elevational distribution (which the four study sites represent different elevations from900 masl to 1200 masl), (2) habitat and disturbance types (e.g. all the study sites represent variouscategories from lowland forest, lower montane forest, secondary forest, agroforest and grassland).


3.0 Results and Discussions3.1 Flora3.1.1 Floral Diversity

A total of 394 morpho-species belonging to the seed plants (Angiosperms and Gymnosperms), fernsand their allies were recorded from the 36 hectares (sampling area). Sixty nine species have not beenidentified to the species level or have been tentatively assigned to the most probable taxon (family orgenus). Most of these are sterile specimens (without flowers or spores). The determination of thecorrect rank and position (identification) of the species is very much dependent on the variationexhibited by the reproductive structures. Two of the taxa were not identified even up to the family leveldue to inaccessibility of useful specimen for identification. The number of recorded families is 81, 2,and 14 for angiosperms, gymnosperms and pteridophytes, respectively. The resource assessmentconducted focused mainly on the vascular plants. However, it was observed that among the non-vascular plants, Sphagnum sp. is the dominant in the project site. Table 1 shows the number offamilies, genera and species that was identified.

The most speciose (having several species) of all genera is Ficus with 26 species followed bySyzygium (11), Piper (8), Litsea (8), Palaquium (7), Calamus (6) and Elatostema (6). The mostspeciose families are: Moraceae (30), Lauraceae (20), Rubiaceae (20), Urticaceae (16),Euphorbiaceae (15), and Orchidaceae (15).

Table 1. Number of families, genera and species that were recorded.

Taxon Family Genera SpeciesAngiosperm 81 (2) 207 (7) 350 (58)Gymnosperm 2 5 5Fern 14 22 39 (11)Total 97 (2) 234 (7) 394 (69)

*Numbers inside parentheses are taxa that have not been identified to the corresponding rank.

The number of species identified for this study was compared with the total tally for the whole country,island, and that of the previous studies (Table 2). There is a wide discrepancy on the total number ofspecies recorded understandably because of the different area coverage for each tally (Table 3).Nevertheless, it is important to note that the 36-hectare area sampled, out of the 169-hectare area ofthe buffer zone is more than enough to obtain reliable sampling results.

Table 2. Floral Diversity on Philippines, Negros, PNOC EIA (1995), CMNH (1998), and the resultsof this Biodiversity Study.

Philippines Negros PNOC EIA(1995)

CMNHInventory

(1998)

BiodiversityStudy(2007)

All species 8,000 614 253 197 394PhilippineEndemics 4800 (60%) 364(59.3%) 50 (19.76%) 50-55% 160 (49%)

ThreatenedSpecies 695 - 10 9 22


Table 3. Comparison of the floral studies of the PNOC EIA (1995), CMNH (1998) and thisBiodiversity Study (2007).

PNOC EIA (1995) CMNH Inventory(1998)

Biodiversity Study(2007)

Sampling Site Sitios Hagdan,Katugasan, and Pataan(open/disturbed areas)

Brgy. Ilijan, and Mailum(800-2250masl)

Brgy. Mailum, andMinoyan (900-1200masl)

Area surveyed NA (not area based),13 sampling stations

0.84 ha 36 ha

Methods used Line Intercept andPoint Center Quarter

Quadrat Sampling (21quadrats)

100% survey andQuadrat Sampling

All Species 253 (14 pteridophytes) 197 394Endemic Species 50 (19.76%) 50-55% 160 (49%)Dominant/ ImportantSpecies

White Lauan, BagtikanKaldemon, Tangile,Benguet Pine,Mahogany, Bakan

Baguilomboi, Almaciga,Tanguile, White Lauan,Igem, Pagatpat

Bakan, Sotsa, Whitelauan, Nato, Baugit,Almaciga, PhilippineMaple

The results of this Biodiversity Study were also compared to the two previous surveys conductedwithin Mt. Kanlaon and are presented in Table 3. Similarly, the three studies showed variable resultsbecause of the difference in methodology, as well as sampling locations.

Proposed Development Area

Based on Whitmore’s forest formation, the proposed development area, with elevation varying from900 to 1,200 masl, belongs to the lower limit of a tropical upper montane rainforest. At the lowerelevation (900 to 1,000 masl), the buffer zone is represented by lowland dipterocarp and mixedsecond-growth forest, with some patches of disturbed ecosystem particularly on the lower part of theproposed road system. At the interior of the buffer zone, which is about 1,100 to 1,200 masl, the areamanifested a lower montane forest cover.

• Proposed road system (P-Line Data)

The entire length of the proposed road system recorded a total of 3,192 large woody trees belongingto 153 morpho-species, 88 genera and 48 families. The most speciose genera are: Ficus (16),Syzygium (8), Litsea (8), Palaquium (5), Astronia (4), Neonauclea (4), and Macaranga (4). The mostspeciose family is Moraceae with 20 species followed by Lauraceae (17), Euphorbiaceae (11),Myrtaceae (9), and Rubiaceae (7). The most abundant species is Litsea philippinensis with 377individuals, followed by Symplocos ophirensis ssp. cumingiana (173), Neonauclea lanceolata ssp.gracilis (120), Shorea contorta (114), Syzygium oleinum (114) and Palaquium luzoniense (107). Table4 presents the ten most important species based on the computed Importance Value, while Appendix1 shows the taxonomic list of the inventoried woody trees with their corresponding Importance Value.

The DBH of trees ranges from 10 to 210 centimeters and MH is from 1 to 35 meters. The total volumecomputed for the whole area is 1,402.58 cubic meters with an average of 0.439 cubic meter per tree,while density is at 266 individuals per hectare.


Table 4. Ten most important species based on computed Importance Value from the areacovered by the proposed road system.

Family Species Common Name IVLAURACEAE Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 37.838

SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp.cumingiana var. cumingiana Sotsa 18.235

DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 12.815SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 11.322MYRTACEAE Syzygium oleinum (Wall.) Baugit 10.463ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 10.391

RUBIACEAE Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr.ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 8.892

MYRTACEAE Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 8.674LAURACEAE Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 6.691LAURACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 6.519

For the poles and saplings, a total of 165 species were observed (Appendix 2). The most abundantspecies is Laportea densiflora with 243 individuals followed by Angiopteris palmiformis (233), Turpiniaovalifolia (229), Shorea contorta (218), Canarium asperum (216), Cyathea philippinensis (205),Syzygium subcaudatum (183) and Litsea philippinensis (182). The average density is 529 individualsper hectare.

Since the canopy is relatively closed ( 70% cover), it is expected to have low diversity at theunderstories. More than 50% of the area is covered by forest litter. Only 61 species belonging to 51genera and 30 families were recorded for herbaceous plants and grasses (Appendix 3). The mostfrequently occurring is the Selaginella wildenowii which was observed in 12 subplots (out of the 14subplots) followed by Pandanus exaltatus (11), Zingiber negrosense (11), Sarchandra glabra ssp.brachystachys var. brachystachys (10), Curculigo capitulata (9) and Christella dentata (9).

Epiphytes or canopy plants are one of the indicators of forest status. The older and more intact foresthas higher diversity of canopy plants. A total of 69 species, 47 genera and 34 families were recordedfor epiphytes. The most speciose families include Orchidaceae with 9 species followed by Araceae (8),Piperaceae (4), and Davaliaceae (3), Moraceae (3), Polypodiaceae (3) and Pteridaceae (3). The mostabundant species is Dendrobium sp. with 12 subplots occurrence, followed by Asplenium nidus (11),Freycinetia sp. 1 (11), Freycinetia sp. 2 (10), Piper sp. 1 (10), and Nephrolepis biserrata (9). Appendix4 shows the complete taxonomic list of epiphytes observed in the proposed road system.

• Proposed Well Pads

A total of 4,734 woody trees belonging to 108 morpho-species, 68 genera, and 41 families wererecorded in the proposed well pad area. The high elevation of the area (1,200 masl) is a limiting factorfor some species to survive that has resulted to a lower diversity level. However, the elevationprovides a suitable environment for some important species of Gymnosperms. The most speciosefamily is family Moraceae with 13 species followed by Lauraceae (9), Rubiaceae (7), Euphorbiaceae(6), Meliaceae (6), Myrtaceae (5) and Clusiaceae (5). The most speciose genera include Ficus (12),Syzygium (4), Neonauclea (4), Litsea (4), Canthium (3), Palaquium (3), Dysoxylum (3), Astronia (3)and Terminalia (3). Table 5 shows the ten most important species based on the computed ImportanceValue, while Appendix 5 presents the complete taxonomic list of all the species including theirfrequency, diameter DBH, MH and Importance Value.


Table 5. Ten most important species from the proposed well pads area.

Family Species Common Name IVLAURACEAE Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 34.437ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 15.365LAURACEAE Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 12.216MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassissimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 12.161PODOCARPACEAE Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Lokinai 11.834PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 11.466SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 11.363LAURACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 10.221MYRTACEAE Syzygium oleinum (Wall.) Baugit 10.175EUPHORBIACEAE Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 10.152

It is important to note that three species of Gymnosperm (i.e. Agathis philippinensis, Dacrydiumbeccarii and Dacrycarpus imbricatus) are included in the ten most important species. Elevation is thegreatest contributing factor for such dominance.

The trees at the proposed well pad area have a higher DBH but slightly shorter than those at the P-line. The DBH ranges from 10 to 190 centimeters, while MH is from and 1.5 to 25 meters. Theapproximately 17 hectares proposed well pad area has a total tree volume of 2571.31 cubic meters,having an average of 0.54 cubic meter per tree. Despite the larger diameter trees, the stocking isrelatively denser (278 individuals per hectare) than that of P-line (266 individuals per hectare).

Poles and saplings recorded higher species diversity with a total of 186 morpho-species. However, theaverage stocking (367 individuals per hectare) is far below the computed density at the P-line (529individuals per hectare). This is because of the higher accumulated forest litter leaving minimal areafor the seedlings and saplings to grow. Table 6 shows the ten most abundant species in terms ofnumber of individuals observed. A complete taxonomic list of poles and saplings in the proposed wellpads with their corresponding frequency (number of individuals) is shown in Appendix 6.

Table 6. Ten most abundant pole and sapling species in the proposed well pads.

Family Species Common Name FreqURTICACEAE Laportea densiflora C.B. Rob. Lipang kalabaw 356MARATTIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 346CYATHEACEAE Cyathea integra Tree fern 242LAURACEAE Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 226BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin/Salong 224CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Tree fern 213CYATHEACEAE Cyathea contaminans (Wall.) Copel. Tree fern 186LAURACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 182ARECACEAE Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai 140ARECACEAE Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan 126

A total of 65 species belonging to 29 families were recorded for herbaceous plants and grasses.Urticaceae and Rubiaceae are the most speciose families with 10 and 5 species, respectively.Epiphytes, on the other hand, are more diverse with 75 species belonging to 34 families. The mostspeciose families are Orchidaceae and Araceae with 10 species each followed by Piperaceae with 5species. Appendix 7 and 8 give a complete list of herbaceous plants and grasses, and epiphytes,respectively.


Quadrat Sampling

From the 178 randomly selected sampling quadrats 254 morpho-species were recorded. No significantchange on the species diversity among the sampling quadrats was observed. Likewise, the mostimportant and most dominant species are the same for all plant forms as compared to the proposeddevelopment area. Appendix 9 to 12 provide a complete list of species observed from the 20m x 20mplots (large woody trees), 4m x 4m plots (herbs, shrubs, saplings), 1m x 1m plots (ground cover), andepiphytes, respectively.

The quadrat that obtained the highest Shannon index is Q 178 at 3.102, however, the Simpson’s andEvenness indices are relatively low due to dominance of some species. Q 81 recorded the highestSimpson’s index at 0.942 due to the absence of dominant species in the area. The highest frequencyrecorded at Q 81 is five individuals making the distribution among the 23 species more balance. Themost even quadrat is Q 04, where the 14 individuals recorded belong to 11 different species. It isinteresting to note that the most diverse quadrats are those near the proposed well pads. Table 7shows the quadrats that obtained the highest computed value for each diversity index, as well as theelevation of each quadrat (Figure 4). The diversity indices of all the quadrats are presented inAppendix 13.

Table 7. The most diverse quadrats based on computed diversity indices and their elevations.

Shannon index Simpson's index EvennessQuadrat Elev H' Quadrat Elev D Quadrat Elev E

Q 178 1080 3.102 Q 81 1080 0.942 Q 04 1020 0.977 Q 160 1140 3.052 Q 09 1060 0.935 Q 09 1060 0.973 Q 63 1150 3.011 Q 160 1140 0.930 Q 05 1020 0.969 Q 81 1080 2.997 Q 54 1030 0.930 Q 54 1030 0.960 Q 173 1130 2.959 Q 178 1080 0.929 Q 81 1080 0.956 Q 172 1100 2.890 Q 63 1150 0.929 Q 50 1050 0.935 Q 166 1040 2.867 Q 65 1130 0.923 Q 69 1100 0.933 Q 65 1130 2.860 Q 172 1100 0.920 Q 10 1060 0.930 Q 09 1060 2.811 Q 05 1020 0.920 Q 19 1045 0.929 Q 161 1140 2.786 Q 68 1110 0.916 Q 11 1030 0.913

Based on the species composition and species density for each sampling strip, BiodiversityProfessional (BdPro) software provided the similarity matrix, a matrix showing the percentage similarityamong sampling quadrats. The data can be used on deciding what particular area or quadrat can besacrificed for some development activities. For instance, clearing of Q 13 will not significantly affect thefloral diversity of the area since most of its species can also be found in Q 37. In the same that similarmanagement strategies can be applied to related quadrats/habitats. Table 8 below shows the mostsimilar sampling quadrats while Figure 6 shows the location of the most similar quadrats.


Table 8. List of the most similar sampling quadrats in Mt. Kanla-on buffer zone.

Quadrats % SimilarityQ 13/Q 37 90.5405Q 133/Q 134 86.5979Q 130/Q 131 80.6452Q 92/Q 103 79.4224Q 155/Q 48 76.2887Q 75/Q 103 75.4448Q 14/Q 77 73.7327Q 02/Q 97 72.9282Q 18/Q 23 72.2689Q 155/Q 156 72.1893Q 130/Q 168 71.6049Q 130/Q 48 71.3693Q 07/Q 39 70.8861Q 136/Q 44 70.5882Q 91/Q 97 70.5882Q 01/Q 39 70.1987Q 57/Q 64 70.1754

Figure 6. Location of the most similar quadrats (quadrats with the same color)


3.1.2 Noteworthy Species

New Island Records

The most interesting species and probably the highlight of the resource inventory is the discovery of avery rare parasitic flowering plant, Rafflesia speciosa, which is a previously recorded endemic speciesin Panay (Plate 4). The species is the first record of this unique genus in the island. The genusRafflesia is very rare and can only be seen in the forests of Panay, Palawan, Makiling and Banahaw.Members of the genus are so peculiar since they do not have stem and leaves. Among the sevenrecorded Rafflesia species in the Philippines, Rafflesia speciosa has the largest flower that can attaina maximum diameter of two feet. The specimen was found outside the proposed development areanor included in the quadrat sampling (Figure 6).

Eight other species, which are probably new island records, are listed in Table 9. However, there isstill a need to verify the validity of the geographical distribution of these records. Unless otherwiseshown to occur in other areas or to have been misidentified, the presence of the new recorded speciesbased on a limited number of collections should be appreciated with much optimism.

Table 9. List of species that are reported to be new island records for Negros.

Family Species CollectionNumber

Previous KnownDistribution

ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia oligantha Merr. BOP 137, BOP138, RMM 75 Sorsogon

ELAEOCARPACEAEElaeocarpus argenteus Merr.var. gitingensis (Elmer)Weibel

BOP 187 Sibuyan

EUPHORBIACEAE Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. BOP 156, BOP170, RMM 128 Panay

Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. PLM 385 Panay, Samar,ZamboangaLAURACEAE

Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. BOP 220 Camarines,Sorsogon,

MELIACEAE Chisocheton mendozaeHildebr.

BOP 010, BOP093 Samar

MYRSINACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr.BOP 165, BOP196, PLM 406,PLM 454

Abra, Benguet,Nueva Ecija, Quezon,Sibuyan

RAFFLESIACEAE Rafflesia speciosa Barcelonaand Fernando Photo taken Panay

SAPINDACEAE Guioa discolor Radlk. NQ 011, BOP101 Quezon, Samar

Endemism

The geographical distribution of plant species has been very useful for assessing biodiversity values ofregions, countries, and islands. Species confined to a particular site should be given conservationmanagement strategies so as to ensure their survival.

Categorizing species as endemic is very much dependent on availability of recent revisions,nomenclatural changes and new evidences from various disciplines used in systematics, amongothers. In this study, a number of specimens have not been identified to the species level; several ofthese belong to family Orchidaceae, which has the highest recorded endemism (90 percent). This willdefinitely influence the percent endemism estimates. Thus, estimates of endemism should beinterpreted within the context of the methodologies and limitations imposed by contributing factorsaforementioned.


• Island or Near Endemics

Nine species have been recognized as island or near endemics. Island endemics are plant speciesthat are found only in Negros Island and these include Litsea plateaefolia, Syzygium euphlebium, andPraravinia lucbanensis. Table 10 lists the island endemic taxa and the corresponding collectionnumbers (for future reference and verification). The list is based on the most recent available revisionor monographic work on the taxon.

Table 10. List of island endemic species and their corresponding collection numbers.

Family Species Collection NumberLAURACEAE Litsea plateaefolia Elmer RMM 80, RMM 93MYRTACEAE Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. BOP 072, PLM 438RUBIACEAE Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. PLM 410

Near endemics are those found only in a few islands such as Saurauia negrosensis, Rhaphidophorarigida, Heterospathe negrosensis, Begonia negrosensis, Litsea quercoides, Medenilla aurantifolia, andMatthaea philippinensis. Distribution and collection numbers of near endemics are presented in Table11.

Table 11. List of near endemic species with their distribution and collection numbers.

Family Species CollectionNumber Distribution

ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia negrosensis Elm. BOP 159,RMM 107 Negros, Panay

ARECACEAE Heterospathe negrosensisBecc. Photo taken Negros, Sibuyan,

MasbateBEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis Elmer PLM 445 Negros, Panay

MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia ElmerRMM 137,PLM 393, PLM431

Negros, Panay,Sibuyan

MONIMIACEAE Matthaea philippinensis Perk. BOP 223 Negros, Leyte

OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr.BOP 085, BOP088, BOP 209,PLM 440

Negros, Luzon

It should be understood that these information should be interpreted with caution. Endemism dependson how much study has been done on the taxa in question. If through revisions, some taxa aresynonymized or are subjected to nomenclatural changes, then the geographical distribution maycorrespondingly be redefined and that endemism status reassessed.

• Philippine Endemics

The country endemism reported for Philippine flowering plants is 60% (Merrill’s Enumeration ofPhilippine Flowering Plants). More recent estimates place the country’s plant endemism at around 25to 30%. The reduction in percentage values can be attributed to the changes in nomenclature, as wellas delineation of the geographical distribution of plants, which in turn reflect new appreciation ofevidences coming from various sources. But a more pressing reason for this low percentage couldprobably be attributed to a low collection index.

Based on Merrill”s (1923-26) account and more recent revisions of Families in the Flora Malesiana,there are 614 species of seed plants belonging to 352 genera and 103 families expected to be presentin Negros, excluding those that have been recently cultivated and introduced. Three hundred sixty-four


of these are reportedly endemic species for a percentage endemism of 59.3%. Philippinepteridophytes (ferns and allies), however, has lower reported endemism at 32% (Zamora & Co, 1986).

Out of the 325 species identified, there are at least 160 Philippine endemics that are found in thebuffer zone of Mt. Kanla-on based on the collection alone. Fifty-three percent endemism is reported forthe angiosperm (155/293), while 18% endemism is reported for the Pteridophytes (5/28) based on thenumber of identified species (Table 12).

The list of Philippine endemics found in Negros is shown in Appendix 14. Notable among thesespecies are the members of Family Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae,Meliaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. The endemic Pteridophytes are Cyathea integra, Cyathea negrosiana,Cyathea philippinensis, Diplazium magnificum, and Adiantum scabripes.

Table 12. Number of endemic species and percentage endemism for the different taxonomicgroups Angiosperm, Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes.

Taxonomic Group Number ofEndemics

Number of Identifiedspecies

Percent Endemism(%)

Angiosperms 155 293 53Gymnosperms 0 5 0Pteridophytes 5 28 18

3.1.3 Conservation Status

The conservation status of species is based on DENR Administrative Order No. 2007-01 (The NationalList of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories), the recommendations of the PhilippinePlant Conservation Committee (PPCC) of the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB), DENR. Itis basically the RedList for Philippine flora containing all the threatened species categorized as follows:1) critically endangered (CR) - species or subspecies that is facing extremely high risk of extinctionin the wild in the immediate future; 2) endangered (EN) - species or subspecies that is not criticallyendangered but whose survival in the wild is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating; 3)vulnerable species (VU) - species or subspecies that is not critically endangered or endangered, butis under threat from adverse factors throughout its range and is likely to move to the endangeredcategory in the future; 4) other threatened species - species or subspecies that is not criticallyendangered, endangered nor vulnerable but is under threat from adverse factors, such as overcollection, throughout its range and is likely to move to the vulnerable category in the near future; and5) other Wildlife Species - non-threatened species that have the tendency to become threatened dueto predation and destruction of habitat or other similar causes as may be listed by the Secretary uponthe recommendation of the National Wildlife Management Committee.

From the identified species in the buffer zone of Mt. Kanla-on, 16 species of Angiosperms, onespecies of Gymnosperm and five species of ferns, which have various conservation status categoriesin the Threatened Plant List of PPCC, were reported (Table 13). Noteworthy among the list are thethree critically endangered species, Pinanga sibuyanensis, Tristaniopsis decorticata and Rafflesiaspeciosa, which is considered as a new island record. Also in the list are the lower to montanespecies, which are observed to dominate the area. These include three species of Tree ferns (Cyatheaspp.), Agathis philippinensis, Shorea contorta, Cinnamomum mercadoi, Palaquium luzoniense,Palaquium philippense, and Litsea leytensis.


Table 13. Threatened plant species observed in Mt. Kanla-on buffer zone.

Family Species ConservationStatus

ARECACEAE Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. CRMYRTACEAE Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. CRRAFFLESIACEAE Rafflesia speciosa Barcelona & Fernando CRCYATHEACEAE Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook ENCYATHEACEAE Cyathea negrosiana Christ. ENLAURACEAE Litsea leytensis Merr. ENSAPINDACEAE Guioa acuminata Radlk. ENSAPINDACEAE Guioa discolor Radlk. ENARACEAE Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch VUARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. VUASPLENIACEAE Asplenium nidus L. VUCYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Bak. VUDILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. VUDIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal VUDIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. VULAURACEAE Cryptocarya ampla Merr. VULAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal VUMELIACEAE Aglaia cumingiana Turcz VUPOLYPODIACEAE Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. VUSAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal VUSAPOTACEAE Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. VUMYRTACEAE Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. OTS

3.1.4 Resource Use

Mt. Kanla-on as a whole is one of the sites in the country which houses not only ecologically importantspecies but also economically important species. Appendix 15 enumerates some of the useful plantspecies observed in the 169-hectare buffer zone. The resource use is based primarily on the generalknowledge from available literatures since there was not enough time to really look on the localindigenous knowledge and practices for the species. However, most of the team members came fromthe local community and they have been consulted regarding the local use of some species.

3.2 Fauna3.2.1 Avian community

To determine if the effort invested in bird transects was sufficient to document as many species aspossible, a Species Accumulation Curve (Figure 6) was plotted. An average of 15 transect hours wasused for each study site, resulting to a total of 79 species documented for the whole 169-hectare bufferzone; the total constitutes 63 species in Site 1, 56 species in Site 2, 52 species in Site 3 and 61species in Site 4 (Appendix 16). Accumulation curves for each site showed increasing trends inspecies numbers at the termination of each transects; asymptotes or leveling of curve was notexperienced. These curves signify that 15 transect hours may still not be exhaustive enough todocument all bird species found within each study site and that additional transect hours could yieldadditional species as well. Species accumulation during the last hours of transects yielded an averagecumulative increase of 7.3 species for each site. It is predicted, based from the trending of the curvethat an additional five hours of observation could result to asymptote of each accumulation curve.


Figure 2. Species accumulation curves for birds in the four samplingsites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone

010203040506070

4 hours 8 hours 12 hoursSampling efforts (in hours)

Cum

mul

ativ

e nu

mbe

r of

spec

ies

(per

day

)

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4

In comparing this study with the total tally for the whole Negros Island (Table 14), a wide discrepancyis evident and that several species were not documented. Species total for the whole Negros Islandinclude birds from all habitat types (from sea-level lowlands to mossy forest and wetlands) and non-breeding birds, while this study sampled mainly on a narrow band of upper lowland forest and lowermontane forest. It may be concluded that although the species tally may not be exhaustive, it issufficient to show moderately complete bird diversity within the 169-hectare buffer zone.

Compared to previous studies conducted in the area, the species tally were noteworthy. The studyrecorded the following counts:

• Almost 60% of Philippine endemic birds known on Negros were recorded within the bufferzone

• 40% of Negros-Panay endemic birds (3/8) were also recorded• At least 64% of the total forest-dwelling birds of Negros• One-fifth of the country’s endemic and forest-dwelling birds were recorded at the buffer zone.

These numbers emphasize the vertebrate fauna diversity importance of the 169-hectare buffer zoneboth within the national context and within Negros Island.

Table 14. Number of bird species on Philippines (Kennedy et al., 2000; Collar et al, 1999)Negros (Kennedy et al., 2000), PNOC EIA (1995), MKNP and CMNH (1999) and the resultof this biodiversity study in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental.

Philippines Negros PNOC-EDCEIA, 1995

DENR andCMNH, 1999

BiodiversityStudy

All species 572 255 68 53 79Breeding 395 190 63 48 79PhilippineEndemics

172 59 18 22 35

Negros-PanayEndemics

na 8 2 3 3

Forest Species 300+ 100+ 38 38 64ThreatenedSpecies 74 20 2 3 3

Figure 6. Species accumulation curves for birds in the four sampling sites in NNGP169-hectares buffer zone

Figure 6. Species accumulation curves for birds in the four sampling sites in NNGP169-hectares buffer zone


Each study site showed varied values for some of the computed biodiversity parameters (Table 15).Similarity indices (Table 16) reveal Sites 1 and 2 and Sites 3 and 4 have almost similar speciescomposition as shown by the relatively higher percentages. Sites 1 and 4 have almost the sameelevation, vegetation types and habitat characterization, with each site comprising of lowlanddipterocarp forest, forest edge and mixed second growth and agroforest plantations. Both sites arealso situated within 900 to 1,000 masl elevation band. Consequently, both bird assemblages reflectcommunities that represent a mixture of forest and agroforest species. As for Sites 2 and 3, both sitesare located within the 1,050 to 1,200 masl elevation band and represent habitats of transition zonelowland forest and lower montane forest. In addition, the same pattern of endemicity is evident acrossthe four study sites. The relatively lower endemicity in Sites 1 and 4 reflects influx of almost all non-endemic species from grassland and agroforest communities.

Table 15. Computed values of different biodiversity parameters/indices for birds per samplingsites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental.

Parameters

Site 1(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)

Site 2(lowland

dipterocarpforest-

transition lowermontane forest

Site 3(transition

lower montaneforest)

Site 4(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)SpeciesRichness

63 56 52 61

Endemic species 30 33 29 29Species DiversityIndex (‘H)

3.44 3.41 3.42 3.42

Endemicity (E) 47.6 58.9% 55.8% 47.5%SpeciesDominanceIndex (C)

0.07 0.04 0.04 0.06

Evenness Index(e)

0.87 0.89 0.91 0.88

To illustrate further the heterogeneity across all study sites, species composition within each siterepresent distinct bird communities depending on the type of habitat present. Site 1 has 47 species(out of 63 species) which are considered as inhabitants of lowland dipterocarp forest with only onehigh elevation specialist, the Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra). Owing to the presenceof grassland-parang vegetation, at least 16 species are associated with agricultural areas.Furthermore, overlaps between forest and non-forest birds occur on forest edges and transitionbetween grassland-parang and second growth forest. Similar to Site 1, in terms of habitats/vegetation,Site 4 has a mixed bird assemblage, where out of the 61 species recorded, at least 12 birds areassociated with grassland-parang vegetation. Sites 2 and 3, on the other hand, have contrasting birdcomposition. Virtually all birds recorded on these sites are strict forest inhabitants. Elements of highelevation-obligate bird communities are also evident within these two sites, becoming morepronounced at Site 3. A total of six high elevation species, which were all recorded in Site 3, weredocumented during the study.

On other biodiversity parameters, all sites showed remarkable similarity (Table 14). All sites havediversity indices (H’) that fall between 3.41 to 3.44, Dominance values (C) of 0.04 to 0.07 andEvenness of 0.87 to 0.91. The similarity in these parameters indicates a relatively similar diversity,which judging from the levels of the indices, is also relatively high. The low and generally the sameDominance values across all sites validate the high diversity index indicating that not a single specieshighly dominates in each study site. The high Evenness values for all sites further supports the high


diversity level in which each species are relatively evenly distributed, with no species having anabnormally high number.

Table 16. Computed Sorensen Similarity Index between all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectarebuffer zone, Negros Occidental.

Sites

Site 1(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)

Site 2(lowland

dipterocarpforest-

transition lowermontane forest

Site 3(transition

lower montaneforest)

Site 4(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)Site 1 - 77% 71% 94%Site 2 - 90% 80%Site 3 - 73%Site 4 -

From the over-all species total of 79 species, at least 35 species are listed as endemic to thePhilippines (44% endemicity), of which three species, S. speciosa, R. albigularis and C. ostenta aresolely restricted to the Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region. Since the study was conducted duringthe closing days of summer season, almost all birds documented are resident breeders. The highendemism observed within the buffer zone represents near true values of endemism on forested partsof Negros (59%). Additional transect hours could increase the number of endemic species and therebylifting the total species tally (and endemism) up to the level as seen for the whole Negros Island.

At least 64 species are forest dwellers or a remarkably high 81% of the total species tally. Obligateforest inhabitant families were dominated by the families Accipitridae (Eagle and Hawks), Strigidae(owls), Campephagidae (cuckoo-shrikes), Rhabdornithidae (tree-creepers), Turdidae (thrush),Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers), Dicaedae (flowerpeckers). In addition, some members ofColumbidae (doves and pigeons), Picidae (woodpeckers), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Sylviidae (OldWorld warblers), and Nectarinidae (sunbirds) have distributions that are strictly associated with foresthabitats as well. On the other hand, members of Rallidae (rails) and Estrildidae (munias) andPloceidae (sparrows) were solely restricted to grassland-parang habitats.

At least three species are included in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)globally-threatened list: S. speciosa, R. albigularis and C. ostenta; all are range-restricted species.During the study, all three species were consistently observed in transects or sometimes captured inmist nets. C. ostenta was observed on all study sites, although only on forest areas far from forestedge and adjacent agroforest and agricultural areas. S. speciosa was observed in three study sites(except Site 1). Most records of this species were from lowland forest of good quality although oneindividual was captured in mistnet that was placed less than 50 meters from the forest edge in Site 4.R. albigularis was solely recorded or netted in mature lowland forest in Sites 1, 2 and 3. One generalobservation among these three range-restricted and IUCN-recognized threatened species is that allwere found only on lowland forest (but probably rare in forest edge), below 1,100 masl.

During the course of the study, five Negros-Panay restricted birds were not observed namely, NegrosFruit-Dove (Ptilinopus arcanus), Negros Bleeding-Heart (Gallicolumba keayi), Visayan Tarictic(Penelopides panini), Walden’s Hornbill (Aceros waldeni) and Negros Striped-Babbler (Stachyrisnigrorum).

The Negros Fruit-Dove is known only from a single specimen (a female) that was captured on Mt.Kanla-on at Pula (Pulopantao) on May 1, 1953. Subsequent explorations on Mt. Kanla-on (DENR-CMNH- 1998 and Cambridge University- 1992) failed to obtain a specimen or recorded visually thisspecies. Brooks et al. (1992) and Evans et al. (1993) reported that despite spending nine days at the


type locality and a further 11 days at other sites in the same mountain, this enigmatic fruit dove wasnot encountered. The original description (Ripley and Rabor, 1955) of the habitat of the type was “oneof a pair shot out of a large fruiting tree on the edge of a camp clearing, at an altitude of 3,600 feet”,i.e. 1,090 masl. It seems that this species is chiefly a lowland bird, in which case it might well beextinct or in perilously low numbers as no forest survives below 750 masl in Mt. Kanla-on. However, analternative explanation for the lack of records of this species would be the possible invalidity of thespecies: its small size and atypical plumage could suggest that it might be a runt or an abberantspecimen of Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus occipitalis) or possibly of a green pigeon (Treron).Lest a male specimen is described, final verdict on the validity of the species must be deferred (Collaret al., 1999).

The Negros Bleeding-Heart was first recorded on Mt. Kanla-on during the late 1870s (Sharpe, 1877)and were observed to be “fairly common” (Eagle Clarke 1900 as cited by Collar et al., 1999). Duringthe 1930s, Hachisuka (1936) reported it to be “an extremely rare bird” and quite possibly have becomerarer still during the subsequent years as Brooks et al. (1992) and Evans (1993) recorded only onebird on Mt. Kanla-on. Surveys in 1995 by PNOC EIA (1995) and DENR-CMNH (1999) failed to recordthis bird. Virtually all habitat records were from lowland dipterocarp forest between 300 and 1,200masl; forest line within the 169-hectare buffer zone starts at 850 to 900 masl. It is perhaps highly likelythat this bird is extremely rare and in low numbers within the buffer zone so that an observation mightbe a fortuitous event. Nonetheless, an alarm should be raised on the rarity of this species of which thecause of its decline is a direct result of massive loss of lowland rainforest on Mt. Kanlaon.

Recent records of both species of hornbills (P. panini and A. waldeni) have become exceedingly rareon all of its known distribution (especially from 1990 to recent). All records from Mt. Kanla-on werefrom higher elevations (1,200 to 1,500 masl). This is probably a reaction to lowland deforestation,which is highly evident within the mountain which is the case as well at the 169-hectare buffer zone.Only one record of Negros Striped-Babbler is known from Mt. Kanla-on in Mambucal (May 1987-Hornskov 1995) despite considerable subsequent fieldwork that followed (Brooks et al. 1992, Evans etal. 1993 and DENR-CMNH 1999). Survey by PNOC failed to record this bird as well.

Of the three globally-threatened species (S. speciosa, Coracina ostenta and S. philippensis) whichneed to be validated by this study, the Philippine Hawk-Eagle (S. philippensis) was not observed. Thisis possibly due to the intermittent rains that occur during mid morning and early afternoon which mighthave prevented the formation of thermals and consequently the emergence of the raptor.

3.2.2 Mammalian community

Small non-volant mammals

A total of 444 trap-nights were spent in documenting small non-volant mammal diversity, resulting toonly three species captured (Table 17): the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus), Oriental house rat(Rattus tanezumi) and the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans). A total of 48 individuals were captured forthe whole 169-hectare buffer zone, translating to 10.8% trapping success. The most numerous ofwhich is R. tanezumi with 27 individuals (6.1 individuals/100 trap-nights) and with R. exulans almostequally numerous with 19 individuals (4.3 ind/100 trap-nights). Two individuals of the Asian houseshrew were captured. Virtually all species captured are commensals and introduced species (non-native). These small mammals are predominantly found on agricultural lands and highly degradedforest edge and second growth and cause considerable damage to crops.


Table 17. Relative abundance/trapping success of small non-volant mammals in all samplingsites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental.

Species

Site 1(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)

Site 2(lowland

dipterocarp forest-transition

lowermontane

forest

Site 3(transition

lowermontaneforest)

Site 4(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)

Suncus murinus 2 - - -Rattus exulans 5 5 4 5Rattus tanezumi 8 6 5 8Total species 3 2 2 2Total rodents 15 11 9 13Total trap-nights 111 111 111 111Trapping success/100 trapnights 13.5 9.9 8.1 11.7

Only two species of native small non-volant mammals are recorded for the whole island of Negros, theNegros shrew (Crocidura negrina) and an undescribed forest mouse (Apomys sp. A). All specimenswere taken only from Mt. Guinsayawan, Southern Negros, and recorded in low numbers in lowlandforest, becoming slightly numerous up until 1,400 masl; non-native species are significantly moredominant all throughout the altitudinal range of Mt. Guinsayawan. Sampling effort in the 169-hectarebuffer zone was done on a variety of habitats ranging from grassland-parang and forest edge(especially in Site 1 and Site 4) to deep, interior lowland forest (Site 3) and transition lower montaneforest (Site 4). Nevertheless, 12 nights of trapping effort failed to yield a single native species, apattern almost similar to Mt. Guinsayawan. The data for this study supports hypothesis by Heaney etal. (1998) that the colonization success of non-native small non-flying mammals on natural habitats(i.e. forest) is dependent on the presence of native (and endemic) small non-flying mammals. Wherenative fauna is few to begin with, colonization of non-natives might be successful and lead tonumerical dominance. This phenomenon is further apparent on relatively young and small oceanicislands. Whereas Luzon and Mindanao are larger and older islands thus have more native (andendemic) non-volant mammals and consequently lower frequency of invasion of non-natives, smallerand younger islands such as Negros and Camiguin have fewer natives thus facilitating a successfulcolonization and domination of non-natives on forested mountain ranges.

Bats

A total of 252 net-nights of sampling effort were invested in capturing bats for the whole 169-hectarebuffer zone. A total of 408 individuals were netted comprising 12 species, which include 6 speciesapiece of fruit bats (Megachiroptera) and micro bats (Microchiroptera). About half are endemic to thePhilippines including the threatened Negros-Panay and Sibuyan-restricted Philippine tube-nosed fruitbat (Nyctimene rabori).

An overwhelming majority of the bats captured are fruit bats (395 of the 408 bats) and difference inabundance in four different study sites reflects distinct habitat associations for most of the species(Table 18). The most number of bats captured were from Sites 1 and 4 having a netting success of 1.9and 1.6 bats per net-night, respectively. Species composition within these two sites are dominated bywidely distributed species (both geographically and ecologically), indicative of the variety of habitatspresent for both sites i.e. forests and non-forests (Heaney et al., 1998). C. brachyotis and M. minimusare distributed throughout Southeast Asia and can be found in a wide variety of habitats ranging fromforests to agroforest and agricultural lands. P. jagori is a Philippine endemic but is distributed widely in


the Philippines (except Palawan) and occupies both forest and non-forest habitats (but mostly whereforest is nearby). The endemics H. fischeri, H. whiteheadi and N. rabori are relatively fewer, the formermostly netted on deep, interior lowland forest. H. whitehadi and N. rabori were netted at grassland-parang and at forest edge, respectively. Though seldom netted, H. whiteheadi was present throughoutthe study sites as ascertained by its distinct loud and high-pitched whistle that can be heard along thecanopy level. Paucity of captures for this species is most likely a result of its canopy-foraging habits.The lone capture of N. rabori might also be reflective of its high canopy foraging. It is worthwhile tonote that the two bats are able to persist in disturbed habitats of grassland and forest edge althoughtheir habitat requirements necessitate the presence of very near mature, slightly disturbed forests(Heideman and Heaney, 1987, Heaney et al. 1998).

Sites 2 and 3 have a netting success of 1.4 and 1.3 bats/net-night, respectively. A pronouncedincrease in the number of the endemic H. fischeri is apparent while non-endemics have lessened infrequency. Although widely distributed in the Philippines (except Palawan and Batanes), its habitatdistribution is narrow and confined mostly to forests of pristine and mature condition (becomingcommon at middle elevations) and absent entirely in agricultural areas. The relative abundance of theendemic P. jagori is relatively the same for all sites indicating its wide variety of habitat requirements.C. brachyotis and M. minimus have become fewer at mature forests, especially at higher elevation, apattern that is seen for the rest of the Philippines.

Table 18. Relative abundance/netting of fruit bats in all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectarebuffer zone, Negros Occidental.

Species

Site 1(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)

Site 2(lowland

dipterocarpforest-

transitionlower

montaneforest

Site 3(transition

lowermontaneforest)

Site 4(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)

FRUITBATSCynopterus brachyotis 54 22 15 25Haplonycteris fischeri 7 29 30 8Harpyionycteris whiteheadi 2 P 1 PMacroglossus minimus 25 8 5 25Nyctimene rabori - - - 1Ptenochirus jagori 29 30 28 22Total species 5 5 5 6Total fruit bats 117 89 79 100Total net-nights 63 63 63 63Bats per net-night 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.6

A total of 23 individuals of microbats were captured (Table 19), comprising six species andrepresenting three families from Megadermatidae (one species), Rhinolophidae (three) andVespertilionidae (two); two species are endemic to the Philippines namely Hipposideros obscurus andRhinolophus virgo. The total species tally for microbats is under represented as these bats utilizeultrasonic frequencies for navigation, enabling them to evade mist nets easily. As such, describing thedistribution patterns may not be possible due to low capture turn-out. Nevertheless, all microbats werecaptured inside forests. Furthermore H. obscurus, R. virgo, Pipistrellus javanicus and Kerivoulahardwicki were captured in forest that were far from grasslands and forest edge. Elsewhere in thePhilippines, records for these species show similar habitat distribution as well (Heaney et al., 1998).


Table 19. Relative abundance/netting of micro bats in all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectarebuffer zone, Negros Occidental.

Species

Site 1(grasslandparang,agroforest,lowlanddipterocarpforest)

Site 2(lowlanddipterocarpforest-transitionlowermontaneforest

Site 3(transitionlowermontaneforest)

Site 4(grasslandparang,agroforest,lowlanddipterocarpforest)

Megaderma spasma - - - 4Hipposideros obscurus 1 - -Rhinolophus arcuatus - - 4 3Rhinolophus virgo - - 3 -Kerifvoula hardwicki 1 - - -Pipistrellus javanicus 1 2 2 2Total species 3 1 3 3Total fruit bats 3 2 9 9Total net-nights 63 63 63 63Bats per net-night 0.05 0.03 0.14 0.14

Large mammals

From direct observations (through scats and visual encounters) and interviews with local guides, atleast five species of large mammals were recorded (Appendix 17 for the complete list of mammals):Common palm civet Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), Leopard cat (Prionailurusbengalensis), (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), Malay Civet (Viverra tagalunga), and the Visayan wartypig (Sus cebifrons). The Long-tailed macaque was consistently observed on all four study sites andthought to be quite common by local guides. Both species of civets were also common in the studysites as their scats were consistently encountered during the course of the survey. The Leopard catand the threatened Visayan warty pig is deemed to be relatively rare, with the former only encounteredby chance on farmlands near forest whereas the latter was identified through chance sightings (thoughrarely) of scats along transects. Local guides perceived that the Visayan warty pig has becomeuncommon within the buffer zone and are mostly found on upper elevation although depredation oncrops near the forest line were observed.

3.2.3 Amphibians and Reptiles

Gathering from opportunistic catching and interviews with local guides, a total of 25 species ofamphibians and reptiles were documented for the 169-hectare buffer zone, comprising of 11 frogs andtoads and 14 reptiles (Appendix 18). At least 12 species are endemic to the Philippines (eight frogsand four reptiles), of which at least three are restricted to Negros-Panay (Limnonected visayana,Cyrtodactylus annulatus and Lepidodactylus christiani). The 11 frogs are further subdivided into onetoad (Bufonidae), nine true frogs (Ranidae) and two tree frogs (Rhacophoridae) whereas the 14species of reptiles consist of three agamid, two gekkonids, two scincids, one varanid and six snakes(from families Colubridae, Pythonidae and the highly venomous Viperidae and Elaphidae).

All, except one frog Polypedates leucomystax, were found inside the forested region of the bufferzone. These include all species under the genus Platymantis (dorsalis group and corrugatus),Limnonectes visayana, Rana everetti and Philautus. All of these species are forest obligates and werefound throughout all study sites. Two species found inside the forest have distributions that extend on


non-forest habitats, the introduced Bufo marinus and Occidozyga laevis. The former is interesting as itis predominantly an agriculture-associated species, implying a possible successful colonization offorested habitats. This toad was found in Site 2 near the hiker’s trail that leads to the peak of Mt.Kanla-on. The site is also near an old logging road, abandoned for at least 15 years. Colonization ofthis introduced species may have been facilitated by the presence of an open-access hikers trail orpossibly from the previous logging operations. Unlike the case of the non-flying small mammals,colonization of B. marinus in forest might be anthropogenic. Several toads were found within thevicinity of the plant site. O. laevis was found in puddles in Sites 1 and 4 in forest edge and grasslands.On the other hand, P. leucomystax was exclusively found within grasslands.

The 14 species of reptiles have a markedly mixed habitat associations. Although 12 species werefound inside forest, at least half were also known to inhabit agricultural areas as well. On the otherhand, only two species of reptiles (lizards Mabuya multifasciata and multicarinata) were found ingrassland habitats.

3.2.4 Noteworthy Species

At least 12 species were chosen as noteworthy (Table 20) by virtue of several characteristics: (1)restricted to Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region, (2) listed as globally threatened by IUCN, and (3)heavily exploited for food or pets. At least eight species are restricted to Negros-Panay, of which threeare birds, two mammals, one frog and two reptiles. In addition, at least seven species are listed asthreatened by IUCN. It should be noted that at least six Negros-Panay endemics are currentlyrecognized as threatened species as well. Furthermore, virtually all of these Negros-Panay endemicsare strictly forest dwellers.

These species are range-restricted and are dependent on their habitats, so that the interplay betweeninherent rarity and restrictedness and direct tangible threats to population (from deforestation, huntingand in-breeding) greatly justifies their importance.

At least two species, both gekkonid reptiles, are also range-restricted (C. annulatus and L. christiani).So little information is known about these two species that population assessment have not yet beenpossible. On the other hand, at least three species, the Leopard cat, Sailfin Lizard and the MonitorLizard, are not restricted (tentatively) to Negros-Panay although heavy exploitation for food has beendocumented for these species. Furthermore, initial results from morphological and molecular studiesmight suggest that these species might represent separate populations that are distinct from the rest ofthe Philippine forms. As such, their apparent restricted-range (pending a publication) and threatenedstatus (though not yet formalized) could include them under the IUCN Redlist.

Table 20. List of noteworthy wildlife species observed in NNGP

Species Residency and Conservation Status*BirdsCoracina ostenta White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike Negros-Panay endemic and VulnerableStachyris speciosa Flame-templed Babbler Negros-Panay endemic and VulnerableRhinomyias albigularis White-throated JungleFlycatcher

Negros-Panay endemic and Endangered

MammalsHaplonycteris fischeri Philippine pygmy fruit bat Philippine endemic and VulnerableNyctimene rabori Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat Negros-Panay and Sibuyan endemic and

Critically EndangeredPrionailurus bengalensis Non-endemic but In the Philippines,

restricted to Negros and Palawan; notlisted as threatened but heavily hunted


Species Residency and Conservation Status*Sus cebifrons Visayan warty pig Negros-Panay endemic and Critically

EndangeredAmphibiansLimnonectes visayana Visayan Giant Woodland Frog Negros-Panay endemic and VulnerableReptilesCyrtodactylus annulatus Negros-Panay endemicLepidodactylus christiani Negros-Panay endemicHydrosaurus pustulatus Sailfin Lizard Negros population possibly restricted to

the island but heavily huntedVaranus salvatori Monitor Lizard Non-endemic but heavily hunted

*- based from IUCN (Hilton-Taylor, 2002)

3.2.5 Conservation Status

From a 15-day sampling effort covering four study sites, a total of 124 wildlife vertebrates wereencountered during the study. Of the total, at least 54 species are endemic to the Philippines and eightare restricted to the Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region (Appendix 16 to 18). Furthermore, thestudy also documented nine species which are currently listed as globally threatened by IUCN (Hilton-Taylor, 2002) (Table 18).

The Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park is one of the last forested areas in Negros Island and remains asshelter for endemic and threatened species. As the majority of the landscape within the buffer zone isforests, coverage of the study sites was mainly on forested habitats as well. Only small portions of thebuffer zone are grasslands and agroforest. Expectedly, at least 101 species documented areassociated with forest (81% of the total species tally), the majority of which are obligate forest dwellers.Furthermore, practically all 54 Philippine endemics, eight Negros-Panay endemics and seven IUCNthreatened species are forest dwellers also.

It is important to note that most of the 101 endemic species are considered as strict or partially lowlanddipterocarp forest dwellers. Results of the study have shown that species richness, especially for birdsdeclined, albeit in low increment, with increasing altitude. This is especially apparent at Site 3 wheresome of the lowland species have not been encountered, particularly at ridgetop montane forest andwere replaced by at least six high-elevation specialists. As such, the lowland forest of the buffer zone,covering an elevation band of 900 to 1,100 masl, serves as the most important area for wildlifevertebrate diversity. Nevertheless, the high-elevation forest within the buffer zone might potentiallyharbor other highly threatened Negros-Panay endemics such as the Visayan Tarictic Hornbill (P.panini), Visayan Wrinkled Hornbill (Aceros waldeni), Negros Bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba keayi) andthe Philippine spotted deer (Cervus alfredi). All of these species were not observed during the study.


4.0 Impacts and Mitigating MeasuresTable 21. Potential impacts of the different project activities and their corresponding mitigating measures.

Degree of Impact

Project activities Impact DescriptionPermanent or

TemporaryLong-term orShort-term

Mitigating Measure

I. Civil works andconstruction phase

- Mobilization of construction equipment andworkers which will require vegetationclearing to facilitate movement.

- Trampling of understorey vegetation

- Temporary

- Temporary

- Long-term

- Short-term

- Identification and marking ofecologically/economically importantspecies

- If feasible, minimize cuttingpotential mother trees, which willserve as genetic source for theimportant species

- Avoidance of unnecessary clearing

- Localized movement of equipmentand personnel

This phase will encompassthe establishment of 2.7 kmaccess road, well pads andreinjection wells.

- Clearing of vegetation growing in theproposed access road

- Additional clearing of vegetation for theconstruction of pipelines, separator stationsand utilities

- Permanentconversion toaccess road

- Permanent

- Vegetation to be cleared should bedelineated to avoid unnecessaryclearing.

- Access road specifications shouldalso include accommodation ofpipeline dimensions to avoid newclearing of vegetation.


Degree of Impact



Mitigating Measure

- For the construction of well pads andreinjection wells, the clearing of vegetationthat is concentric in shape creating largeforest gaps, which will lead todisplacement and reduction in wildlifepopulation numbers

- The clearing of vegetation to provide forthe road network and well pad will have asubtle effect of habitat loss due to a linearbarrier, which may affect the movementand dispersal of animals, facilitateintrusion of non-native and agriculture-associated-species into forests, as well asformation of forest edges (edge effect).

- Permanentconversion towell pads

- Permanent

- Short term

- Long Term

- Separator stations and utilitiesshould be constructed as near aspossible to the well pad so thatadditional clearing of vegetation willbe minimized.

- Vegetation clearing and its effect isinevitable, however, poaching ofwildlife will be strictly prohibited tomitigate its population reduction

- Captured wildlife shall be releasedback to the wild.

- Intensive IECs and Reforestationprogram

- Enhanced soil erosion from earth movingactivities of heavy equipment will affectforest dwelling species within the vicinity ofaccess road and will contribute to soilnutrient loss

- Temporary - Short-term - Excavated topsoil be used as back-filling materials or spread evenly insurrounding areas


Degree of Impact



Mitigating Measure

- Siltation from accumulated soil that canmake its way to rivers and creeks affectingriparian wildlife

- Temporary - Short-term - Provision of erosion-controltechniques such as drainage, catchbasin and sediment ponds

- Possible increase of anthropogenicactivities inside the buffer zone or evenpark area

- Temporaryrecurring threatbut can becontrolled

- Long-term - Frequent patrolling/ surveillanceshall be conducted

- Community involvement in theprotection activities

- Signage on restrictions

- Staff temporarily housed within the 169-hectare buffer zone might resort tohunting of wildlife during off-hours

- Temporary (canbe prevented)

- Short-term - Hunting should be banned at allcost. Strict penalties should beimposed.

- Temporary housing shall beconstructed outside the buffer zone.

Temporary housing ofconstruction staff andcontractors

- Accumulation of solid wastes fromeveryday activities of staff will not onlyaffect the aesthetics of the area but willattract animals that feed on decayingorganic matter

- Temporary (canbe controlled)

- Short-term - Practice good housekeeping amongconstruction staff and contractors.


Degree of Impact



Mitigating Measure

II. Well drilling

- Noise associated with drilling could driveaway wildlife

- Temporary,(can beminimized)

- Short-term - Regular replacement of equipmentmufflers

Drilling of well pads andreinjection wells

- Drilling fluids might come in contact withpotable water table or make its way torivers and small creeks

- Temporary - Short-term - Drilling fluids should be collectedand transported immediately todesignated areas outside the 169-hectare buffer zone.

Construction of additionalthermal ponds, quarry, spoildisposal areas and sludgepits

- Establishment of these facilities within the169-hectare buffer zone will lead to furtherreduction of forest

- Permanent - Make use of existing thermalponds, quarry, spoil disposal areasand sludge pits within the plantpremises. New construction ofthese infrastructures should beavoided.

III. Well testing

Well testing - Discharge of initial steam to theatmosphere can affect vegetation withinthe well pad vicinity leading to possibledefoliation of trees.

- Temporary - Long-term - Design of steam dischargeapparatus should incorporate gasabatement measures.

- The length of time devoted to initialsteam discharge should beminimized within practical limits.


Degree of Impact



Mitigating Measure

IV. Power plant operations(Production phase)

Steam Gathering from FluidCollection and RecyclingSystem (FCRS)

- Gaseous emissions can affect vegetationwithin the well pad vicinity.

- Temporary - Long-term - Design of FCRS should incorporategas abatement measures.

Noise emissions from FCRS - Noise associated with blow-off could driveaway wildlife

- Temporary - Long-term - Design of FCRS should incorporatenoise muffling apparatus

Liquid discharges fromFCRS

- Waste water could make its way to theriver in between the two well padsaffecting riparian fauna

- Temporary - Long-term - Liquid discharges should becollected and transportedimmediately to designated areasoutside the 169-hectare bufferzone.

Solid wastes from FCRS - Accumulation of amorphous silica/scalesformed in the reinjection pipelines mightmake its way to rivers and creeksaffecting riparian fauna

- Temporary - Long-term - Collection of amorphous silicascales should be done regularly toavoid accumulation


Degree of Impact



Mitigating Measure

Power Plant operations- Increase anthropogenic activity, which

can be probably caused by livelihoodopportunities

- Intrusion to the natural park

- Temporary

- Temporary

- Long-term

- Long-term

- Provide livelihood assistance to thecommunities residing adjacent tothe buffer zone and power plantvicinity

- Information, education andcommunication campaign on theimportance of the natural park andgeothermal power plant

- Frequent patrolling/ surveillanceshall be conducted


5.0 Environmental Monitoring PlanTable 22. Proposed Environmental Monitoring Plan for the 169-hectares buffer zone.

ProjectActivity/Impacts

Parameters and location Frequency Responsibility

1. Sampling stations for vegetation

Five sampling stations will be constructed. One each nearthe two well pads, two probably along the road system,and one outside the development area, which will serve asthe control station. The exact location of the monitoringplots shall be determined and agreed upon by all theparties prior to the start of development. A 10m x 10mquadrat shall be used as monitoring plot for trees (DBH >3cm), 5m x 5m for saplings (DBH < 3cm) and 1m x 1m forunderstories (grasses, vines, ferns, etc.). In each samplingstation, parameters to be monitored include but not limitedto: a) Species composition; b) frequency; c) growth rate; d)basal area; e) density; f) dominant class plant height ofsaplings; and g) litter accumulation. Similarly, diversityindices and other vegetation analysis will be computed foreach sampling station using some of the availableBiodiversity soft wares (e.g., BioPro, MVSP, KREBS,Estimate-S).

Semi-annual Vegetationspecialist

1. Clearing ofvegetation foraccess road and wellpads, creating alinear barrier andhabitat fragmentation

2. Transect line for birds

A 1.5 kilometer transect line will be used to determineexisting avifauna in forest habitats on both sides of theaccess road. As the length of the access road totals to 2.7kilometers, at least four transects will be established. Theroute will be subdivided into 10 major points using 150meters between each point. The observer will walk for 15minutes between each point, managing the whole distanceof each transect for 150 minutes or 2.5 hours. Thefollowing information will be noted on all birds recordedduring the transect count: species name, number ofindividuals, habitat, elevation, exact distance of the birdobserved to forest edge and others (i.e. flying, perched,heard, seen, foraging behavior, etc.). Since data distanceto edge will be generated, this will determine type ofspecies that benefits from the linear barrier as well asspecies that shy away or avoid such disturbance.

A shorter transect line will be established at the well padusing a cardinal compass direction (i.e. north, south, west,east). These four transects will start at the boundary of thewell pad and extend to at least 500 meters in length. Eachtransect route will be subdivided into 5 points using a 100-meter distance between each point. Similar to the linetransect, the observer will walk at least 15 minutes per

Semi-annual Trained wildlifebiologist




point for a total of 75 minutes or 1.25 hours. Information tobe collected from access road transect will also becollected for the well pad transect.

3. Mist-netting for birds and bats

Standard mistnets (12 x 2.6mm 6 x 2.6 m) will be used tocapture bats and birds daily. At least five netting stations(three mistnets per stations) will be placed within the 1kilometer transect lines. The nets will be in operation for atleast four nights and checked every hour during night timefrom 1800h to 2100h. During daytime, nets will be checkedevery two hours starting 0600h until 1700h.

At the well pad transects, three mist net station (with threenets per station) will be placed on each of the fourtransects.


4. Capture-mark-recapture for small non-flying mammals

A trapping grid using cage traps will be established onboth sides of the line transect used for birds. The trappinggrid should have the following dimensions: 45 x15m, witheach trap placed at every five meters within the grid for atotal of 40 traps. At least two trapping grids will be placedon both sides of the transect with at 100 meters interval,starting from the edge of the access road. Traps will bebaited with coconuts strips roasted in peanut butter or liveearthworms. Traps will be operated for at least threenights.

Capture-mark recapture method will be employed todetermine movements and habitat preference of eachindividual non-flying mammal caught. This will also give apicture on the proportion of endemics that non-nativespecies are now occupying forest edges. Ultimately, usingthe Lincoln-Peterson Index, an estimate of populationdensity can be computed for each species viz-a-visendemics vs. non-native species.

A smaller trapping grid will be established at each transectsites at the well pad. Grid dimension is as follows: 20m x20m for a total of 25 cage traps.


2. All identifiedimpacts

1. The Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS)

The BMS has been institutionalized in several protectedareas in the Philippines. It has also generated meaningfulmanagement actions (acted upon by various stakeholders)based from the results generated by such system. As thedesign for monitoring program for the whole 169-hectarealready involves bird transect lines to be done by trainedbiologists, it is envisioned that only two of the fourmethods prescribed in the BMS will be used, namely field

Quarterly PNOC forestguards.




diary and fixed photography or photodocumentation.These two methods will be performed by PNOC forestguards, especially Forest guards using the field diaryshould monitor all the impacts to wildlife listed in this reportat each of the project activities listed and at each operationphase. Any deviation or observed negative impacts towildlife should be noted and reported to EMD for properaction.


6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations6.1 FloraResults of the study revealed that Mt. Kanla-on buffer zone including the PNOC EDC proposeddevelopment area has a high biodiversity value. The number of new island records, island or nearendemics, Philippine endemics and threatened species in the area are found to be significant. Theproject development, however, will not have a considerable effect on the overall biodiversity of thearea considering the modest size of the development area, which is about 17% of the 169-hectarebuffer zone and only about 0.1% of the MKNP. Moreover, mitigating measures can be adopted tominimize its effects and by some means maintain, or even enhance the ecological status of Mt. Kanla-on buffer zone.

The baseline information gathered for this study will aid in the formulation of the management plan. Tofurther mitigate impacts of the projects and for the protection, conservation and enhancement ofbiodiversity in the area, the following observations and recommendations should be considered in themanagement plan.

• The markings of ecologically important tree species found within the study area could help in theidentification of a Genetic Resource Area (GRA) for PNOC’s forest rehabilitation initiatives in thefuture.

• For road construction, the survey of relatively wider P-line area (50meters on the average), aswell as the result of the similarity index, provides more spaces and flexibility for the delineation ofthe actual road system. Potential mother trees of those species listed in Table 9, 10, 11, and 13should be protected for future genetic sourcing. One important observation is that, most of thespecies listed as ecologically important are dominating the study site, which makes these speciesless arduous to conserve and protect. Protection and conservation of these species should beprioritized as Mt Kanlaon could be one of the few if not the only remaining native habitat of thesespecies.

• Mt. Kanlaon buffer zone has a number of ecologically and economically important species whichare abundantly growing in the area. The growth and continues survival of these species is directlydependent on the continuing good quality of the physico-chemical environment. Thus, remainingforest fragments should be maintained and, if feasible, forest expansion through reforestation,regeneration and rehabilitation programs may be implemented.

• A number of premium quality Gymnosperms species (Almaciga, Igem, Lokinai, Dalung andLubang-lubang) though abundantly growing in the area has very minimal regeneration. Thisminimal regeneration can be attributed to the presence of thick forest litter, which prevents therecalcitrant seeds (viability last only for few days) to immediately reach the soil before losing itsviability. These species should be given much priority for Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR).

• To determine the possible impacts of the project and other human related development activities,long-term and regular monitoring activities should be conducted. If ecosystem functions are to bemonitored, then appropriate permanent forest plots may be delineated. By internationalstandards, a minimum of one hectare is needed to study forest dynamics.

• The presence of new island records is an indication that Mt. Kanlaon is one of the under studiedareas. It is highly possible that many species in the area are still undiscovered and so theirpotentials will never be realized.

• Information contained in this report should find its way into the mainstream of the science ofBiodiversity Conservation. Information that was initially gathered, as well as how such informationwere utilized for management purposes, needs to be documented and eventually published. Thiswill also further validate/refute the endemism reported for this study. Lessons learned by PNOCEDC will be very useful to other corporations involved in similar development projects.


6.2 Fauna

Loss of habitat has been identified as the primary reason for the high number of threatened speciesfound in the Philippines, so high that the country ranks as having one of the highest number ofthreatened species in the world (Ong et al., 2002). Negros Island, in particular, has experiencedmassive deforestation over the last 100 years so that forest areas have been fragmented and reducedto smaller areas that are confined solely on mountain ranges, as mentioned earlier. In turn, this losshas resulted to a high proportion of wildlife species under the IUCN threatened categories (CriticallyEndangered, Endangered and Vulnerable). Furthermore, given the highly reduced size of remainingforest, the presence of threatened species might be an indication of impending effects of time-lag,which is described as the time between habitat loss and subsequent (and possibly sudden) extinctionsof associated fauna due to loss and fragmentation of their habitat (Magsalay et al., 1999).

On a micro scale, clearing of vegetation within the 169-hectare buffer zone could mimic the habitatfragmentation that has already happened for the rest of the Philippines. Perhaps the projectcomponent that would cause major impact within the 169-hectare buffer zone is the clearing ofvegetation associated with the access road and pad construction.

Considering all possible mitigating measures, there would still be the inevitable effect of thevegetation clearing to wildlife, thus PNOC EDC in addition to the above recommended environmentalmeasures, may also opt to promote wildlife conservation through (1) supporting conservationprograms (e.g. reforestation in other parts of the park), and (2) spearheading information, educationand communication (IEC) campaign for MKNP.


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PLATES


Plate 1. Orientation with PNOC-EDC and DENR officials prior to fieldwork.

Plate 2. Briefing orientation on PNOC-EDC operation.


Plate 3. One of the largest (190 cm diameter) Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis).

Plate 4. Rafflesia speciosa’s first ever record in Negros island.


Plate 5. The most abundant/dominant epiphyte –Freycinetia sp. (Pandan baging)

Plate 6. Elatostema sp. – one of the most dominant ground cover species.


Plate 7. Sarchandra glabra – the most dominant species of shrub in the area.

Plate 8. Cyathea negrosiana – one of the threatened species of Tree fern.


Plate 9. Streblosa sp. – one of the few herbaceous species that survive the thickforest litter.

Plate 10. The floral diversity survey team.


Plate 11. View of the 169-hectare buffer zone.

Plate 12. View of the 169-hectare buffer zone.


Plate 13. Spotted Wood Kingfisher (Actenoides lindsayi), a bird associated withriverine habitats.

Plate 14. Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra), a high elevationspecialist.


Plate 15. White-throated Jungle Flycatcher (Rhinomyias albigularis), a Negros-Panay endemic and classified as Endangered by IUCN.

Plate 16. Flame-templed Babbler (Stachyris speciosa), a Negros-Panay endemicand classified as Vulnerable by IUCN.


Plate 17. Common Emerald Dove (Chalcopaps indica), can be found on both forestand non-forest habitats.

Plate 18. Striated Grassbird (Megalurus palustris), a common fixture ofgrassland vegetation.


Plate 19. Philippine Tailorbird (Orthotomus castaneiceps), a Philippine endemicand one of the most common understorey birds.

Plate 20. Velvet-fronted Nuthatch (Sitta frontalis), a one of the most commonunderstorey birds.


Plate 21. Sunda Ground-Thrush (Zoothera andromedae), a poorly known andcryptic understorey bird.

Plate 22. Mountain Verditer Flycatcher (Eumyias panayensis), a high elevationspecialist.


Plate 23. Harpy fruit bat (Har[yionycteris whiteheadi), a poorly-known Philippineendemic but fairly common in all study sites.

Plate 24. Philippine pygmy fruit bat (Haplonycteris fischeri), a Philippineendemic restricted to forested habitats.


Plate 25. Philippine forest roundleaf bat (Hipposideros obscurus), a Philippineendemic restricted to forested habitats.

Plate 26. Javan pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus), one of the most commoninsectivorous bats captured in all study sites.


Plate 27. Common Forest frog (Platymantis spp.), one of the several endemicdimunitive frogs common in the forest of the 169-hectare buffer zone.

Plate 28. Rough-backed Forest Frog (Platymantis corrugatus.), also one of theseveral endemic dimunitive frogs common in the forest of the 169-hectare buffer zone.


Plate 28. Marine Toad (Bufo marinus), an introduced species from SouthAmerica that have made its way to the forest of the 169-hectare bufferzone.

Plate 30. Philippine Flying Lizard (Draco spilopterus), observed in almost allsites except Site 3.

APPENDICES


Appendix 1. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees in the proposed road system with theircorresponding frequencies, diameter at breast height, merchantable heights and importance values.

Family Species Common Name Freq DBH(cm)

MH(m) IV

ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 6 127 63 0.534ANACARDIACEAE Mangifera caesia Jack Baluno 2 82 21 0.323

APOCYNACEAEAlstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var.scholaris Dita 5 93 44 0.399Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 3 34 40 0.217ARALIACEAE

Schefflera obovata Merr. 1 10 5 0.064ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 50 2542 501.5 10.391

Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin 77 1404 550 5.849BURSERACEAE

Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 32 1344 384 5.798CELASTRACEAE Euonymous javanicus Blume Malasangki 1 14 4 0.067

Celtis philippensis Blanco var.philippensis Malaikmo 4 155 50 0.671

CANNABACEAE

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 20 339 191 1.560

CLETHRACEAE

Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var.novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.)Sleum. Malaklak 37 513 186.5 2.519Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 2 26 10 0.135Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. Pamintaogon 1 16 7 0.073Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp.formosum Salinggogon 4 60 30 0.288Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blumessp. sumatranum Paguringon 2 34 20 0.158Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 54 982 399.5 4.123

CLUSIACEAE

Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 1 12 4 0.066Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. exFlem. Binggas 5 134 47 0.502

COMBRETACEAE

Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat 27 611 255 2.423

Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr.HutchinsonKalilan 2 34 6 0.135

CUNONIACEAE

Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 37 980 304.5 3.514DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon-kalabau 10 207 52 0.751

Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 114 2927 1536.5 12.815DIPTEROCARPACEAE

Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Tanguile 2 28 22 0.149EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume Tamil 9 140 65 0.652

Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var.gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel Saritan 2 52 19.5 0.199

ELAEOCARPACEAE

Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Tabian sikat 5 134 41 0.478Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 4 64 37 0.304Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C.Fischer Matang-hipon 4 59 21.5 0.277Cleisthantus everettii C.B. Robinson Everett Anupag 22 330 128 1.540Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden)Fernandez Villar Buta 25 374 176.5 1.788Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Paxvar. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 59 1047 416.3 4.431Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 8 139 59.5 0.602Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 16 309 127.5 1.269

EUPHORBIACEAE

Macaranga hispida (Blume) Muell.-Arg. Lagapak 2 31 22 0.155



MH(m) IV

Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 25 469 182 1.925

Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy ShawHinlaumonglaparan 6 87 55 0.441

FABACEAEArchidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsenvar. clypearia Tiagkot 3 42 13 0.202

FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Katabang 23 705 242 2.714ICACINACEAE Citronella latifolia (Merr.) Howard Malaam 1 16 8 0.074JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 4 60 32 0.291

Clerodendrum sp. 2 26 18 0.142VERBENACEAE

Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gmelina 1 14 3 0.066Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 5 203 52 0.793Cryptocarya ferrea Blume Magatopoi 1 16 5 0.070Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 52 1385 460 5.085Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 44 617 238 3.019Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 82 1704 642.5 6.691Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 10 172 102 0.796Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 13 288 135 1.186Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 377 9942 3650.5 37.838Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Bakan Ihalas 1 11 9 0.069Litsea sp. 1 12 243 128 1.046Litsea sp. 2 1 23 11 0.095Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 13 255 116 1.064Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau 3 125 26 0.441Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Bohian Ilanan 24 483 217.5 1.997Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 13 302 116.5 1.167Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. Ceylon Bohian 35 702 260 2.779Persia gratissima Gaertn. Avocado 1 24 4 0.076

LECYTHIDACEAE Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. Toog 3 142 53 0.853LOGANIACEAE Buddleja asiatica Lour. Taliknono 1 36 12 0.150

MAGNOLIACEAEMagnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var.candollii Patangis 2 46 13 0.164Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Bayok 2 48 17 0.180MALVACEAE

Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 15 196 136 1.070Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 19 272 84 1.287Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 23 366 124 1.617Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. amplaMerr. Salasik-laparan 15 224 92.5 1.055

MELASTOMATACEAE

Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 5 77 38.5 0.364Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 17 360 158 1.462Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Sapanauak 19 500 166.5 1.836Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi 21 603 208 2.276Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr.ssp. pentandrus Katong-matsing 1 18 10 0.081Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 61 1463 537.5 5.553

MELIACEAE

Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 1 45 13 0.210Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 3 65 14 0.225Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Kubi 1 12 8 0.069

MORACEAE

Ficus bataanensis Merr. Bataan-fig 33 658 300 2.736



MH(m) IV

Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Basikong 4 46 17 0.263Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensisCorner Lunug 1 18 3 0.068Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 15 214 75 1.025Ficus cumingii Miq. var. cumingii Isis-ibon 4 64 20 0.070Ficus cumingii Miq. var. angustissima(Merr.) Corner Laningning 1 13 8 0.279Ficus heteropoda Miq. Alangas 1 11 11 0.070Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 14 232 85.5 1.009Ficus irisana Elmer var. validicaudata(Merr.) Corner Obdas 7 109 45 0.500Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 5 78 37 0.364Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 6 92 27.5 0.412Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling 5 73 15 0.331Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 4 124 31 0.417Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 7 154 55 0.588Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 5 61 25.5 0.335Ficus variegata Blume var.sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner Dolalog 4 182 53 0.865

Ficus variegata Blume var. variegataTangisang-bayawak 10 283 92 1.039

Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner Agus-us 4 100 33 0.366Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) de Wildessp. prainii (King) de Wilde Parugan 1 16 12 0.080

MYRISTICACEAE

Horsfieldia costulata (Miq.) Warb. Yabnob 2 27 6 0.131Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 1 15 11 0.077MYRSINACEAE

Ardisia sp. 1 11 2 0.064Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 63 1593 539 5.877Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 34 768 295 2.973Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 5 96 38.5 0.393Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 114 2863 940 10.463Syzygium sp. 2 4 83 36 0.337Syzygium sp.1 3 79 25 0.285

Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr.Malaruhatbundok 94 2264 857 8.674

Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob)Merr. Malatampui 1 13 3 0.065

MYRTACEAE

Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. &Waterh. Malabayabas 12 345 116.5 1.291

OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. Barikai 5 72 24 0.341Antidesma tomentosum Blume Bignai-kalau 4 64 37 0.304Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz Lindog-ilanan 3 49 23 0.222Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer Nadong 11 252 80 0.924

PHYLLANTHACEAE

Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Bagna 2 38 15.5 0.157Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) deLaub. Igem 23 1264 250 5.669Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Lokinai 8 560 94 3.080

PODOCARPACEAE

Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 7 172 85 0.726

PUTRANJIVACEAEDrypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm. Butong manok 20 310 131 1.429

RHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Bakauan-gubat 10 233 135 1.037



MH(m) IV

ROSACEAEPrunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm.

Lagongbanguhan 30 1148 357 4.807

Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 13 218 120 1.003Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 26 447 210 1.977Morinda bracteata Roxb. Nino 1 12 4 0.066Neonauclea glabra (Roxb.) Bakh. f. etRidsd. Uisak sikat 3 46 20 0.214Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr.ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 120 2137 773.5 8.892Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 5 72 42.5 0.363

RUBIACEAE

Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 9 187 86 0.772Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth. Galigiuan 6 139 51 0.529RUTACEAE

Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 66 1268 586 5.347Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 85 1531 657 6.519Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 2 42 22 0.180Guioa discolor Radlk. Alahan puti 1 13 3 0.065

SAPINDACEAE

Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Uas 5 113 51 0.459Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.)Pierre Natong ganda 10 307 123 1.276Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 29 846 290 3.199Palaquium glabrum Merr. Alakaak puti 11 219 106.5 0.926Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 107 2888 1132 11.322Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak-malak 6 196 70 0.794

SAPOTACEAE

Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var.velutina Uakatan 45 756 331.5 3.343

SIMAROUBACEAE Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alst. Malakamias 3 66 33 0.277Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 30 912 278 3.318STAPHYLEACEAE

Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 92 1317 577.5 6.427

SYMPLOCACEAESymplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp.cumingiana var. cumingiana Sotsa 173 4754 1749 18.235Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 2 36 14 0.151

Adinandra leytensis Merr.Leytesangnauan 2 36 16 0.154

Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida(Korth.) T. Yamazaki Batik 16 278 109 1.187Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 38 701 316 2.983

THEACEAE

Ternstroemia gitingensis Elmer Apin 18 401 149 1.542Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson)Chew

Lipang kalabaw,Sagai 28 465 130 1.955

Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 1 13 2 0.065Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Dalunot 9 129 44 0.615Villebrunea rubescens (Blume) Blume Alipasio 2 72 18 0.256

URTICACEAE

Villebrunea trinervis Wedd. Alilaua 1 12 3 0.065


Appendix 2. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried poles and saplings in the proposed road system with theircorresponding frequencies.

Family Species Common/Local Name Freq

ACHARIACEAE Ahernia glandulosa Merr. Sanglai 11ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 77

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris Dita 9APOCYNACEAE

Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Bayag-usa 3Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson 24Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 2

ARALIACEAE

Schefflera obovata Merr. 29ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 58

Calamus filispadix Becc. Botongan 57Calamus merrillii Becc. Palasan 100Calamus microcarpus Becc. Tandulang gubat 32Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis Limuran 37Calamus sp. Uay/Rattan 29Calamus vidalianus Becc. Tagiti 58Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. Takipan 13Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Ditaan/Gatasan 67Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Sumulid 58Daemonorops sp. Uay/Rattan 28Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai 140Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan 16

ARECACEAE

Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Tibangan 112BORAGINACEAE Ehretia philippinensis A. DC. Halimomog 4

Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin/Salong 216BURSERACEAE

Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 6CAPRIFOLIACEAE Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume Sauco 2

Euonymous conchinchinensis Pierre Baras-baras 5CELASTRACEAE

Euonymous javanicus Blume Malasangki 2Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis Malaikmo 8CANNABACEAE

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 20

CLETHRACEAEClethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var.novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleum. Malaklak 74Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 11Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. Pamintaugon 10Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum Salinggogon 3Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp.sumatranum Paguringon 8Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 54

CLUSIACEAE

Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 6Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talang-gubat 19COMBRETACEAE

Terminalia nitens Presl. Sakat 1Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. Hutchinson Kalilan 1CUNONIACEAE

Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 49Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Tree fern 205CYATHEACEAE

Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Tree fern 126



Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Tree fern 110DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 12

Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 218DIPTEROCARPACEAE

Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Tanguile 2ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Tabian-sikat 21

Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var. maesoana (Vidal)Pax & K. Hoffm. Haginis 9Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. Limpahung 6Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 1Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fischer Matang-hipon 18Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. Santiki 8Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Wild San Francisco/Kalangkang 140Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Buta 80Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis(Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 52Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 4Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 59Macaranga hispida (Blume) Muell.-Arg. Lagapak 17Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 15

EUPHORBIACEAE

Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw Hinlaumo 12Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var.clypearia Tiagkot 6

FABACEAE

Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. Lanos 3FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Katabang 15GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. 10JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan-liitan 2

Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr. Fireworks/Bagauak-morado 8VERBENACEAE

Clerodendrum sp. 17Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 4Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 16Cryptocarya trinervia Elm. Inikmo 5Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 79Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 53Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 5Litsea philippinensis Merr. Klamagan/Bakan 182Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 101Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau 35Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 2

LAURACEAE

Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Puso-puso 52Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Himamali 10LEEACEAE

Leea guineensis G. Don. Mali-mali 6MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var. candollii Patangis 4

Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Taluto 2MALVACEAE

Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 37MARATIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 233

Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 130MELASTOMATACEAE

Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 38



Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan 14Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 138Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 27Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi/Balukanag 49Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp.pentandrus Katong-matsing 27Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 57Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum Himamau 5

MELIACEAE

Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 48Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 10Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Kubi 5Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 13Ficus balete Merr. Balete 6Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Basikong-kalauang 10Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 86Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa Kamahiuan 8Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 50Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 2Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 16Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling 11Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 10Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 86Ficus sp. 14Ficus sp.2 27

MORACEAE

Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata Tangisang-bayawak 20

MYRISTICACEAEMyristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var.simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Tanghas 4Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 9Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr. Tagpong-libagin 2

MYRSINACEAE

Ardisia squamulosa Presl Tagpo 16Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi/Baguilomboi 89Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 14Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 30Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 118Syzygium sp. 2 9Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 183

MYRTACEAE

Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui 27OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. Barikai 6

Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. Bignai-pugo 4Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickeryvar. malesiana Schot. Bigloi-dilau 33Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. Malabagang 2

PHYLLANTHACEAE

Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Bagna 6Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 3PODOCARPACEAE

Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 31Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var.cumingiana Sotsa 51

ROSACEAE

Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Lagong banguhan 13



Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 9Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 8Canthium obovatifolium (Merr.) Merr. Tumpis 2Coffea arabica L. Kape 44Ixora alba Santan-puti 10Morinda bracteata Roxb. Nino 1Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. Kahoy dalaga 12Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Kalamansanai 5Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis(Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 63Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 44Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 13Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 4Psychotria alvarezii Kirimbibit 5

RUBIACEAE

Tarenna acuminata Merr. Tumarau tilos 2RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 48SALICACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel Governor's plum 19

Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 157SAPINDACEAE

Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. Ambalag 6Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre Natong ganda 13Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 42Palaquium glabrum Merr. Alakaak puti 21Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 64Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 7Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak malak 5

SAPOTACEAE

Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Uakatan 30Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 16STAPHYLEACEAE

Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 229

SYMPLOCACEAESymplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var.cumingiana Sotsa 47Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 5Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T.Yamazaki Batik 100

THEACEAE

Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 17THYMELEACEAE Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Salagong-sibat 1

Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew Lipang kalabaw/Sagai 243Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 23

URTICACEAE

Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Dalunot 16


Appendix 3. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understorey species in the proposed road system with theircorresponding frequencies.

Family Species Common Name FreqACANTHACEAE Hemigraphis subolabata Elmer 1

Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch Gabing tigre 8Amorphophallus sp. Pongapong 1Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. &Krause Alopayi 6

ARACEAE

Xanthosoma violaceum Schott Yautia 1ASTERACEAE Pseudoelepantopus spicatus Dilang baka 1BLECHNACEAE Blechnum sp. (very fine) Fern 1

CHLORANTHACEAESarcandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var.brachystachys 10Commelina diffusa Alikbangon 5COMMELINACEAE

Polia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. F. Salibangon 2COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith Tubang-usa 2CYPERACEAE Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Sarat 4DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium sp. Fern 2EUPHORBIACEAE Manihot utilissima Kamoteng kahoi 2FABACEAE Desmodium sp. 2GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. 4HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Kuntze Abang-abang 9LOMARIOPSIDA Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl.) Ching Fern 1MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla cumingii Naud. 1MENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. Ambal 1MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees Abaca 4

Habenaria sp. Ground orchid 5ORCHIDACEAE

Spathoglottis elmeri Ames Ground orchid 3PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Pandan layugan 11

Piper sp. (erect) 3PIPERACEAE

Piper umbellatum L. Kubamba 1Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Kawayan bolo 2Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Cogon 2Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib 1Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf. Ayas-as 3

POACEAE

Thysonolaena latifolia (Roxb.ex Hornem.) Honda Tambo 1POLYPODIACEAE Aglaomorpa heraclea Fern 1PTERIDACEAE Pteridium aquilinum Fern 4ROSACEAE Rubus fraxinifolius Wild strawberry 1

Mycetia javanica 1Ophiorrhiza biflora 2Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. Burobutig 4Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 8

RUBIACEAE

Streblosa sp. 8Selaginella wildenowii Baker Peacock fern 12SELAGINELLACEAE

Selaginella plana Hieron Kamariang gubat 2THELYPTERIDACEAE Amphineuron emersum Fern 2


Family Species Common Name Freq

Christella dentata Fern 9THYMELEACEAE Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Salagong sibat 2

Cypholophus moluccanus 1Elatostema hastatum 4Elatostema sp. 1 2Elatostema sp. 2 5Elatostema sp. 3 3Elatostema spinulosum 5Elatostema sublaxum 7Leukosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. var. celtidifolia(Gaudich.) Wedd. Hilagasi 2Pilea sp. 2

URTICACEAE

Procris frutescens 1VERBENACEAE Lantana camara L. Coronitas 1

Adelmeria sp. 3Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. Tagbak 7Alpinia haenkei Tagbak 1Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith Shell ginger 2Etlingera sp. 2

ZINGIBERACEAE

Zingiber negrosense Elm. Torch ginger 11


Appendix 4. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes in the proposed road system with theircorresponding frequencies.

Family name Species Common Name Freq

ANNONACEAE Uvaria luzonensis Susong damulag 5APOCYNACEAE Allamanda sp. 1

Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson Lusegut 6Philodendron sp. 1 1Philodendron sp. 2 Madulunang 3Photoidium lobbianum Schott Bolong kahinai 1Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Amlong 1Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. Krause 8Scindapsus curranii 2

ARACEAE

Scindapus sp. 1ARALIACEAE Schefflera elleptica 3ASCLEPIADACEAE Dischidia sp. 4

Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. Pakpak lawin 4ASPLENIACEAE

Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak lawin lalake 11ASTERACEAE Mikania cordata (Burm. F.) B.L. Rob. Uoko 4BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis 4

Blechnum sp. 2BLECHNACEAE

Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. Diliman 1CUCURBITACEAE Trichosanthes sp. 1

Davalia repens 4Davalia sp. 1

DAVALIACEAE

Davallia sp. (mabuhok) 1DILLENIACEAE Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Katmon-baging 4

Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Lima-lima 1DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea sp. 6DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium sp. Fern 5

Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana(Benth.) K. & S.S. Larsen Agpoi 1

FABACEAE

Indet. 1LEEACEAE Leea sp. vine 1LOGANIACEAE Fagraea auriculata Blumei Dolis 1

Lycopodium sp. 2 (thick) 1LYCOPODIACEAE

Lycopodium sp.1 (fine) 1MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Hognopilipogon 3MENISPERMACEAE Tinomiscum petiolare Bayating 8

Ficus balete Balete 6Ficus punctata Thunb. Kataupi 3

MORACEAE

Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch. Mala-is-is 1MYRTACEAE Syzygium sp. (vine) 1OLEANDRACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Pakong kalabaw 9

Appendicula sp. 3Bulbophyllum sp. 6

ORCHIDACEAE

Calanthe sp. 2


Family name Species Common Name Freq

Coelogyne chloroptera 2Dendrobium sp. 12Eria sp. 4Grammatophyllum sp. 1Indet. 1Indet. 2 1Freycinetia sp. 1 11PANDANACEAE

Freycinetia sp. 2 10Piper eupodum 5Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. Litlit 2Piper sp. (cordata malapad) 4

PIPERACEAE

Piper sp.1 10Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. Bikal 6POACEAE

Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Bikal babui 2Drynaria digitata 4Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Kabkab 2

POLYPODIACEAE

Microsorum longissimum J. Sm. ex Fee Pakong bato 3Adiantum scabripes Copel. 1Adiantum sp. 2 1

PTERIDACEAE

Adiantum sp.1 6Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Nitong puti 3SCHIZAEACEAE

Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito 2THELYPTERIDACEAE Pronephrium asperum Fern 4URTICACEAE Procris frutescens 2

Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. Alangingi 3VITACEAE

Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Ayo 5MUSCI Sphagnum sp. Sphagnum moss 4


Appendix 5. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees in the proposed well pads with theircorresponding frequencies, diameter at breast height, merchantable heights and importance values.


MH(m) IV

ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 2 35 18 0.101Buchanania nitida Engl. Balitantan 25 577 267 1.491ANACARDIACEAE

Mangifera caesia Jack Baluno 6 187 82 0.497APOCYNACEAE Alstonia parvifolia Merr. Batino-liitan 21 450 197 1.164ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 85 5225 1020 15.365BORAGINACEAE Ehretia resinosa Hance Talibunog 2 25 9 0.089

Canarium asperum Benth. var.asperum Pagsahingin 109 2573 923 6.177

BURSERACEAE

Garuga floribunda Decne var.floribunda Bogo 61 2178 671 5.191Celtis philippensis Blanco var.philippensis Malaikmo 2 42 25 0.118

CANNABACEAE

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 9 231 111 0.604

CLETHRACEAE

Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blumevar. novoguineensis (Kaneh. &Hatus.) Sleum. Malaklak 101 1442 518 4.590Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 156 3213 1224 8.177Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyerssp. formosum Salinggogon 2 32 9 0.092Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack)Blume ssp. sumatranum Paguringon 2 55 26 0.145Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 20 364 144 0.991

CLUSIACEAE

Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 2 48 24 0.127Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. exFlem. Binggas 9 217 106 0.569Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai gubat 25 766 261 1.805

COMBRETACEAE

Terminalia nitens Presl. Sakat 8 179 75 0.453CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 98 2636 725 5.743DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 1 42 8 0.085EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume Tamil 133 2658 1018 6.862

Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 1 18 8 0.050Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. Santiki 1 28 9 0.064Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden)Fernandez Villar Buta 48 728 284 2.228Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Paxvar. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 4 73 26 0.195Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 2 31 23 0.101

EUPHORBIACEAE

Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 177 4301 1482 10.152

FABACEAEArchidendron clypearia (Jack)Nielsen var. clypearia Tiagkot 3 104 26 0.222

FAGACEAELithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.)Rehd. Katabang 6 145 57 0.355

JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 1 16 7 0.048Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 13 325 124 0.786Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 108 3048 1076 7.182Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 79 1259 461.5 3.696Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 211 5083 1862 12.216Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 48 776 358 2.314

LAURACEAE

Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 537 14593 5207 34.437



MH(m) IV

Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 7 119 54 0.343Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Bohian Ilanan 2 34 21 0.103Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 6 84 39 0.277

LECYTHIDACEAEPetersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.)Merr. Toog 3 163 40 0.487Grewia inflexa Merr. Banglad 3 36 16 0.134Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Bayok 1 25 12 0.065

MALVACEAE

Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 8 142 52 0.388Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 11 223 55.5 0.534Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 99 1557 575.5 4.618

MELASTOMATACEAE

Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. amplaMerr. Salasik-laparan 89 1553 541.5 4.264Aglaia cumingiana Turcz Alauihaw 2 33 14 0.096Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Sapanauak 56 1674 486.5 3.694

Chisocheton patens BlumeAgogoi,Balukanag 9 220 83 0.532

Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 66 1660 622 3.991Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp.mollissimum Himamau 9 264 80 0.591

MELIACEAE

Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 8 199 55 0.442MONIMIACEAE Matthea philippinensis Perk. Saha 1 18 2 0.044

Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 10 134 58 0.454Ficus bataanensis Merr. Bataan-fig 67 1434 572 3.632Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 32 434 132.5 1.427Ficus heteropoda Miq. Alangas 2 29 20 0.097Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 23 415 149 1.120Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 2 93 16 0.190Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 2 37 12.5 0.098

MORACEAE

Ficus pubinervis Blume var.pubinervis Dungo 3 47 28 0.148Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 1 12 8 0.046Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 12 163 52.5 0.537Ficus sp. 92 1962 714 4.880Ficus variegata Blume var.sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner Dolalog 6 136 56 0.341

MORACEAE

Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner Agus-us 7 94 50 0.323

MYRISTICACEAEMyristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. &Thoms. var. simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Tanghas 6 160 59 0.382Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 224 4931 1821 12.161Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 191 4049 1533 10.175

Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr.Malaruhatbundok 150 3470 1301 8.465

Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob)Merr. Malatampui 9 129 58 0.417

MYRTACEAE

Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils.& Waterh. Malabayabas 17 549 175 1.276

STAPHYLEACEAE Antidesma montanum Blume Bignai-kintab 5 75 31 0.233Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) deLaub. Igem 76 4202 884 11.466Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Lokinai 77 4540 808 11.834Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. Dalung 16 697 82 1.151

PODOCARPACEAE

Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 8 211 78 0.504



MH(m) IV

PUTRANJIVACEAEDrypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm. Butong manok 58 992 421.5 2.828

RHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Bakauan-gubat 25 528 268 1.422

ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm.Lagongbanguhan 11 340 119 0.812

Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 1 13 5 0.045Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 2 60 25 0.153Canthium glandulosum (Blanco)Merr. Aparungan 70 1378 495.5 3.544Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.)Merr. Kalamansanai 14 348 132 0.841Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr.ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 97 1986 720.5 5.021Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 3 85 38 0.220

RUBIACEAE

Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 32 608 196 1.568RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 176 3964 1587 9.896

Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 169 4229 1610 10.221Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Uas 13 308 101 0.723

SAPINDACEAE

Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. Sarakag 2 54 19 0.127Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 56 1472 533 3.491Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 134 4648 1551 11.363Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B.Rob. Malak-malak 36 1156 402 2.787

SAPOTACEAE

Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam.var. velutina Uakatan 36 613 293 1.781

SIMAROUBACEAE Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Bogo-bogo 2 53 30 0.149Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 13 467 150 1.141STAPHYLEACEAE

Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 16 238 113 0.752Symplocos conchinchinensis (Lour.)S. Moore var. philippinensis (Brand)Noot Balokbok 4 102 36 0.241

SYMPLOCACEAE

Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp.cumingiana var. cumingiana Sotsa 108 3558 1182 8.483Adinandra leytensis Merr. Leyte sangnauan 1 32 11 0.077Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida(Korth.) T. Yamazaki Batik 86 1660 605 4.323

THEACEAE

Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 13 198 97 0.618Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson)Chew

Lipang kalabaw,Sagai 16 237 77 0.728

URTICACEAE

Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 1 13 4 0.044Indet 2 1 10 4 0.043Indet. 1 45 12 0.116


Appendix 6. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried poles and saplings in the proposed well pads with theircorresponding frequencies.


Saurauia avellana Elm. Kalimug 8Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 32

ACTINIDIACEAE

Saurauia oligantha Merr. Sanot ilanan 12ANNONACEAE Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm. Titis 4

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris Dita 6APOCYNACEAE

Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Bayag-usa 2AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex crenata Thunb. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Loes. Luzon Kalasan 5

Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson 18Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 3

ARALIACEAE

Schefflera obovata Merr. 32ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 68

Calamus filispadix Becc. Botongan 57Calamus merrillii Becc. Palasan 100Calamus microcarpus Becc. Tandulang gubat 32Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis Limuran 37Calamus sp. Uay/Rattan 29Calamus vidalianus Becc. Tagiti 58Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. Takipan 13Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Ditaan/Gatasan 67Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Sumulid 58Daemonorops sp. Uay/Rattan 28Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai 140Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan 126

ARECACEAE

Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Tibangan 114BIGNONIACEAE Radermachera acuminata Merr. Tui-tui 4BORAGINACEAE Ehretia philippinensis A. DC. Halimomog 4

Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin/Salong 224BURSERACEAE

Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 12CAPRIFOLIACEAE Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume Sauco 4

Euonymous conchinchinensis Pierre Baras-baras 10CELASTRACEAE

Euonymous javanicus Blume Malasangki 4Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis Malaikmo 11CANNABACEAE

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 14

CLETHRACEAEClethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var.novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleum. Malaklak 125Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 68Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. Pamintaugon 16Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum Salinggogon 5Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp.sumatranum Paguringon 4Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 86

CLUSIACEAE

Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 13Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat 16COMBRETACEAE

Terminalia nitens Presl. Sakat 8



Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. Hutchinson Kalilan 15CUNONIACEAE

Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 58Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Tree fern 186Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Tree fern 242

CYATHEACEAE

Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Tree fern 213DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 10

Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. gitingensis(Elmer) Weibel Saritan 8

ELAEOCARPACEAE

Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Tabian-sikat 6Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var. maesoana (Vidal)Pax & K. Hoffm. Haginis 7Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. Limpahung 10Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 19Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. Santiki 6Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Wild San Francisco/Kalangkang 124Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Buta 38Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis(Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 46Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 8Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 81Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 6

EUPHORBIACEAE

Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw Hinlaumong laparan 4Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var.clypearia Tiagkot 8

FABACEAE

Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. Lanos 6Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Katabang 24Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. Manaring 15

FAGACEAE

Lithocarpus vidalii (F.-Vill.) Rehd Vidal oak 18GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. 17ICACINACEAE Citronella latifolia (Merr.) Howard Malaam 6JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan-liitan 14

Callicarpa surigaensis Merr. Buyakan 6Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr. Fireworks/Bagauak-morado 8

VERBENACEAE

Clerodendrum sp. 5Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 6Cryptocarya ferrea Blume Magatopoi 8Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 32Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 24Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 68Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 59Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 7Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 226Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Bakan Ihalas 5Litsea quercoides Elmer Klamagan 13Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 52Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau 26Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Bohian Ilanan 29

LAURACEAE

Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 21



Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Puso-puso 18Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. Ceylon Bohian 23Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Himamali 11LEEACEAE

Leea guineensis G. Don. Mali-mali 9LOGANIACEAE Buddleja asiatica Lour Taliknono 3MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var. candollii Patangis 5

Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Taluto 2MALVACEAE

Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 37MARATIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 346

Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 126Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 122Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan 86Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 45Beccarianthus ickisii Merr. var. setosus Merr. Tungau dako 14

MELASTOMATACEAE

Memecylon lanceolatum Blanco Digeg 4Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 64Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi/Balukanag 32Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp.pentandrus Katong-matsing 10Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 43Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum Himamau 9

MELIACEAE

Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 36MONIMIACEAE Matthea philippinensis Perk. Saha 6

Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Kubi 5Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 22Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Basikong-kalauang 18Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner Lunug 6Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 32Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.)Corner Laningning 18Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa Kamahiuan 15Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 26Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 4Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 25Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling 12Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 8Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 11Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 18Ficus sp. 4Ficus sp. 2 12

MORACEAE

Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata Tangisang-bayawak 9Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) de Wilde ssp. prainii(King) de Wilde Parugan 3

MYRISTICACEAE

Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var.simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Tanghas 8Ardisia angustifolia A. DC. Tagpong kitid 7Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 11

MYRSINACEAE

Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr. Tagpong-libagin 18



Ardisia squamulosa Presl Tagpo 10Discocalyx euphlebia Merr. Dikai-dikaian 2Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. Sagimsim 12Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi/Baguilomboi 64Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 17Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. Lamutong linis 6Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 11Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 42Syzygium sp. 2 2Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 38

MYRTACEAE

Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui 9OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. Barikai 6

Antidesma tomentosum Blume Bignai-kalau 3Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickeryvar. malesiana Schot. Bigloi-dilau 10Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 11Blumeodendron tokbrai Blume Lindog-ilanan 14Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. Malabagang 3

STAPHYLEACEAE

Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Bagna 9Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 21Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. Dalung 17

PODOCARPACEAE

Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 27ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Lagong banguhan 26

Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 10Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 8Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr. Aparungan 4Morinda bracteata Roxb. Nino 4Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. Kahoy dalaga 8Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Kalamansanai 9Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis(Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 52Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 16Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 14Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 26Psychotria alvarezii Merr. Kirimbibit 4

RUBIACEAE

Tarenna acuminata Merr. Tumarau tilos 6RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 36SALICACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel Governor's plum 6

Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 182Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 7Guioa discolor Radlk. Alahan puti 11

SAPINDACEAE

Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. Ambalag 6Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre Natong ganda 12Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr. Alakaak tilos 7Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 17Palaquium glabrum Merr. Alakaak puti 9

SAPOTACEAE

Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 21



Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 10Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak malak 14Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Uakatan 28

STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 62

SYMPLOCACEAESymplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var.cumingiana Sotsa 38Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 10Adinandra leytensis Merr. Leyte sangnauan 8Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T.Yamazaki Batik 42

THEACEAE

Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 25URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew Lipang kalabaw/Sagai 356


Appendix 7. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understorey species in the proposed well pads with theircorresponding frequencies.


Hemigraphis primulaefolia 6Hemigraphis subolabata Elmer 6

ACANTHACEAE

Strobilanthes sp. 6Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch Gabing tigre 6Amorphophallus sp. Pongapong 6

ARACEAE

Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. &Krause Alopayi 6

ASTERACEAE Pseudoelepantopus spicatus Dilang baka 6BLECHNACEAE Blechnum sp. (very fine) Fern 6

CHLORANTHACEAESarcandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var.brachystachys Tungaw-tungaw 5Commelina diffusa Alikbangon 6Commelina sp. 6

COMMELINACEAE

Polia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. F. Salibangon 6COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith Tubang-usa 6CYPERACEAE Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Sarat 6

Diplazium magnificum Fern 6DRYOPTERIDACEAE

Diplazium sp. Fern 6FABACEAE Desmodium sp. 6

Cyrtandra sp. 6GESNERIACEAE

Gesneria sp. 6HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Kuntze Abang-abang 6

Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl.) Ching Fern 6LOMARIOPSIDACEAE

Bolbitis rhizophylla Fern 6Medinilla cumingii Naud. 6Medinilla sp. 1 6

MELASTOMATACEAE

Medinilla sp. 2 6MENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. Ambal 6MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees Abaca 6OLEANDRACEAE Oleandra neriiformis 6

Habenaria sp. Ground orchid 6Grammatophylum sp. Ground orchid 6Spathoglottis elmeri Ames Ground orchid 6

ORCHIDACEAE

Spathoglottis sp. Ground orchid 6PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Pandan layugan 6

Piper sp. (erect) 6PIPERACEAE

Piper umbellatum L. Kubamba 6POLYPODIACEAE Aglaomorpa heraclea Fern 6PTERIDACEAE Pteridium aquilinum Fern 6ROSACEAE Rubus fraxinifolius Wild strawberry 6

Mycetia javanica 6Ophiorrhiza biflora 6Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. Burobutig 6

RUBIACEAE

Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 6



Streblosa sp. 6Selaginella wildenowii Baker Peacock fern 4SELAGINELLACEAE

Selaginella plana Hieron Kamariang gubat 5Amphineuron emersum Fern 6THELYPTERIDACEAE

Christella dentata Fern 6THYMELEACEAE Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Salagong sibat 6

Cypholophus moluccanus 6Elatostema hastatum 5Elatostema sp. 1 5Elatostema sp. 2 5Elatostema sp. 3 5Elatostema spinulosum 5Elatostema sublaxum 5Leukosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. var. celtidifolia(Gaudich.) Wedd. Hilagasi 6Pilea sp. 6

URTICACEAE

Procris frutescens 6VERBENACEAE Lantana camara L. Coronitas 6

Adelmeria sp. 6Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. Tagbak 6Alpinia haenkei Tagbak 6Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith Shell ginger 6Etlingera sp. 6

ZINGIBERACEAE

Zingiber negrosense Elm. Torch ginger 6


Appendix 8. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes in the proposed wellpads with their correspondingfrequencies.



Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson Lusegut 8Philodendron sp. 1 9Philodendron sp. 2 Madulunang 16Photoidium lobbianum Schott Bolong kahinai 5Rhaphidophora inequilaterus 4Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Amlong 11Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. Krause 16Scindapsus curranii 7

ARACEAE

Scindapus sp. 2ARALIACEAE Schefflera elleptica 16

Dischidia sp. 8ASCLEPIADACEAE

Hoya sp. 3Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. Pakpak lawin 23ASPLENIACEAE

Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak lawin lalake 27BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis Negros Begonia 2


Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. Diliman 8CUCURBITACEAE Trichosanthes sp. 4

Davalia repens 8Davalia sp. 4

DAVALIACEAE

Davallia sp. (mabuhok) 5DILLENIACEAE Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Katmon-baging 3

Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Lima-lima 2DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea sp. 4Diplazium sp.1 Fern 4DRYOPTERIDACEAE

Diplazium sp.2 Fern 5Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana(Benth.) K. & S.S. Larsen Agpoi 3

FABACEAE

Indet. 4LEEACEAE Leea sp. vine 3LOGANIACEAE Fagraea auriculata Blumei Dolis 12

Lycopodium cernuum L. Buntot pusa 10LYCOPODIACEAE

Lycopodium sp. (fine) Buntot pusa 14Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Hognopilipogon 5Medinilla sp. 1 6

MELASTOMATACEAE

Medinilla sp. 2 4MENISPERMACEAE Tinomiscum petiolare Bayating 14

Ficus balete Balete 16Ficus punctata Thunb. Kataupi 5

MORACEAE

Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch. Mala-is-is 4MYRTACEAE Syzygium sp. (vine) 3



NEPENTHACEAE Nepenthes sp. Pitcher plant 1OLEANDRACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Pakong kalabaw 12

Appendicula sp. Orchid 9Bulbophyllum sp. 1 Orchid 21Bulbophyllum sp. 2 Orchid 7Coelogyne chloroptera Orchid 7Coelogyne sp. Orchid 6Dendrobium sp. Orchid 24Eria sp. Orchid 3Vanda sp. Orchid 2

ORCHIDACEAE

Indet. 1 Orchid 1Freycinetia sp. 1 Pandan baging 123PANDANACEAE

Freycinetia sp. 2 Pandan baging 164Piper eupodum 32Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. Litlit 16Piper interruptum Opiz var. multinerve 8Piper sp. (cordata malapad) 11

PIPERACEAE

Piper sp. (microphylla) 9Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. Bikal 9POACEAE

Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Bikal babui 6Drynaria digitata Kabkab haba 15Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Kabkab 8

POLYPODIACEAE

Microsorum longissimum J. Sm. ex Fee Pakong bato 8Adiantum scabripes Copel. Fern 11Adiantum sp. 2 Fern 7

PTERIDACEAE

Adiantum sp.1 Fern 8Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Nitong puti 5SCHIZAEACEAE

Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito 6SMILACACEAE Smilax sp. 2THELYPTERIDACEAE Pronephrium asperum Fern 8URTICACEAE Procris frutescens 32

Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. Alangingi 12VITACEAE

Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Ayo 9MUSCI Sphagnum sp. Sphagnum moss 13


Appendix 9. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees from the 178 quadrats with their correspondingfrequencies, diameter at breast height, merchantable heights and importance values.


MH(m) IV

ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 1 10 3 0.099

APOCYNACEAEAlstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var.scholaris Dita 4 201 28 0.894

ARALIACEAE Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 2 38 20 0.245ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 79 4568 805 25.355

Canarium asperum Benth. var.asperum Pagsahingin 56 1110 330 5.765

BURSERACEAE

Garuga floribunda Decne var.floribunda Bogo 13 517 145 2.617

CANNABACEAE Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 70 1566 640 6.949

CLETHRACEAE

Clethra canescens Reinw. exBlume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh.& Hatus.) Sleum. Malaklak 13 185 59.5 1.170Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 16 325 121 1.845Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 13 194 81 1.270

CLUSIACEAE

Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 1 19 6 0.112COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat 15 329 116 1.791CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 39 1181 337 5.413DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 22 408 116.5 2.297DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 18 448 185 2.389EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume Tamil 12 247 108 1.429

Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 1 14 1.5 0.099Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.)C.E.C. Fischer Matang-hipon 2 31 9 0.208Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden)Fernandez Villar Buta 43 684 214.5 4.027Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.)Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 12 182 65 1.265Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 16 228 67.5 1.585Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 36 996 333 4.905Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 18 256 86.5 1.692

EUPHORBIACEAE

Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) AiryShaw Hinlaumo 18 261 80 1.744

FAGACEAELithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.)Rehd. Katabang 5 83 46 0.573

JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 1 20 3.5 0.107VERBENACEAE Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gmelina 1 10 2 0.098

Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 2 33 12 0.216Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 13 353 108.5 1.772Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 32 482 153 2.825

LAURACEAE

Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 50 1150 417 5.953Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 60 1440 496.5 7.103Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 12 240 74 1.257Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 338 8674 2798 34.350Litsea quercoides Elmer Klamagan 1 10 7 0.102Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 17 288 103 1.568

LAURACEAE

Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 2 29 10.5 0.209



MH(m) IV

Persia gratissima Gaertn. Avocado 1 10 1.5 0.098MALVACEAE Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 20 299 117.5 1.948

Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 19 278 74.5 1.663Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 19 295 98 1.889Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. amplaMerr. Salasik-laparan 16 271 96 1.628

MELASTOMATACEAE

Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 2 59 17 0.299Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 26 566 170 2.518Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Sapanauak 18 386 132.5 2.060Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi 11 332 80 1.471Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco)Merr. ssp. pentandrus Katong-matsing 2 30 17 0.220Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 66 1497 557.5 7.176

MELIACEAE

Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 10 284 109 1.596Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 8 113 20 0.630Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var.ampelas Upling-gubat 45 789 301 4.437Ficus congesta Roxb. var.congesta Malatibig 38 543 141.5 3.305Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var.angustissima (Merr.) Corner Laningning 1 10 3 0.099Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blumevar. fistulosa Kamahiuan 2 36 6.5 0.208Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 24 401 101.5 2.235Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 1 24 3 0.109Ficus pubinervis Blume var.pubinervis Dungo 1 32 10 0.170Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 3 42 19 0.316Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 13 174 41 1.080Ficus sp. 6 143 58 0.815Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Is-is 1 12 4 0.101Ficus variegata Blume var.sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner Dolalog 3 111 38 0.663

MORACEAE

Ficus variegata Blume var.variegata

Tangisang-bayawak 9 272 80 1.393

MYRISTICACEAE Horsfieldia costulata (Miq.) Warb. Yabnob 2 28 15 0.214MYRSYNACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 1 10 2 0.098

Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.)Merr. Magolumboi 43 1002 341 5.080Syzygium densinervium (Merr.)Merr. Salakadan 34 730 191.5 3.346Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 74 1761 562.5 7.721Syzygium sp. 1 1 14 3 0.101Syzygium sp. 2 2 42 10 0.168Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.)Merr.

Malaruhatbundok 20 504 190 2.569

Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B.Rob) Merr. Malatampui 2 47 12 0.184

MYRTACEAE

Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.)Wils. & Waterh. Malabayabas 9 297 98 1.635

PHYLLANTHACEAE Glochidion lutescens Blume Salanisin 2 37 18 0.180Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) deLaub. Igem 21 1394 240 9.449

PODOCARPACEAE

Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Lokinai 14 704 173 4.264



MH(m) IV

Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 6 76 49 0.578RHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Bakauan-gubat 2 53 13 0.259

ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm.Lagongbanguhan 43 1129 332 4.996

Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 2 76 11 0.307Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 10 175 45 0.950Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. exDC.) Merr. Kalamansanai 1 14 5 0.104Neonauclea glabra (Roxb.) Bakh. f.et Ridsd. Uisak sikat 1 18 10 0.120Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume)Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 76 1386 457.5 7.345

RUBIACEAE

Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 20 368 140.5 2.158Citrus sp. Abugao 1 10 1.5 0.098RUTACEAE

Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 46 779 283.5 4.510Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 145 2821 1024 13.871Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 2 30 13 0.214Guioa discolor Radlk. Alahan puti 1 14 2 0.099

SAPINDACEAE

Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Uas 4 67 32 0.450Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. &Binn.) Pierre Natong ganda 7 105 41 0.571Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 15 400 144 2.126Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.)Vidal Nato 127 3373 1107 15.355Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 1 12 7 0.104

SAPOTACEAE

Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam.var. velutina Uakatan 33 566 235 3.396Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 14 370 130.5 1.948STAPHYLEACEAE

Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 116 1884 646 9.970

SYMPLOCACEAESymplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp.cumingiana var. cumingiana Sotsa 141 4720 1097 19.241Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 1 14 6 0.105Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida(Korth.) T. Yamazaki Batik 15 330 125 1.768

THEACEAE

Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 15 261 91.5 1.646Dendrocnide densiflora(C.Robinson) Chew

Lipang kalabaw,Sagai 14 188 60.5 1.372

Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 10 156 32.5 0.908

URTICACEAE

Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B.Rob. Dalunot 12 212 56 0.999


Appendix 10. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried saplings and poles from the 178 quadrats with theircorresponding frequencies and importance values.

Family Species Common Name Count Freq IVSaurauia avellana Elm. Kalimug 5 1 0.265Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 3 3 0.360Saurauia negrosensis Elm. Negros Kalimug 7 4 0.588

ACTINIDIACEAE

Saurauia oligantha Merr. Sanot ilanan 7 3 0.505ANNONACEAE Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm. Titis 3 2 0.276AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex crenata Thunb. forma luzonica (Rolfe)

Loes.Luzon Kalasan 10 2 0.530

ARACEAE Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch Gabing tigre 6 6 0.719ARALIACEAE Schefflera obovata Merr. 1 1 0.120ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 67 40 5.774

Calamus filispadix Becc. Botongan 9 2 0.494Calamus merrillii Becc. Palasan 16 6 1.082Calamus sp. Uay/Rattan 1 1 0.120Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Ditaan 3 2 0.276Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Sumulid 10 5 0.781Daemonorops sp. 1 1 0.120Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai 37 22 3.181Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan 26 16 2.280

ARECACEAE

Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Tibangan 16 11 1.500BIGNONIACEAE Radermachera acuminata Merr. Tui-tui 2 1 0.156BROMELIACEAE Ananas comosus Pinya 1 1 0.120

Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin 54 33 4.717BURSERACEAEGaruga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 2 2 0.240

CANNABACEAE Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 5 4 0.516CHLORANTHACEAE Sarcandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var.

brachystachysTungaw-tungaw 50 11 2.734

CLETHRACEAE Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var.novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleum.

Malaklak 13 8 1.140Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 14 5 0.926CLUSIACEAEGarcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 4 2 0.312

COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai gubat 13 9 1.224CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 12 8 1.104

Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Tree fern 56 21 3.787Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Tree fern 35 10 2.106

CYATHEACEAE

Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Tree fern 77 31 5.385CYPERACEAE Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Sarat 5 3 0.432DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 23 15 2.088DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 21 9 1.514EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume Tamil 1 1 0.120ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var.

gitingensis (Elmer) WeibelSaritan 22 1 0.882

Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var.maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Hoffm.

Haginis 1 1 0.120Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 1 1 0.120Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Wild San

Francisco/Kalangkang48 21 3.497

Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden)Fernandez Villar

Buta 30 18 2.593Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var.levis (Blanco) Merr.

Malabalanti 1 1 0.120Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 1 1 0.120

EUPHORBIACEAE

Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 51 14 3.021FAGACEAE Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. Manaring 1 1 0.120GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. 1 1 0.120HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Kuntze Abang-abang 102 17 5.123JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 3 1 0.192


Family Species Common Name Count Freq IVCallicarpa surigaensis Merr. Buyakan 11 3 0.650VERBENACEAEClerodendrum sp. 3 2 0.276Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 2 1 0.156Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 54 26 4.132Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 14 6 1.009Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 16 9 1.333Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 155 68 11.307Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Bakan Ihalas 3 2 0.276Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 14 7 1.093Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau 3 2 0.276Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 4 4 0.479Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. Ceylon Bohian 10 4 0.697

LAURACEAE

Persia gratissima Gaertn. Avocado 3 2 0.276LEEACEAE Leea guineensis G. Don. Mali-mali 1 1 0.120MALVACEAE Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 31 16 2.462MARATIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 267 75 15.957

Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 20 12 1.728Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 13 10 1.307Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan 15 9 1.296Melastoma moluccanum 3 2 0.276

MELASTOMATACEAE

Memecylon lanceolatum Blanco Digeg 5 2 0.349Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 3 2 0.276Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Sapanauak 3 3 0.360Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi 1 1 0.120Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr.ssp. pentandrus

Katong-matsing 1 1 0.120

MELIACEAE

Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 6 5 0.635Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 2 2 0.240Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 42 24 3.530Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensisCorner

Lunug 2 2 0.240Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 27 11 1.899Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima(Merr.) Corner

Laningning 1 1 0.120Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 11 7 0.984Ficus irisana Elmer var. validicaudata(Merr.) Corner

Obdas 7 2 0.421Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 16 12 1.583

MORACEAE

Ficus sp. 2 6 2 0.385MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees Abaca 25 7 1.492

Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. Sagimsim 5 3 0.432Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 33 21 2.952Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 3 3 0.360Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. Lamutong linis 7 1 0.338Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 1 1 0.120Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 49 31 4.368Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 28 16 2.353

MYRTACEAE

Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui 2 1 0.156PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Pandan layugan 20 15 1.979PHYLLANTHACEAE Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer Nadong 2 1 0.156POACEAE Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib 3 1 0.192

Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 4 4 0.479PODOCARPACEAEPodocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 2 2 0.240Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 2 1 0.156Coffea arabica L. Kape 116 37 7.302Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Kalamansanai 1 1 0.120

RUBIACEAE

Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp.gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd.

Tiroron 26 17 2.364


Family Species Common Name Count Freq IVNeonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 13 8 1.140Ophiorrhiza biflora 2 1 0.156Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 9 4 0.661Psychotria alvarezii Merr. Kirimbibit 7 3 0.505Streblosa sp. 7 4 0.588

RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 20 14 1.896SALICACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel Governor's plum 3 3 0.360

Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 153 62 10.733SAPINDACEAEGuioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 2 1 0.156Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 127 49 8.703Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 3 2 0.276Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak-malak 2 2 0.240

SAPOTACEAE

Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var.velutina

Uakatan 12 7 1.020SOLANACEAE Solanum turvum Talong-talongan 1 1 0.120STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 114 37 7.229SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp.

cumingiana var. cumingianaSotsa 21 10 1.598

Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 5 2 0.349Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.)T. Yamazaki

Batik 20 11 1.645THEACEAE

Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 47 28 4.045THELYPTERIDACEAE Christella dentata Fern 132 36 7.799

Indet. Urticaceae 3 1 0.192Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 8 3 0.541

URTICACEAE

Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Dalunot 8 5 0.708VERBENACEAE Lantana camara L. Coronitas 9 3 0.577

Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. Tagbak 37 16 2.680Etlingera sp. 3 1 0.192

ZINGIBERACEAE

Zingiber sp. 5 2 0.349


Appendix 11. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understory species from the 178 quadrats with theircorresponding frequencies.

Family Species Common Name FreqACANTHACEAE Indet. 1BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin 1

Commelina diffusa 38Commelina sp. 4

COMMELINACEAE

Polia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. F. Salibangon 1CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 1CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Tree fern 1CYPERACEAE Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Sarat 5

Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Buta 2Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 1

EUPHORBIACEAE

Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 3Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 1LAURACEAE

Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 1MARATIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 8MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 1

Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 1MORACEAE

Ficus sp. 1MYRTACEAE Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 1OLEANDRACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Pakong kalabaw 9

Grammatophyllum sp. Ground orchid 2ORCHIDACEAE

Habenaria sp. Ground orchid 3Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib 4POACEAE

Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf. Ayas-as 1ROSACEAE Rubus fraxinifolius Wild strawberry 1

Coffea arabica L. Kape 2RUBIACEAE

Ophiorrhiza biflora 1SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 7SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Nitong puti 1

Selaginella engleri 7Selaginella plana Hieron Kamariang gubat 95

SELAGINELLACEAE

Selaginella wildenowii Baker Peacock fern 31STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 1THEACEAE Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) Dyer Batik 2THELYPTERIDACEAE Christella dentata Fern 19

Elatostema hastatum 22Elatostema sp. 1 8Elatostema spinulosum 2

URTICACEAE

Elatostema sublaxum 25ZINGIBERACEAE Zingiber sp. 1


Appendix 12. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes from the 178 quadrats with their correspondingfrequencies.



Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson Lusegut 1Philodendron sp. 1 13Philodendron sp. 2 Madulunang 4Photoidium lobbianum Schott Bolong kahinai 36Rhaphidophora inequilaterus 10Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Amlong 4Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. Krause 8Scindapsus curranii 4

ARACEAE

Scindapus sp. 1ARALIACEAE Schefflera elleptica 2

Dischidia sp. 2ASCLEPIADACEAE

Hoya sp. 1Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. Pakpak lawin 13ASPLENIACEAE

Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak lawin lalake 16ASTERACEAE Mikania cordata (Burm. F.) B.L. Rob. Uoko 17


Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. Diliman 1Coccinea grandis Tamling 6Indet. Cucurbitaceae 1

CUCURBITACEAE

Tricosanthes sp. 2Davalia repens 8DAVALIACEAE

Davalia sp. 3DILLENIACEAE Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Katmon-baging 4DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Lima-lima 5DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium magnificum Fern 1

Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. & S.S.Larsen Agpoi 1

FABACEAE

Indet. Fabaceae 4GESNERIACEAE Cyrthandra sp. 1LOGANIACEAE Fagraea auriculata Blumei Dolis 3LOMARIOPSIDA Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl.) Ching 2

Lycopodium cernuum L. Buntot pusa 5LYCOPODIACEAE

Lycopodium sp. (fine) Buntot pusa 2Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Hognopilipogon 2Medinilla sp. 1 5

MELASTOMATACEAE

Medinilla sp. 2 1Archangelisia sp. 3Pericamphyllus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. Silong pugo 2

MENISPERMACEAE

Tinomiscum petiolare Bayating 2Ficus balete Balete 2MORACEAE

Ficus punctata Thunb. Kataupi 3



Ficus sp. Balete 1Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch. Mala-is-is 4

MUSCI Sphagnum sp. Sphagnum moss 2OLEANDRACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Pakong kalabaw 1

Appendicula sp. Orchid 1Bulbophyllum sp. 1 Orchid 4Bulbophyllum sp. 2 Orchid 1Calanthe sp. Orchid 1Coelogyne chloroptera Orchid 1Dendrobium sp. Orchid 6Eria sp. Orchid 1Indet. Orchid 8

ORCHIDACEAE

Vanda sp. Orchid 1Freycinetia sp. 1 Pandan baging 51PANDANACEAE

Freycinetia sp. 2 Pandan baging 33Piper eupodum 19Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. Litlit 24Piper interruptum Opiz var. multinerve 12Piper sp. (cordata malapad) 5

PIPERACEAE

Piper sp. (microphylla) 4Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. Bikal 9POACEAE

Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Bikal babui 6Drynaria digitata Kabkab haba 19Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Kabkab 12

POLYPODIACEAE

Microsorum longissimum J. Sm. ex Fee Pakong bato 3Adiantum scabripes Copel. Fern 3Adiantum sp. 1 Fern 1

PTERIDACEAE

Adiantum sp. 2 Fern 1Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Nitong puti 1SCHIZAEACEAE

Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito 1SMILACACEAE Smilax sp. 1URTICACEAE Procris frutescens 3

Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. Alangingi 2Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Ayo 8

VITACEAE

Tetrastigma sp. 1


Appendix 13. Computed diversity indices of the 178 quadrats with their corresponding elevations and speciesnumber.

Quadrat Elev H' D E No. of SpeciesQ 01 1005 1.05 0.402 0.438 11Q 02 1010 0.976 0.346 0.37 14Q 03 1015 2.471 0.874 0.855 18Q 04 1020 2.342 0.898 0.977 11Q 05 1020 2.623 0.92 0.969 15Q 06 1040 2.338 0.846 0.863 15Q 07 1060 1.275 0.503 0.497 13Q 08 1055 2.641 0.904 0.882 20Q 09 1060 2.811 0.935 0.973 18Q 10 1005 2.229 0.87 0.93 11Q 100 1060 2.478 0.885 0.894 16Q 101 1080 2.191 0.736 0.699 23Q 102 1040 2.469 0.831 0.787 23Q 103 1020 1.537 0.529 0.484 24Q 104 970 2.137 0.783 0.682 23Q 105 1010 2.605 0.893 0.82 24Q 106 1000 2.776 0.915 0.898 22Q 107 1035 2.648 0.886 0.803 27Q 108 1020 1.974 0.772 0.712 16Q 109 1030 2.601 0.897 0.868 20Q 11 1000 2.341 0.881 0.913 13Q 110 1035 2.588 0.899 0.864 20Q 111 1015 1.735 0.667 0.626 16Q 112 1020 1.706 0.725 0.647 14Q 113 1060 2.765 0.885 0.839 27Q 114 1090 1.943 0.748 0.628 22Q 115 1100 2.257 0.843 0.781 18Q 116 1110 2.183 0.863 0.878 12Q 117 1080 2.59 0.859 0.795 26Q 118 1080 2.062 0.812 0.713 18Q 119 1070 2.182 0.824 0.706 22Q 12 1030 2.087 0.842 0.906 10Q 120 1050 2.674 0.895 0.831 25Q 121 1030 2.268 0.83 0.785 18Q 122 1020 1.798 0.653 0.611 19Q 123 1030 2.157 0.826 0.733 19Q 124 1040 1.987 0.801 0.701 17Q 125 1050 2.113 0.826 0.731 18Q 126 1080 1.908 0.754 0.673 17Q 127 955 1.149 0.571 0.553 8Q 128 955 1.813 0.755 0.756 11Q 129 955 1.787 0.724 0.631 17Q 13 1010 1.186 0.45 0.462 13Q 130 975 1.511 0.644 0.572 14Q 131 970 1.727 0.715 0.586 19Q 132 970 1.622 0.766 0.705 10Q 133 965 1.26 0.617 0.648 7Q 134 965 1.146 0.605 0.639 6


Quadrat Elev H' D E No. of SpeciesQ 135 945 0.887 0.412 0.427 8Q 136 975 1.067 0.424 0.416 13Q 137 1005 1.545 0.592 0.57 15Q 138 1000 2.02 0.766 0.686 19Q 139 1030 2.153 0.814 0.719 20Q 14 980 0.943 0.497 0.526 6Q 140 1050 1.734 0.721 0.64 15Q 141 1100 2.285 0.858 0.844 15Q 142 1070 1.991 0.765 0.718 16Q 143 1045 1.573 0.694 0.656 11Q 144 1100 2.174 0.827 0.803 15Q 145 1100 2.293 0.837 0.847 15Q 146 1095 1.918 0.78 0.708 15Q 147 1080 2.107 0.807 0.682 22Q 148 1040 2.094 0.75 0.711 19Q 149 1015 2.479 0.859 0.761 26Q 15 970 1.664 0.781 0.855 7Q 150 1010 1.871 0.744 0.66 17Q 151 1050 2.524 0.864 0.784 25Q 152 1035 2.52 0.88 0.872 18Q 153 1000 2.324 0.845 0.763 21Q 154 1020 2.064 0.771 0.678 21Q 155 1020 1.563 0.638 0.564 16Q 156 1120 1.849 0.662 0.607 21Q 157 1130 2.709 0.9 0.864 23Q 158 1110 2.612 0.895 0.872 20Q 159 1085 2.599 0.898 0.841 22Q 16 1005 1.903 0.744 0.766 12Q 160 1140 3.052 0.93 0.906 29Q 161 1140 2.786 0.86 0.79 34Q 162 1155 2.576 0.847 0.773 28Q 163 1125 2.092 0.79 0.667 23Q 164 1100 2.138 0.781 0.664 25Q 165 1040 2.2 0.806 0.692 24Q 166 1040 2.867 0.9 0.82 33Q 167 1000 1.896 0.698 0.605 23Q 168 1040 2.067 0.743 0.608 30Q 169 1080 1.851 0.735 0.575 25Q 17 1005 2.165 0.852 0.871 12Q 170 1185 2.726 0.908 0.858 24Q 171 1165 2.574 0.848 0.736 33Q 172 1100 2.89 0.92 0.887 26Q 173 1130 2.959 0.883 0.832 35Q 174 1130 2.562 0.854 0.753 30Q 175 1080 2.484 0.848 0.745 28Q 176 1100 2.649 0.821 0.764 32Q 177 1070 2.376 0.828 0.721 27Q 178 1080 3.102 0.929 0.912 30Q 18 1020 1.782 0.693 0.675 14Q 19 1030 2.576 0.908 0.929 16Q 20 1045 1.79 0.687 0.698 13


Quadrat Elev H' D E No. of SpeciesQ 21 1055 1.975 0.811 0.729 15Q 22 1055 2.275 0.872 0.887 13Q 23 1070 1.994 0.736 0.69 18Q 24 1050 2.352 0.875 0.868 15Q 25 1030 2.19 0.779 0.731 20Q 26 1100 1.828 0.776 0.762 11Q 27 1065 2.069 0.825 0.833 12Q 28 1080 2.149 0.856 0.865 12Q 29 1085 2.443 0.862 0.802 21Q 30 1005 1.803 0.741 0.752 11Q 31 1110 2.417 0.881 0.872 16Q 32 1120 2.321 0.87 0.837 16Q 33 1115 2.409 0.852 0.804 20Q 34 1130 2.515 0.883 0.854 19Q 35 1000 2.31 0.869 0.853 15Q 36 1000 1.987 0.709 0.701 17Q 37 980 1.359 0.505 0.502 15Q 38 970 2.37 0.847 0.791 20Q 39 1015 1.749 0.642 0.594 19Q 40 1040 2.221 0.864 0.866 13Q 41 1060 1.89 0.754 0.682 16Q 42 1040 2.502 0.856 0.798 23Q 43 1070 2.779 0.911 0.886 23Q 44 1040 1.17 0.415 0.413 17Q 45 1065 2.375 0.86 0.838 17Q 46 1035 2.153 0.807 0.745 18Q 47 1080 2.374 0.87 0.821 18Q 48 1080 1.661 0.695 0.586 17Q 49 1050 1.738 0.654 0.627 16Q 50 1030 2.592 0.905 0.935 16Q 51 1050 1.857 0.706 0.686 15Q 52 1080 2.478 0.886 0.875 17Q 53 1010 2.153 0.85 0.898 11Q 54 1030 2.776 0.93 0.96 18Q 55 1035 2.562 0.897 0.886 18Q 56 1050 2.504 0.881 0.866 18Q 57 1060 1.603 0.569 0.555 18Q 58 1090 2.012 0.753 0.683 19Q 59 1075 2.411 0.888 0.869 16Q 60 1200 2.582 0.893 0.862 20Q 61 1180 2.384 0.841 0.81 19Q 62 1170 2.547 0.885 0.824 22Q 63 1150 3.011 0.929 0.904 28Q 64 1145 2.127 0.71 0.653 26Q 65 1130 2.86 0.923 0.888 25Q 66 1140 2.598 0.851 0.807 25Q 67 1110 2.513 0.86 0.813 22Q 68 1110 2.773 0.916 0.911 21Q 69 1090 2.528 0.905 0.933 15Q 70 1110 2.486 0.861 0.817 21Q 71 1110 2.395 0.835 0.799 20


Quadrat Elev H' D E No. of SpeciesQ 72 1090 1.675 0.621 0.591 17Q 73 1070 2.264 0.833 0.783 18Q 74 1070 2.484 0.856 0.816 21Q 75 1045 1.199 0.437 0.443 15Q 76 1065 1.505 0.649 0.57 14Q 77 1060 1.685 0.592 0.562 20Q 78 1070 2.462 0.859 0.796 22Q 79 1070 2.175 0.851 0.875 12Q 80 1070 2.211 0.828 0.797 16Q 81 1080 2.997 0.942 0.956 23Q 82 1080 2.117 0.774 0.732 18Q 83 1060 1.856 0.723 0.61 21Q 84 995 2.3 0.8 0.768 20Q 85 1000 2.115 0.784 0.732 18Q 86 1040 2.381 0.806 0.782 21Q 87 1070 2.332 0.832 0.792 19Q 88 1090 2.505 0.865 0.823 21Q 89 1105 2.558 0.892 0.885 18Q 90 1090 2.265 0.813 0.744 21Q 91 1080 1.619 0.535 0.503 25Q 92 1065 1.185 0.404 0.389 21Q 93 1045 2.244 0.786 0.706 24Q 94 1030 2.111 0.799 0.745 17Q 95 1030 1.486 0.507 0.474 23Q 96 1050 1.778 0.622 0.594 20Q 97 1020 1.549 0.538 0.517 20Q 98 1050 1.201 0.429 0.424 17Q 99 1070 2.112 0.793 0.705 20


Appendix 14. Taxonomic list of endemic species in Negros.

Taxa Family SpeciesANGIOSPERM ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia avellana Elm.ANGIOSPERM ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea ChoicyANGIOSPERM ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia negrosensis Elm.ANGIOSPERM ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia oligantha Merr.ANGIOSPERM ANNONACEAE Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm.ANGIOSPERM ANNONACEAE Uvaria luzonensisANGIOSPERM APOCYNACEAE Alstonia parvifolia Merr.ANGIOSPERM APOCYNACEAE Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr.ANGIOSPERM AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex crenata Thunb. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Loes.ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) NicolsonANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & KrauseANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Photoidium lobbianum SchottANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Rhaphidophora inequilaterusANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl.ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. KrauseANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Scindapsus curraniiANGIOSPERM ARALIACEAE Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) PhilipsonANGIOSPERM ARALIACEAE Schefflera obovata Merr.ANGIOSPERM ARALIACEAE Schefflera ellepticaANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus filispadix Becc.ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus merrillii Becc.ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus microcarpus Becc.ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensisANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus vidalianus Becc.ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc.ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr.ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc.ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Heterospathe negrosensis Becc.ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Pinanga philippinensis Becc.ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc.ANGIOSPERM BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis ElmerANGIOSPERM BORAGINACEAE Ehretia philippinensis A. DC.ANGIOSPERM BORAGINACEAE Ehretia resinosa HanceANGIOSPERM BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum

ANGIOSPERM CLETHRACEAEClethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. &Hatus.) Sleum.

ANGIOSPERM CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr.ANGIOSPERM CLUSIACEAE Garcinia ituman Merr.ANGIOSPERM CLUSIACEAE Garcinia macgregorii MerrANGIOSPERM COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff.ANGIOSPERM COMBRETACEAE Terminalia nitens Presl.ANGIOSPERM CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr.ANGIOSPERM CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis ElmerFERN CYATHEACEAE Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex HookFERN CYATHEACEAE Cyathea negrosiana Christ.FERN CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Bak.ANGIOSPERM DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill.ANGIOSPERM DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta VidalANGIOSPERM DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr.


Taxa Family SpeciesFERN DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium magnificum (Copel.) Price.ANGIOSPERM EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora BlumeANGIOSPERM ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. gitingensis (Elmer) WeibelANGIOSPERM ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall.ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Hoffm.ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg.ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Cleisthantus everettii C.B. RobinsonANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Codiaeum ciliatum Merr.ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez VillarANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr.ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg.ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr.ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy ShawANGIOSPERM FABACEAE Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. & S.S.

LarsenANGIOSPERM FABACEAE Cynometra simplicifolia Harms.ANGIOSPERM FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd.ANGIOSPERM FAGACEAE Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd.ANGIOSPERM FAGACEAE Lithocarpus vidalii (F.-Vill.) RehdANGIOSPERM JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata BlumeANGIOSPERM VERBENACEAE Callicarpa surigaensis Merr.ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi VidalANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Cryptocarya samarensis Merr.ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Cryptocarya laevigata ElmerANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea leytensis Merr.ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea philippinensis Merr.ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea plateaefolia ElmerANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea quercoides ElmerANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea tomentosa BlumeANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm.ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Neolitsea paucinervia Merr.ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Neolitsea vidalii Merr.ANGIOSPERM LECYTHIDACEAE Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr.ANGIOSPERM MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia candollei (Blume) Keng var. candolleiANGIOSPERM MALVACEAE Grewia inflexa Merr.ANGIOSPERM MALVACEAE Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr.ANGIOSPERM MALVACEAE Pterospermum diversifolium BlumeANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia ferruginea Elm.ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr.ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia williamsii Merr.ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Beccarianthus ickisii Merr. var. setosus Merr.ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia ElmerANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Aglaia cumingiana TurczANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr.ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr.ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Chisocheton patens BlumeANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrusANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr.ANGIOSPERM MENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid.ANGIOSPERM MONIMIACEAE Matthaea philippinensis Perk.ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus


Taxa Family SpeciesANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus balete Merr.ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus bataanensis Merr.ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus botryocarpa Miq.ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis CornerANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congestaANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.) CornerANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus cumingii Miq. var. cumingiiANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr.ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus puncticualata Thunb.ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus ulmifolia Lam.ANGIOSPERM MUSACEAE Musa textilis NeesANGIOSPERM MYRISTICACEAE Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) de Wilde ssp. prainii (King) de WildeANGIOSPERM MYRISTICACEAE Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var. simiarum (A. DC.)

SinclANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia angustifolia A. DC.ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr.ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr.ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia squamulosa PreslANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Discocalyx euphlebia Merr.ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr.ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr.ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr.ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr.ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr.ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr.ANGIOSPERM OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr.ANGIOSPERM ORCHIDACEAE Coelogyne chloropteraANGIOSPERM ORCHIDACEAE Spathoglottis elmeriANGIOSPERM PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus BlancoANGIOSPERM PHYLLANTHACEAE Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob.FERN PTERIDACEAE Adiantum scabripes Copel.ANGIOSPERM PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm.ANGIOSPERM ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm.ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr.ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr.ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr.ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Canthium obovatifolium (Merr.) Merr.ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr.ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr.ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem.ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem.ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Tarenna acuminata Merr.ANGIOSPERM RUTACEAE Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth.ANGIOSPERM RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr.ANGIOSPERM SAPINDACEAE Guioa acuminata Radlk.ANGIOSPERM SAPINDACEAE Guioa discolor Radlk.ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr.ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium foxworthyi Merr.ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium glabrum Merr.ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal


Taxa Family SpeciesANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob.ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutinaANGIOSPERM THEACEAE Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob.ANGIOSPERM THEACEAE Adinandra leytensis Merr.ANGIOSPERM THEACEAE Gordonia luzonica VidalANGIOSPERM THEACEAE Ternstroemia gitingensis ElmerANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) ChewANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd.ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Leukosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. var. celtidifolia (Gaudich.)

Wedd.ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob.ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Villebrunea rubescens (Blume) BlumeANGIOSPERM ZINGIBERACEAE Zingiber negrosense Elm.


Appendix 15. List of plant species and their corresponding uses.

Family Species UsedSaurauia avellana Elm. constructionSaurauia latibractea Choicy constructionSaurauia negrosensis Elm. construction

ACTINIDIACEAE

Saurauia oligantha Merr. constructionBuchanania nitida Engl. constructionANACARDIACEAEMangifera caesia Jack food, constructionAlstonia parvifolia Merr. constructionAlstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris medicinal, construction

APOCYNACEAE

Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. medicinalAmydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson fiberHomalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & Krause medicinal, fiberRhaphidophora inequilaterus fiberRhaphidophora merrillii Engl. fiberRhaphidophora rigida fiber

ARACEAE

Scindapsus curranii fiberARALIACEAE Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. constructionARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. premium wood, resin

Calamus filispadix Becc. food, furnitureCalamus merrillii Becc. food, furnitureCalamus microcarpus Becc. food, furnitureCalamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis food, furnitureCalamus vidalianus Becc. food, furnitureCaryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. food, furnitureDaemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. food, furniture

ARECACEAE

Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. food, furnitureAsplenium mussaefolium Mett. ornamentalASPLENIACEAEAsplenium nidus L. ornamental

BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis ornamentalBIGNONIACEAE Radermachera acuminata Merr. constructionBLECHNACEAE Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. fiberBROMELIACEAE Ananas comosus food

Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum constructionBURSERACEAEGaruga floribunda Decne var. floribunda constructionCeltis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis constructionCANNABACEAETrema orientalis (L.) Blume constructionCalophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. constructionCalophyllum soulattri Burm. f. constructionCratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum constructionCratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. sumatranum construction

CLUSIACEAE

Garcinia ituman Merr. food, medicineTerminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. Ex Flem. constructionTerminalia foetidissima Griff. construction

COMBRETACEAE

Terminalia nitens Presl. constructionCOSTACEAE Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith ornamentalDIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea pentaphylla L. food, medicine

Shorea contorta Vidal premium woodDIPTEROCARPACEAEShorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. premium wood

EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume constructionBaccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. birds' foodBaccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. birds' food

EUPHORBIACEAE

Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fischer birds' food


Family Species UsedOmalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar constructionOmalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco)Merr.

constructionMacaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. medicinalMacaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. constructionMacaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. constructionMallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw constructionManihot utilissima food

FABACEAE Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var. clypearia constructionLithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. constructionLithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. construction

FAGACEAE

Lithocarpus vidalii (F.-Vill.) Rehd constructionVERBENACEAE Gmelina arborea Roxb. furniture, construction

Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal food, medicineLitsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. constructionLitsea leytensis Merr. constructionLitsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. constructionLitsea philippinensis Merr. constructionLitsea plateaefolia Elmer constructionLitsea quercoides Elmer constructionNeolitsea paucinervia Merr. constructionNeolitsea vidalii Merr. constructionNeolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. construction

LAURACEAE

Persia gratissima Gaertn. foodLECYTHIDACEAE Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. premium wood

Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. constructionPterospermum diversifolium Blume construction

MALVACEAE

Sterculia oblongata R. Br. constructionAstronia cumingiana Vidal constructionAstronia ferruginea Elm. constructionAstronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. constructionAstronia williamsii Merr. constructionMedenilla aurantifolia Elmer ornamental

MELASTOMATACEAE

Medinilla cumingii Naud ornamentalAglaia cumingiana Turcz constructionAglaia negrosensis Merr. constructionChisocheton mendozae Hildebr. constructionChisocheton patens Blume constructionChisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus constructionDysoxylum excelsum Blume constructionDysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum construction

MELIACEAE

Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. constructionMENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. medicine

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. food, furnitureArtocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus constructionFicus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas birds' foodFicus balete Merr. birds' foodFicus bataanensis Merr. birds' foodFicus botryocarpa Miq. birds' foodFicus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner birds' foodFicus congesta Roxb. var. congesta birds' foodFicus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner birds' foodFicus cumingii Miq. var. cumingii birds' food

MORACEAE

Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa birds' food


Family Species UsedFicus heteropoda Miq. birds' foodFicus irisana Elmer var. irisana birds' foodFicus irisana Elmer var. validicaudata (Merr.) Corner birds' foodFicus magnoliifolia Blume birds' foodFicus nota (Blanco) Merr. birds' foodFicus odorata (Blanco) Merr. birds' foodFicus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis birds' foodFicus puncticualata Thunb. birds' foodFicus ruficaulis Merr. birds' foodFicus septica Burm. f. birds' foodFicus subulata birds' foodFicus ulmifolia Lam. birds' foodFicus variegata Blume var. sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner birds' foodFicus variegata Blume var. variegata birds' foodTrophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner construction

MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees fiberHorsfieldia costulata (Miq.) Warb. constructionMYRISTICACEAEMyristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var. simiarum(A. DC.) Sincl

medicineSyzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. construction, bird's foodSyzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. construction, bird's foodSyzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. construction, bird's foodSyzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. construction, bird's foodSyzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. construction, bird's foodSyzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight construction, bird's foodSyzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. construction, bird's foodSyzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. construction, bird's food

MYRTACEAE

Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. constructionOLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. construction

Coelogyne chloroptera ornamentalORCHIDACEAESpathoglottis elmeri ornamental

PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco fiberAntidesma montanum Blume birds' foodAntidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. birds' foodAntidesma tomentosum Blume birds' foodAporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery var.malesiana Schot.

birds' foodBlumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz birds' foodGlochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. birds' foodGlochidion lutescens Blume birds' foodGlochidion subfalcatum Elmer birds' food

PHYLLANTHACEAE

Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. birds' foodPiper eupodum fiberPiper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. fiberPiper interruptum Opiz var. multinerve fiber

PIPERACEAE

Piper umbellatum L. fiberDinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. medicineDinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. medicine

POACEAE

Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. furniture, constructionDacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. premium woodDacrydium beccarii Parl. premium woodPhyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. premium wood

PODOCARPACEAE

Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. premium woodDrynaria digitata medicinePOLYPODIACEAEDrynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. medicine


Family Species UsedPUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm. birds' foodRHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. construction

Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. constructionROSACEAERubus fraxinifolius food, bird's foodCoffea arabica L. foodMorinda bracteata Roxb. medicineMussaenda philippica A. Rich. ornamentalNeonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. constructionNeonauclea glabra (Roxb.) Bakh. f. et Ridsd. constructionNeonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal)Ridsd.

constructionNeonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. construction

RUBIACEAE

Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. constructionEvodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth. constructionRUTACEAEMelicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. construction

SALICACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel foodAcer laurinum Hassk. constructionGuioa acuminata Radlk. constructionGuioa discolor Radlk. constructionHarpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. constructionLepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. construction

SAPINDACEAE

Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. constructionPalaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre medicinePalaquium elliptilimbum Merr. medicinePalaquium foxworthyi Merr. medicinePalaquium glabrum Merr. medicinePalaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal medicinePalaquium obtusifolium Burck medicine

SAPOTACEAE

Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. medicineLygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. fiberSCHIZAEACEAELygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. fiber

SIMAROUBACEAE Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alst. constructionSOLANACEAE Solanum turvum food, medicine

Bischofia javanica Blume constructionSTAPHYLEACEAETurpinia ovalifolia Elmer constructionSymplocos conchinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore var.philippinensis (Brand) Noot

constructionSYMPLOCACEAESymplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var.cumingiana

constructionTHYMELIACEAE Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. fiber

Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. birds' foodVITACEAETetrastigma harmandii Planch. birds' foodAlpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. medicineAlpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith medicine

ZINGIBERACEAE

Zingiber negrosense Elm. medicine


Appendix 16. List of bird species found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone.

Sites

Species

Site 1(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)

Site 2(lowland

dipterocarpforest-

transitionlower

montaneforest

Site 3(transition

lowermontaneforest)

Site 4(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)

1. Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle X X X X2. Hieraaetus kienerii Rufous-bellied Eagle X3. Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl X X X X4. Gallirallus torquatus Barred Rail X X5. Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen X X6. Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Brown-Dove X X X X7. Ptilinopus occipitalis Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove X X X X8. Ducula poliocephala Pink-bellied Imperial-Pigeon X X X X9. Macropygia phasianella Reddish Cuckoo-Dove X X X X10. Streptopelia bitorquata Island Collared-Dove X X11. Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove X X12. Geopelia striata Zebra Dove X13. Chalcopaps indica Common Emerald-Dove X X14. Tanygnathus sumatranus Blue-backed Parrot X X X X15. Prioniturus discurus Blue-crowned Racquet-tail X X16. Cuculus fugax Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo X X X X17. Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo X X X X18. Cacomantis variolosus Brush Cuckoo X X X X19. Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal X X X X20. Otus megalotis Philippine Scops-Owl X X X X21. Ninox philippensis Philippine Hawk-Owl X X X X22. Batrachostomus septimus Philippine Frogmouth X X X X23. Caprimulgus manillensis Philippine Nightjar X24. Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet X X25. Actenoides lindsayi Spotted Wood-Kingfisher X X X X26. Megalaima haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet X X X X27. Dendrocopus maculates Philippine Pygmy Woodpecker X X X X28. Dryocopus javensis White-bellied Woodpecker X X X X29. Chrysocolaptes lucidus Greater Flameback X X X X30. Pitta erythrogaster Red-bellied Pitta X X31. Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow X X32. Coracina striata Bar-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike X X X33. Coracina ostenta White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike* X X X X34. Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet X X X X35. Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul X X36. Pycnonotus urostictus Yellow-wattled Bulbul X X X X37. Hypsipetes philippinus Philippine Bulbul X X X X38. Dicrurus balicassius Balicassiao X X X X39. Oriolus steeri Philippine Oriole X X X40. Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow X X41. Parus elegans Elegant Tit X X X X42. Sitta frontalis Velvet-fronted Nuthatch X X X X43. Rhabdornis mystacalis Striped-headed Rhabdornis X X X44. Rhabdornis inornatus Striped-breasted Rhabdornis X45. Stachyris speciosa Flame-templed Babbler* X X X46. Brachypteryx Montana White-browed Shortwing X X X47. Copsychus luzoniensis White-browed Shama X X X X48. Zoothera andromedae Sunda Ground-Thrush X49. Phylloscopus olivaceus Philippine Leaf-Warbler X X X X50. Phylloscopus cebuensis Lemon-throated Leaf-Warbler X X X X51. Phylloscopus trivirgatus Mountain Leaf-Warbler X X52. Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird X X53. Megalurus palustris Striated Grassbird X


Sites

Species

Site 1(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)

Site 2(lowland

dipterocarpforest-

transitionlower

montaneforest

Site 3(transition

lowermontaneforest)

Site 4(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)

54. Orthothomus castaneiceps Philippine Tailorbird X X X X55. Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola X56. Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle

Flycatcher*X X X

57. Eumyias panayensis Mountain Verditer Flycatcher X58. Ficedula hyperythra Snowy-browed Flycatcher X X X59. Culicicapa helianthea Citrine Canary-Flycatcher X60. Rhipidura cyaniceps Blue-headed Fantail X X X X61. Terpsiphone cinnamomea Rufous Paradise-Flycatcher X X62. Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Monarch X X X X63. Pachycephala homeyeri White-vented Whistler X X X X64. Aplonis panayensis Asian Glossy Starling X X65. Sarcops calvus Coleto X X X X66. Aethopyga flagrans Flaming Sunbird X X67. Aethopyga shelleyi Flaming Sunbird X X X68. Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird X69. Dicaeum aeruginosum Striped Flowerpecker X X X70. Dicaeum bicolor Bicolored Flowerpecker X X X71. Dicaeum australe Red-keeled Flowerpecker X X X X72. Dicaeum trigonostigma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker X X X X73. Dicaeum ignipectus Fire-breasted Flowerpecker X X74. Dicaeum pygmaeum Pygmy Flowerpecker X X X75. Zosterops nigrogum Yellowish White-eye X X X X76. Zosterops montanus Mountain White-eye X X X X77. Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow X78. Lonchura leucogastra White-bellied Munia X X79. Lonchura Malacca Chestnut Munia X XTOTAL 63 57 52 61

- Endemics are in boldface, Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*)


Appendix 17. List of mammal species found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone.

Sites

Species

Site 1(grassland

parang,agroforest, lowland

dipterocarp forest)

Site 2(lowland

dipterocarpforest-

transitionlower

montaneforest

Site 3(transition

lowermontaneforest)

Site 4(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)

Family Soricidae1. Suncus murinus Asian house shrew^ X - - -Family Pteropodidae2. Cynopterus brachyotis Common short-nosed fruit bat X X X X3. Haplonycteris fischeri Philippine pygmy fruit bat X X X X4. Harpyionycteris whiteheadi Harpy fruit bat X P P P5. Macroglossus minimus Dagger-toothed flower bat X X X X6. Nyctimene rabori Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat* X - - -7. Ptenochirus jagori Musky fruit bat X X X XFamily Megadermatidae8. Megaderma spasma Common Asian ghost bat - - - XFamily Rhinolophidae9. Hipposideros obscurus Philippine forest roundleaf bat X - - -10. Rhinolophus arcuatus Arcuate horseshoe bat - - X X11. Rhinolophus virgo Yellow-faced horseshoe bat - - X -Family Vespertilionidae12. Kerivoula hardwicki Common wooly bat X - - -13. Pipistrellus javanicus Javan pipistrelle X X X XFamily Cercopithecidae14. Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque P P P PFamily Muridae15. Rattus exulans Polynesian rat^ X X X X16. Rattus tanezumi Oriental house rat^ X X X XFamily Felidae17. Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat P P - PFamily Viverridae18. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus P P P P19. Viverra tagalunga Malay civet P P P PFamily Suidae20. Sus cebifrons Visayan warty pig* P P P PTOTAL 17 13 14 15

- Endemics are in boldface, Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*);- non-natives or commensal species are indicated by ^


Appendix 18. List of amphibians and reptiles found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone.

Sites

Species

Site 1(grassland

parang,agroforest, lowland

dipterocarp forest)

Site 2(lowland

dipterocarpforest-

transitionlower

montaneforest

Site 3(transition

lowermontaneforest)

Site 4(grassland

parang,agroforest,

lowlanddipterocarp

forest)

AMPHIBIANSFamily Bufonidae1. Bufo marinus Marine Toad^ X X - XFamily Ranidae2. Limnonectes visayanus Visayan Fanged Frog* X X X X3. Occidozyga laevis Small-headed Frog X X - X4.Platymantis sp. 1 Forest frog 1 X X X X5.Platymantis sp. 2 Forest frog 2 X X X X6.Platymantis sp. 3 Forest frog 3 X X X X7.Platymantis sp. 4 Forest frog 4 X X X X8. Platymantis corrugatus Rough-backed forest frog X X X X9. Rana everetti Everett’s Frog X X X XFamily Rhacophoridae10. Philautus surdus Common Forest Tree Frog X X X X11. Polypedates leucomystax Common Tree Frog X - - XREPTILESFamily Agamidae12. Draco spilopterus Common Flying Lizard X X X X13. Calotes cristatellus Indonesian Calotes X - - X14. Hydrosaurus pustulatus Sailfun Lizard X - - XFamily Gekkonidae15. Cyrtodactylus annulatus Small Bent-toed Gecko* - - X -16. Lepidodactylus christiani Negros Broad-tailed Smooth-scaled Gecko*

- - X -

Family Scincidae17. Mabuya multicarinata Two-striped Mabouya X - - X18. Mabuya multifasciata Common Mabouya X - - X19. Sphenomorphus jagori Jagor’s Sphenomorphus* X X X XFamily Varanidae20. Varanus salvator Malay Monitor Lizard X X - XFamily Pythonidae21. Python reticulatus Reticulated Python X X - XFamily Colubridae22. Ahaetulla prassina Elongate-headed Tree Snake X - - X23.Lycodon aulicus Common Wolf Snake X - - XFamily Viperidae24. Trimeresurus sp. Pit Viper X X X XTOTAL 22 15 13 22

- Endemics are in boldface, Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*);- non-natives or commensal species are indicated by ^

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