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Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control. Chapter 5. Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control. Chapter 5 Part 1: Species Interactions. Review!. What is evolution? Change in a species over time (many generations!) What is natural selection? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Biodiversity, Species Interactions,
and Population Control
Chapter 5
Biodiversity, Species Interactions,
and Population Control
Chapter 5 Part 1: Species Interactions
Review!
What is evolution? • Change in a species over time (many
generations!) What is natural selection? • Pressures of environment ‘select’
genes that survive to produce more offspring
What is an adaptation?• Trait that improves chances for
survival and reproduction
Coevolution
The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time • Sometimes
organisms that are closely connected to one another by ecological interactions evolve together.
Coevolution: A Langohrfledermaus
Bat Hunting a Moth
Species Interact in Five Major Ways
Interspecific Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
Most Species Compete with One Another for Certain Resources
Competition• When two species compete, their niches
overlap
Competitive exclusion principle – no two species can occupy exactly the same ecological niche for very long• Both species suffer harm• Migration or predation will ultimately
occur
Some Species Evolve Ways to Share Resources
Resource partitioning – species evolve to reduce niche overlap
Use shared resources at different• Times• Places• Ways
Specialist Species of Honeycreepers
Sharing the Wealth: Resource Partitioning
11
Predator or Prey?
Predation – act of one organism eating another organism• Predator –
organism that does the eating
• Prey – organism that gets eaten
Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species
Predators may capture prey by:• Walking• Swimming• Flying• Pursuit and ambush• Camouflage• Chemical warfare
Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species
Prey may avoid capture by• Camouflage• Chemical
warfare• Warning
coloration• Mimicry• Deceptive looks• Deceptive
behavior
Important lesson to remember:
If an organism is small and beautiful… it is probably poisonous.
If it is strikingly beautiful and easy to catch…it is probably deadly.
Predation: Population Control
Cyclic fluctuations, boom-and-bust cycles• Top-down population regulation
• Controlled by predation
• Bottom-up population regulation • Controlled by scarcity of one or more resources
Your Turn!
Predator Prey Relationships
Video Clip
Orca Training Session• 22:42 to 31:00
Mutualism: Clownfish & sea anemone
Both organisms derive mutual benefit
Intimate and obligatory
Neither can survive for long periods without the other
Mutualism: Oxpeckers Clean Rhinoceros; Anemones Protect and Feed Clownfish
Parasitism: Tapeworm and Humans
Parasite lives on or in the host and benefits at the expense of the host
Parasitism: Tree with Parasitic Mistletoe, Trout with Blood-Sucking Sea Lampreys
Commensalism: Flatworms and horseshoe crabs
Only one member benefits• sharing space,
defense, shelter, food
Flatworms that live on the gills of horseshoe crabs obtain food from the host, but do not negatively affect the host
Commensalism: Bromiliad Roots on Tree Trunk Without Harming Tree
Your Turn!
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/lessons/symbiotic-strategies/video-segments/1496/
• Ecological Relationships• Predation• Competition• Commensalism• Mutualism• Parasitism
Biodiversity, Species Interactions,
and Population Control
Chapter 5 Part 2: Population Dynamics
Populations Have Certain Characteristics
Population dynamics – study of how characteristics of a population changes in response to changes in the environmental conditions
Populations differ in• Distribution• Numbers• Age structure
Density
Number of individuals of a population in a given area
Distribution Patterns
Random Independent
of other organisms
No habitat preference
Distribution Patterns
UniformEven spacingEvidence for
intra-specific competition (among other sea otters)
Distribution Patterns
ClumpedOrganisms tend
to be togetherHabitat
preferenceBehavioral
preference such as herding
Most common!
Why clumping?
Species tend to cluster where resources are available
Protects some animals from predators
Packs allow some to get prey
Temporary groups for mating and caring for young
Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable
Population size governed by• Births• Deaths• Immigration• Emigration
Population change = (births + immigration) – (deaths +
emigration)
Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable
Age structure – number of individuals in a given age class• Pre-reproductive age• Reproductive age• Post-reproductive age
Density Dependent Limiting Factors
Operates more strongly when a population is large and overcrowdedPredation – more
prey organisms – predator numbers will increase
Density Dependent Limiting Factors
Parasitism – crowding helps parasites travel from one host to another
Crowding – higher levels of stress (direct influence on immune system)
Density Dependent Limiting Factors
Competition• Intraspecific –
members of the SAME species compete
• Interspecific – competition between DIFFERENT species
Density-Independent Limiting Factors
Will affect population regardless of its sizeNatural Disasters
Forest firesFloodsEarthquakeOil Spill
Genetic Diversity Can Affect the Size of Small Populations
Minimum viable population size – number of individuals endangered species need for long-term survival• Founder effect• Demographic bottleneck• Genetic drift• Inbreeding
Case Study: Exploding White-Tailed Deer Population in the U.S.
1900: deer habitat destruction and uncontrolled hunting
1920s–1930s: laws to protect the deer
Current population explosion for deer• Lyme disease• Deer-vehicle accidents• Eating garden plants and shrubs
Ways to control the deer population