Biodiversity in Agriculture

Biodiversity in Agriculture

Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability

The introduction of plant and animal agriculture represents one of the most

important milestones in human evolution. It contributed to the development of

cities, alphabets, new technologies, and – ultimately – to civilizations, but it has

also presented a threat to both human health and the environment.

Bringing together research from a range of fields including anthropology,

archaeology, ecology, economics, entomology, ethnobiology, genetics, and

geography, this book addresses key questions relating to agriculture. Why did

agriculture develop, and where did it originate? What are the patterns of

domestication for plants and animals? How did agroecosystems originate and

spread from their locations of origin? Exploring the cultural aspects of the

development of agricultural ecosystems, the book also highlights how these

topics can be applied to our understanding of contemporary agriculture, its

long-term sustainability, the co-existence of agriculture and the environment,

and the development of new crops and varieties.

Paul Gepts is Professor of Plant Sciences at the University of California, Davis.

Thomas R. Famula is Professor of Animal Science at the University of California,

Davis.

Robert L. Bettinger is a Professor in the Department of Anthropology, University of

California, Davis.

Stephen B. Brush is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Human and Commu-

nity Development, University of California, Davis.

Ardeshir B. Damania is an Associate in the Agricultural Experiment Station,

Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis.

Patrick E. McGuire is Academic Coordinator in the Department of Plant Sciences,

University of California, Davis.

Calvin O. Qualset is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Plant Sciences,

University of California, Davis.

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76459-9 - Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, and SustainabilityEdited by Paul Gepts, Thomas R. Famula, Robert L. Bettinger, Stephen B. Brush, Ardeshir B. Damania, Patrick E. Mcguire, and Calvin O. QualsetFrontmatterMore information

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

http://www.cambridge.org/9780521764599

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Biodiversity in Agriculture

Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability

Edited by

PAUL GEPTS, THOMAS R. FAMULA, ROBERT L. BETT INGER,

STEPHEN B. BRUSH, ARDESHIR B. DAMANIA,

PATRICK E. MCGUIRE, and CALVIN O. QUALSET

University of California, Davis, USA






CAMBR IDGE UN IV ERS I TY PRE S S

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# Cambridge University Press 2012

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and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place without

the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2012

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

Harlan Symposium (2nd : 2008 : University of California, Davis)

Biodiversity in agriculture : domestication, evolution, and sustainability / edited

by Paul Gepts ... [et al.].

p. cm.

“The presentations of the second edition of the Harlan Symposium, held

September 14–18, 2008, on the campus of the University of California,

Davis ...”–Foreword. Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-521-76459-9 (Hardback) – ISBN 978-0-521-17087-1 (Paperback)

1. Agrobiodiversity–Congresses. I. Gepts, Paul L. II. Title.

S494.5.A43H37 2008

631.508–dc232011026300

ISBN 978-0-521-76459-9 Hardback

ISBN 978-0-521-17087-1 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or

accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to

in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such

websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






Contents

List of tables page viii

List of figures x

Foreword xv

B.D. Smith

List of contributors xvii

Acknowledgments xxiii

P. Gepts and T. Famula

Introduction: The Domestication of Plants and Animals: Ten Unanswered Questions 1

P. Gepts, R. Bettinger, S. Brush, A. Damania, T. Famula, P. McGuire, and C. Qualset

1 The Local Origins of Domestication 9

J. Diamond

Section I Early Steps in Agricultural DomesticationR. Bettinger

2 Evolution of Agroecosystems: Biodiversity, Origins, and Differential Development 21

D.R. Harris

3 From Foraging to Farming in Western and Eastern Asia 57

O. Bar-Yosef

4 Pre-Domestic Cultivation during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene

in the Northern Levant 92

G. Willcox

5 New Archaeobotanical Information on Plant Domestication from Macro-Remains:

Tracking the Evolution of Domestication Syndrome Traits 110

D.Q. Fuller

6 New Archaeobotanical Information on Early Cultivation and Plant Domestication

Involving Microplant (Phytolith and Starch Grain) Remains 136

D.R. Piperno






7 How and Why Did Agriculture Spread? 160

P. Bellwood

8 California Indian Proto-Agriculture: Its Characterization and Legacy 190

M.K. Anderson and E. Wohlgemuth

Section II Domestication of Animals and Impacts on HumansT. Famula

9 Pathways to Animal Domestication 227

M.A. Zeder

10 Genetics of Animal Domestication 260

L. Andersson

11 Genome-Wide Approaches for the Study of Dog Domestication 275

B.M. vonHoldt, M.M. Gray, and R.K. Wayne

12 Malaria and Rickets Represent Selective Forces for the Convergent

Evolution of Adult Lactase Persistence 299

L. Cordain, M.S. Hickey, and K. Kim

Section III Issues in Plant DomesticationP. Gepts

13 The Dynamics of Rice Domestication: A Balance between Gene Flow

and Genetic Isolation 311

S.R. McCouch, M.J. Kovach, M. Sweeney, H. Jiang, and M. Semon

14 Domestication of Lima Beans: A New Look at an Old Problem 330

M.I. Chacon S., J.R. Motta-Aldana, M.L. Serrano S., and D.G. Debouck

15 Genetic Characterization of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Yam

(Dioscorea trifida L.) Landraces in Swidden Agriculture Systems in Brazil 344

E.A. Veasey, E.A. Bressan, M.V.B.M. Siqueira, A. Borges, J.R. Queiroz-Silva, K.J.C. Pereira,

G.H. Recchia, and L.C. Ming

16 Pigeonpea: From an Orphan to a Leader in Food Legumes 361

C.L. Laxmipathi Gowda, K.B. Saxena, R.K. Srivastava, H.D. Upadhyaya, and S.N. Silim

Section IV Traditional Management of BiodiversityS. Brush

17 Ecological Approaches to Crop Domestication 377

D.B. McKey, M. Elias, B. Pujol, and A. Duputie

vi Contents






18 Agrobiodiversity Shifts on Three Continents Since Vavilov and Harlan:

Assessing Causes, Processes, and Implications for Food Security 407

G.P. Nabhan, K. Wilson, O. Aknazarov, K.-A. Kassam, L. Monti, D. Cavagnaro, S. Kelly,

T. Johnson, and F. Sekacucu

19 Indigenous Peoples Conserving, Managing, and Creating Biodiversity 426

J. Salick

20 Land Architecture in the Maya Lowlands: Implications for Sustainability 445

B.L. Turner II and D. Lawrence

21 Agrobiodiversity and Water Resources in Agricultural Landscape Evolution

(Andean Valley Irrigation, Bolivia, 1986 to 2008) 464

K.S. Zimmerer

Section V Uses of Biodiversity and New and Future DomesticationsP. McGuire and C. Qualset

22 Participatory Domestication of Indigenous Fruit and Nut Trees: New Crops

for Sustainable Agriculture in Developing Countries 479

R.R.B. Leakey

23 The Introduction and Dispersal of Vitis vinifera into California: A Case Study

of the Interaction of People, Plants, Economics, and Environment 502

J. Lapsley

24 Genetic Resources of Yeast and Other Micro-Organisms 515

C.W. Bamforth

25 Biodiversity of Native Bees and Crop Pollination with Emphasis on California 526

R.W. Thorp

26 Aquaculture, the Next Wave of Domestication 538

D. Hedgecock

27 Genetic Sustainability and Biodiversity: Challenges to the California Dairy Industry 549

J.F. Medrano

Index 562

The color plates will be found between pages 78 and 79.

viiContents






Tables

2.1 Ethnohistorically documented ‘root and tuber’ food plants

in Australia and western North America page 26

2.2 Ethnohistorically documented grasses and forbs harvested for

seeds in Australia and western North America 31

2.3 Indigenous staple food crops and domestic herd animals of ten

major world agriculture regions 43

4.1 Counts of edible taxa from northern Levant sites with no signs

of morphological domestication 95

4.2 Weeds of cultivation present at different sites in the Near East 101

5.1 Comparison of evolutionary rates of domestication syndrome

traits across selected crops 127

7.1 Likely origin regions and archaeological correlations for the

initial spreads of major language families 165

8.1 Common small-seeded plants in archaeological sites of interior

central California 199

8.2 Common weeds in farmers’ fields in 1890 210

8.3 Proportion of frequency of disturbance-follower small-seeded

plants by time period 212

11.1 Permutation tests of haplotype-sharing per breed with wolf

populations 287

13.1 The recognized subpopulations of Oryza sativa 314

14.1 Vernacular names of Lima bean in the Americas, places where

registered, and possible language involved 332

14.2 Archaeological records for Lima bean in the Americas 332

14.3 AMOVA results and comparisons of differentiation coefficients

among wild forms of Lima bean 335

14.4 Nucleotide diversity and founder effect in gene pools AI and MI 339

15.1 Number of individuals analyzed for polymorphism, heterozygosity,

and diversity for five groups of cassava 348

15.2 Nei genetic diversity parameters for each locus and for the total

evaluated loci for five groups of cassava 348

15.3 Molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) for 25 landraces

of Dioscorea trifida 353






15.4 Molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) for microsatellite data

of 12 Dioscorea trifida accessions 357

16.1 Global area, production, and productivity of pigeonpea

during 2007 362

16.2 Gene pools of pigeonpea 364

16.3 Ten maturity groups of pigeonpea 366

18.1 Elevational shifts in crop distributions in the Western Pamirs,

1893 to 2006 413

18.2 Siwan agrobiodiversity shifts: crop varieties present or absent 418

22.1 Tree species being domesticated clonally that have potential

as components of agroforestry systems 481

24.1 Some examples of organisms used in foodstuff production 517

24.2 Sources of Saccharomyces 518

24.3 Differentiation of ale and lager yeast brewing strains 519

24.4 Commercial sources of brewing yeast 519

24.5 Micro-organisms and cheese production 520

24.6 The microflora of sourdough production 521

24.7 Microbial biomass protein opportunities 521

24.8 Other uses for micro-organisms 522

24.9 Some culture collections 523

27.1 Emphasis placed in dairy traits in national genetic–economic

selection indices 555

ixList of tables






Figures

3.1 The two areas in Asia discussed in this chapter page 58

3.2 Climatic curve from Soreq cave and suggested chronological

correlations with prehistoric entities 61

3.3 The location of Late Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic sites

in China mentioned in the text 74

4.1 Positions of the major sites mentioned in the text along with

rainfall gradient 93

4.2 Charred wild cereal spikelet bases and grains 94

4.3 Settings for three saddle querns in a room excavated at Jerf

el Ahmar 97

4.4 Silicone cast of a fractured fragment of building earth from Jerf

el Ahmar 98

4.5 Changes in frequencies of the most common wild food plants at sites

in northern Syria 105

5.1 Charts of the quantitative growth of archaeobotany 111

5.2 Charts comparing the change in domestication traits over time

in the Near East for barley 114

5.3 Charts comparing the change in domestication traits over time

in the Near East for einkorn wheat 115

5.4 Charts comparing the change in domestication traits in Asian rice 119

5.5 Archaeobotanical data for the evolution of domesticated pearl millet 120

5.6 Metrical data of achene length plotted against time for two North

American species of Asteraceae 121

5.7 Metrical data plotted against time for selected pulse crops 122

5.8 Metrical data on melon seed length and width from the Lower

Yangzte, China 126

6.1 Postulated domestication areas for various crops in Central America

and South America 137

6.2 Early crop plants recorded from microfossil evidence in Central

and South America 140

6.3 Allele tga1 and phytolith formation and morphology in Zea 144

6.4 Phytoliths with visible carbon inclusions from a modern maize leaf 152

7.1 Suggested homelands for the major Old World language families 162






7.2 The Austronesian language family and major Austronesian

language groups 168

7.3 The linkages between Neolithic assemblages in Taiwan and

the northern Philippines 169

7.4 The surviving distribution of the Uto-Aztecan language family

and its closest neighbors 172

7.5 The distributions of Indo-European and Dravidian languages prior

to the colonial era 176

8.1 California hunter–gatherer and agriculturalist linguistic groups 192

8.2 Major modern agricultural areas in the California Floristic Province 193

8.3 Harvesting hay in the Sacramento Valley, 1915 194

8.4 Major modern agricultural areas overlaid with tribal territories

at European contact 195

8.5 California Indian population densities at European contact 196

8.6 Historic photograph of Letah Garcia (Wukchumni Yokuts)

with shelled acorns 196

8.7 Trends in prehistoric plant use in interior central California 197

8.8 Grace Tex, North Fork Mono, cooking acorn mush 198

8.9 Marie Coho, Mono, remembering how to harvest the greens

of California thistle 198

8.10 Ruby Pomona, North Fork Mono, holding two native forbs with

edible seeds 198

8.11 Melba Beecher, Mono, holding Sagayu, an edible mushroom 198

8.12 Lois Conner (North Fork Mono/Chuckchansi) harvesting soaproot 198

8.13 Soaproot crown left in the ground 198

8.14 California Indian burning, coppicing, and pruning imitating natural

disturbances 205

8.15 California Indian digging of geophytes and replanting bulblets

and cormlets imitate disturbance and landslides 206

8.16 Human–plant interaction continuum 207

8.17 The continuum of human-induced vegetation change from gathering

to domestication 209

8.18 Widespread use of red maids (Calandrinia ciliata) for their edible

seeds 211

8.19 Rancher John Wick of Nicasio, California, poses in a meadow

barley pasture 218

8.20 Teacher and homemaker Elizabeth Barnett, of Inverness, with

muffins of native California brome grain 218

8.21 Judith Lowry, Larner Seeds in Bolinas, California: oatmeal with

red maids seeds and wild huckleberries 218

8.22 Teacher and artist Rebecca R. Burgess and a workshop with native

plants as dye stuff for local fiber 218

9.1 Multiple axes of domestication 229

9.2 Pre-adaptive behavioral characteristics in animal domestication 231

xiList of figures






9.3 Reduction in brain size in different groups of domestic animals 233

9.4 Reduction in total brain mass and size of fundamental brain

structures in domesticated animals 234

9.5 Reduction in the volume of brain structures in different functional

systems in domesticated animals 235

9.6 Possible pathways to domestication of animal species 240

9.7 Pathways to domestication: commensal, prey, and directed 249

10.1 Phenotypic diversity of domestic chicken in comparison with

ancestral red junglefowl 261

10.2 Camouflage coat color in wild boar piglets and black-spotted

Swedish Linderod piglets 264

10.3 Young Icelandic hen with bright yellow legs due to homozygosity

at the yellow skin gene 268

10.4 Two white Lippizaner mares with their colored foals 270

11.1 Neighbor-joining tree of wolf and dog mitochondrial DNA control

region sequences 278

11.2 Canine SNP microarray variation, SNP-based estimates of

heterozygosity, and observed heterozygosity 281

11.3 Principal components analysis of 171 dogs and 58 Eurasian

wolves for 48,036 SNPs 283

11.4 STRUCTURE analysis of ancient dog breeds and 58 Eurasian

wolves for 43,000 unlinked SNPs 284

11.5 Neighbor-joining cladogram of 574 dogs and wolves, rooted with

coyote data for 43,954 unlinked SNPs 285

11.6 Principal components analysis of 106 SNP genotypes from dogs

and gray wolf, coyote, and other wild canids 290

11.7 Correlation between extent of LD and log of the number

of registered individuals (14 AKC breeds) 291

11.8 IGF-1 intron 2 neighbor-joining tree 293

12.1 The biosynthetic Shikimate pathway and its branches 301

12.2 The geographic distribution of the adult lactase persistence allele

in contemporary Europeans 303

12.3 The geographic distribution of hair and eye pigmentation

in contemporary Europeans 304

12.4 The Old World geographic distribution for dermal

pigmentation 305

14.1 Mesoamerican and Andean domestication centers proposed for

Lima beans 337

15.1 Map of Brazil showing the municipalities where cassava landraces

were sampled 347

15.2 Dendrogram (Jaccard similarity coefficient and UPGMA method)

for 42 landraces of cassava 349

15.3 Dendrogram (UPGMA method and Jaccard similarity coefficient)

for 25 landraces of yam with 64 isoenzymatic bands 353

xii List of figures






15.4 Dendrogram (UPGMA method and Jaccard similarity coefficient)

for 12 landraces of yam with 8 SSR loci 356

16.1 A two-year-old pigeonpea tree in Antigua 365

16.2 Performance of ICPH 2671 over three years and 21 locations

in India 369

17.1 Stages in selective incorporation of volunteer manioc plants from

seeds in fields of Amerindian cultivators 388

17.2 Morphology and germination strategies of seedlings of maniocs

and its closest wild relative 390

17.3 Growth strategy of Dioscorea praehensilis, a wild ancestor

of the guinea yam, in southeastern Cameroon 394

17.4 An ant at extrafloral nectaries on cataphylls of Dioscorea

praehensilis in southeastern Cameroon 395

18.1 Perched valleys in the Khuf tributary of the River Panj, within

the Pamiri highlands of Tajikistan 411

18.2 Overview of the ancient Shali and date groves at Siwa,

Egypt 417

19.1 Diversity of cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum) fruit size and shape 428

19.2 Species diversity in Yanesha agriculture 429

19.3(a) At Mt Khawa Karpo on the Tibetan border 430

19.3(b) Richness and diversity of herb-shrubs, useful plants, and trees 431

19.4(a) Cassava varieties of the same Yanesha were systematically

sampled in 1983–86 and in 1999 433

19.4(b) Cladistic analyses of morphological characteristics of cassava

varieties sampled in 1983–86 434

19.4(c) Cladistic analyses of morphological characteristics of cassava

varieties sampled in 1999 435

19.5 Yanesha agricultural diversity over time 436

19.6 Tibetans recognize and respond to climate change 440

20.1 The central Maya lowlands in the Yucatan Peninsula 448

20.2 Simplified Pre-Maya Land Architecture: example from a part

of the Central Maya Lowlands 454

20.3 Simplified Classic Period land architecture: example from a part

of the Central Maya Lowlands 455

22.1 Definition of domestication 482

22.2 Domestication strategy for agroforestry trees 485

22.3 Agroforestry approach to closing the Yield Gap 490

22.4 Evolution of agriculture and the IAASTD Goals 493

22.5 The globalization and localization pathways to rural development 494

23.1 Acreage by decade of wine grape production in California from

1860 to 2000 504

26.1 World production from capture fisheries and aquaculture 540

26.2 Aquaculture production, by species 541

26.3 Phyletic diversity of aquacultural vs. agricultural species 541

xiiiList of figures






26.4 Growth heterosis (hybrid vigor), evident in the contrast of inbred

and hybrid Pacific oysters 543

27.1 Comparative changes in the California dairy industry from 1950

to 2007 550

27.2 Change in the level of inbreeding and daughter pregnancy rate

in US Holsteins from 1960 to 2006 552

27.3 Diagram of designs utilized in the estimation of breeding value

of dairy sires 554

27.4 Diagram of new enabling genomic resources and technologies

available to query the bovine genome 557

27.5 Animal breeding and reproduction are at the top of the animal

production pyramid 559

xiv List of figures






ForewordBruce D. Smith

This landmark volume eloquently underscores the enduring legacy of Jack

Harlan’s broad-ranging and multiple-perspective approach to considering the past

development and future challenges of agricultural economies, world-wide. It also

highlights the remarkable degree to which plant and animal domestication and

agricultural origins continue to expand as a general research question across a

wide spectrum of different disciplines in the biological and social sciences.

General areas of inquiry are continually emerging in science, and for widely

varying periods of time, they attract and reward researchers, providing interesting

and unfolding sequences of questions before eventually closing down as their

research potential is exhausted. The evolution of agricultural economies, from

first origins to future developments, is an excellent example of an extremely long-

lived problem area which not only has witnessed substantial growth since the

pioneering efforts of Vavilov, Braidwood, Harlan, Heiser, MacNeish, and others,

but also holds the very real promise of continuing to expand and provide new

research questions for generations to come.

Many of the reasons for this continued expansion of interest and research are

obvious. Initial domestication and the subsequent development of agricultural

economies was not a single isolated event, for example, but rather occurred in

perhaps a dozen different world regions or more, as our distant ancestors inde-

pendently domesticated a wide variety of different species at different times and in

different temporal sequences, providing a rich set of complex regional-scale devel-

opmental puzzles for comparative analysis. The subsequent diffusion of domesti-

cates and agricultural economies out of these centers of agricultural origin add to

the set of regional-scale comparative examples available for study, with almost

every world area experiencing the eventual transition from hunting and gathering

to food production economies.

Alongwith offering complex regional-scale developmental puzzles world-wide, the

general research topic of agricultural origins also encompasses the domestication of a

rich variety of plants and animals. Each of these in turn provides another complex set

of interrelated questions at the species level of analysis for both archaeologists and

geneticists: where and when and fromwhichwild progenitor population did different

domesticates develop, and inwhat kinds of environmental and cultural contexts? The

past decade in particular has witnessed remarkable advances in our understanding of

the early history of a rapidly expanding list of domesticated plants and animals.






Along with establishing clear and lasting templates for how to approach domes-

tication and agricultural origins at both the regional and species levels of analysis,

focusing on sub-Saharan Africa and its crop plants, Jack Harlan also framed the

central issues involved in the larger-scale comparative analysis of different centers

(and noncenters) of domestication. In a series of classic papers, Harlan and

colleagues also illuminated the cause and effect of evolutionary relationships at

work during the initial domestication of seed plants; how human planting and

harvesting of stored seed stock created new sets of selective pressures, with the

resultant automatic adaptive response of the cultivated plant populations reflected

in the genetic and morphological changes identified today under the general

heading of the adaptive syndrome of domestication.

Jack Harlan clearly recognized that as a general area of inquiry, agricultural

origins and evolution encompasses a vast landscape of different research questions

and calls for sustained communication and collaboration between researchers in

many different disciplines. The Harlan II Symposium, and the rich variety of

cross-illuminating perspectives that are represented in this volume, reflect the

enduring importance of such scholarly interaction, as well as the continuing

expansion of interest in this fascinating and rewarding topic.

xvi Foreword






Contributors

Ogonazar Aknazarov

Desert Research Institute, Khorog, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast,

Tajikistan

M. Kat Anderson

USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Plant Data Center, c/o

Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis CA USA

Leif Andersson

Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University and

Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural

Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

C.W. Bamforth

Dept. of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis CA USA

Ofer Bar-Yosef

Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Boston MA USA

Peter Bellwood

School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University,

Canberra ACT Australia

Robert L. Bettinger

Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis CA USA

Aline Borges

GeneticsDepartment, Luiz deQueiroz College of Agriculture, Sao PauloUniversity,

Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

Eduardo A. Bressan

Agriculture Nuclear Energy Center, Sao Paulo University, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil






Stephen B. Brush

Department of Human and Community Development, University of California,

Davis CA USA

David Cavagnavo

Seed Savers Exchange, Decorah IA USA

M.I. Chacon S.

Facultad de Agronomıa, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia

Loren Cordain

Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort

Collins CO USA

Ardeshir B. Damania


D.G. Debouck

Genetic Resources Unit, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT),

Cali, Colombia

Jared Diamond

Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles CA USA

A. Duputie

Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Montpellier, France and Section of

Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX USA

M. Elias

Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos (CIBIO-UP),

Campus Agrario de Vairao, Vairao, Portugal

Thomas R. Famula

Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis CA USA

Dorian Q. Fuller

Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK

Paul Gepts


C.L. Laxmipathi Gowda

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT),

Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India

xviii List of contributors






Melissa M. Gray

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California,

Los Angeles CA USA

David R. Harris

Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK

Dennis Hedgecock

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los

Angeles CA USA

Matthew S. Hickey

Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort

Collins CO USA

Tai Johnson

Department of History, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA

Hui Jiang

Bratnell Lab, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca NY USA

Karim-Aly Kassam

Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca NY USA

Shawn Kelly

Parametrics Inc., Albuquerque NM USA

Kami Kim

Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein

College of Medicine, Bronx NY USA

Michael J. Kovach

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca NY USA

James Lapsley

Dept. of Viticulture and Enology and the Agricultural Issues Center, University of

California, Davis CA USA

Deborah Lawrence

DepartmentofEnvironmental Science,UniversityofVirginia,CharlottesvilleVAUSA

Roger R.B. Leakey

Agroforestry and Novel Crops Unit, School of Marine and Tropical Biology,

James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia

xixList of contributors






Susan R. McCouch

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca NY USA

Patrick E. McGuire


D.B. McKey

Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Montpellier, France and Universite

Montpellier II, Place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier, France

Juan F. Medrano

Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis CA USA

Lin Chau Ming

Horticulture Sector, Agronomical Sciences College, Sao Paulo State University,

Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Laurie Monti

The Christensen Fund, San Francisco CA USA

J.R. Motta-Aldana

Escuela de Biologıa, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga,

Colombia

Gary Paul Nabhan

Southwest Center, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA

Kayo J.C. Pereira

Genetics Department, Luiz deQueiroz College of Agriculture, Sao PauloUniversity,


Dolores R. Piperno

Department ofAnthropology, The Program inHumanEcology andArchaeobiology,

National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC USA and Smithsonian

Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama

B. Pujol

Laboratoire Evolution et Diversite Biologique, Universite Paul Sabatier,

Toulouse, France

Calvin O. Qualset


xx List of contributors






Jurema R. Queiroz-Silva



Gustavo H. Recchia



Jan Salick

William L. Brown Center, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis MO USA

K.B. Saxena



Ferrell Sekacucu

Second Mesa, CDP, Hopi Reservation, Navajo County AZ USA (deceased)

Mande Semon

Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), Cotonou, Benin

M.L. Serrano S.

Escuela de Biologıa, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga,

Colombia

S.N. Silim


Nairobi, Kenya

Marcos V.B.M. Siqueira



Bruce D. Smith

The Program in Human Ecology and Archaeobiology, National Museum of

Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC USA

R.K. Srivastava



Megan Sweeney

Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA

xxiList of contributors






Robbin W. Thorp

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis CA USA

B.L. Turner II

School of Geographical Sciences and School of Sustainability, Arizona State

University, Tempe AZ USA

H.D. Upadhyaya



Elizabeth A. Veasey

Genetics Department, Luiz deQueiroz College of Agriculture, Sao PauloUniversity,


Bridgett M. vonHoldt


Los Angeles CA USA

Robert K. Wayne


Los Angeles CA USA

George Willcox

Archeorient, CNRS, Jales, Berrias, France

Ken Wilson

The Christensen Fund, San Francisco CA USA

Eric Wohlgemuth

Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., Davis CA USA

Melinda A. Zeder

The Program in Human Ecology and Archaeobiology, NationalMuseum of Natural

History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC USA

Karl S. Zimmerer

Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, State College PA USA

xxii List of contributors






Acknowledgments

We thank the Local Advisory Committee for their untiring contribution towards

making this Harlan II Symposium a success. They provided much-needed advice

on the program and speakers, in conjunction with the International Advisory

Committee. The excellent logistics of the meeting, the organization of the reception

and dinner and coffee breaks, and registration is owed to Alma Contreras, Event

Coordinator of the UC Davis Conference and Event Services Office.

Staff from the Department of Plant Sciences contributed enthusiastically to a

smooth running of the sessions. They include Angela Oates (event planning), Lauri

Brandeberry (webmaster), RobKerner (ITmanager), andDeidraMadderra, Dana

Chavez, SueDiTomaso, NajwaMarrush, TheresaMcWayne, and SabrinaMorgan

(department business office). Pat Bailey of the UC Davis News Service provided

timely assistance with the media. From the Gepts group, James Kami, Matthew

Hufford, Kraig Kraft, Shelby Repinski, Margaret Worthington, Jose Vicente

Gomes dos Santos, Raul Duran, and Vicken Hillis assisted with the visual displays.

To all of you a heartfelt thanks.

Our sponsors provided greatly appreciated financial support without which this

international symposium would not have been possible. We would like to highlight

our home units and heads at the time for their special effort: Depts. of Animal

Science (Chair: Mary Delany) and Plant Sciences (Chair: Chris van Kessel).

On a personal note, we would like to thank Adi Damania for assistance with

the symposium secretariat under the auspices of the UC Genetic Resources

Conservation Program. His perseverance and attention to detail were a great part

of the success of the symposium and a foundation for this book.

Local Organizing Committee

Charles Bamforth, Robert Bettinger, Eric Bradford (deceased), Francine Bradley,

Steve Brush, Adi Damania, Ellen Dean, Serge Doroshov, Jan Dvorak, Tom

Famula (Co-chair), Paul Gepts (Co-chair), Gurdev Khush, Ming-Cheng Luo,

Patrick McGuire, Eric Mussen, Dan Potter, Cal Qualset, Leanna Sweha, and

Tom Tomich.






International Advisory Committee

Patricia C. Anderson (France), Ofer Bar-Yosef (USA), Fredrick A. Bliss (USA),

Michael T. Clegg (USA), Patrick Cunningham (Ireland), Cary Fowler (Italy),

Emile Frison (Italy), Arturo Gomez-Pompa (Mexico), David Harris (UK), Roger

Leakey (Australia), Stephen O’Brien (USA), Ed Rege (Kenya), Jan Salick (USA),

Barbara Schaal (USA), and Stephen Smith (USA).

Sponsors

UC Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences

Department of Animal Science

Department of Human and Community Development

Department of Plant Sciences

Department of Viticulture and Enology

UC Davis Department of Anthropology, College of Letters and Science

UC Davis Agricultural Sustainability Institute

UC Davis Foundation Plant Services

UC Genetic Resources Conservation Program

California Rice Research Foundation

California Crop Improvement Association

California League of Food Processors

Missouri Botanic Garden

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

Bioversity International

System-wide Genetic Resources Program (SGRP) of the Consultative Group on

International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Harris Moran Seed Company

Mars, Inc. and Howard-Yana Shapiro

Pioneer, A DuPont Company

Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Inc.

Syngenta

Paul Gepts and Thomas Famula

co-chairs, Local Organizing Committee

Harlan II Symposium

xxiv Acknowledgments






Documents

Biodiversity in Agriculture