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8/17/2019 Biodiversity (Final)xxxxxxxxx
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BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
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Natural Resources
Indestructible --- Air
Water
Destructible --- Renewable : Soil
Forest Wildlife
Non-renewable : Minerals
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We Live in a most FantasticWe Live in a most Fantastic
Place !Place !
Biological diversity or biodiversity refers to tenu!ber and variety of life for!s found witin as"ecified geogra"ic region#
$is includes te different "lants% ani!als and!icroorganis!s% te genes tey contain% and teecosyste!s tey for!#
$is living wealt is te "roduct of undreds of
!illions of years of evolutionary istory#
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Biodiversity - Definition
$e variability a!ong living organis!s fro! all
sources including terrestrial% !arine% and otera&uatic ecosyste!s and te ecologicalco!"le'es of wic tey are a "art( tisincludes diversity witin s"ecies% between
s"ecies and of ecosyste!s#
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1.1. Genetic diversityGenetic diversity - genetic variability or- genetic variability or
diversity within a species, i.e. between thediversity within a species, i.e. between theindividuals of a speciesindividuals of a species
Example ;Example ; 5, recorded varieties of mango
!!, recorded varieties of Oryza sativa
Types of Biodiversity
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".".#pecies diversity#pecies diversity - diversity between di$erent- diversity between di$erent
speciesspecies
Example ;Example ; FelisFelis tigristigris
FelisFelis domesticadomestica
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%. Ecosystem diversity%. Ecosystem diversity & diversity within a& diversity within a
regionregion
)rassland Sola forest
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Facts related to Biodiversity
'otal (and )rea of Earth & 'otal (and )rea of Earth & 51,*5,"!+51,*5,"!+
s.ms.m
orest /over &orest /over & %!.0 m. s.m%!.0 m. s.m
"*23"*23
+2+2 of Global orest (and isof Global orest (and is
in #outh )merica, )frica,in #outh )merica, )frica,
and #outh )sia.and #outh )sia.
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Facts related to Biodiversity contd##
There areThere are !illio" to!illio" to #$$#$$ !illio"!illio"
species o" earth%species o" earth%
O"ly a&outO"ly a&out #%'#%' !illio" species!illio" species
have &ee" catalo(ued so far%have &ee" catalo(ued so far%
There areThere are )*)* reco("isedreco("ised
““+otspots+otspots”” i" the ,orld%i" the ,orld%
**%*-**%*- of .lo&al /la"t species a"dof .lo&al /la"t species a"d
)%)-)%)- of Verte&rate species areof Verte&rate species are
prese"t i" +otspotsprese"t i" +otspots%%
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$otal land area of India - *+, !illion#a
India occu"ies #+./ of te World0s geogra"ical
area and as only */ of te forest
Facts related to Biodiversity contd##
India as *1#*/ of world u!an
"o"ulation and *2#*/ of cattle
"o"ulation
orest /over in 4ndia &orest /over in 4ndia &
"%.50"%.50
22
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India is saringIndia is saring *#2, /*#2, / ofof
world0s biodiversityworld0s biodiversity
India asIndia as ,#3 /,#3 / of grasslands%of grasslands%#4 /#4 / of ot deserts%of ot deserts% +#*+#* !#a!#a
of wetland ecosyste!s#of wetland ecosyste!s#
India is teIndia is te ..tt largest country inlargest country inte world and one a!ong tete world and one a!ong te
*.*. !ega diversity centers#!ega diversity centers#
Facts related to Biodiversity contd##
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Facts related to Biodiversity contd##
India recorded :India recorded :
+2%444+2%444 5 s"ecies of wild "lants5 s"ecies of wild "lants
63%44463%444 5 s"ecies of wild ani!als5 s"ecies of wild ani!als
At least At least ,4,4 s"ecies of wilds"ecies of wild
relatives of cro"s ave beenrelatives of cro"s ave been
originated ere#originated ere#
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/0ANT S/E1IES IN INDIA AND 2OR0D
$a'a S"ecies
India World
Bacteria 3$ *$$$
Viruses u"4"o," *$$$
Al(ae 5$$ *$6$$$
Fu"(i #*6$$ 786$$$
0iche"s 8$$$ #76$$$
Bryophyta 83$ #56$$$/teridophyta ##$$ #)$$$
.y!"osper!s 5* 7$
A"(iosper!s #76$$ 8$6$$$
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ANIMA0 S/E1IES IN INDIA AND 2OR0D
$a'a S"ecies
India World
I"sects 5$6$$$ 36$$$$$
Mollusca $$$ #$$$$$
Fishes 86$$ 8)6$$$A!phi&ia"s #'$ *68$
Reptiles *$$ 56$
Birds #6#7 36*$$
Ma!!als 378 *68)#
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arnataaarnataa && !!thth largest state in the countrylargest state in the country
'otal (and )rea of arnataa & 'otal (and )rea of arnataa & 1,61,0611,61,061
s.ms.m
arnataa7s orest /over &arnataa7s orest /over & "." 2"." 2
/oastal area-/oastal area-
5+"5 s.m5+"5 s.m
8ominated by mangrove8ominated by mangrove
forest forest * s.m* s.m33
Facts related to Biodiversity contd7
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+otspots+otspots
#% E"de!is!9#% E"de!is!9
:$%- or #$$ species of the ,orld;s ):$%- or #$$ species of the ,orld;s )
0a4h /la"t species as e"de!ics should0a4h /la"t species as e"de!ics should
&e prese"t
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Threate"ed Species> The ter! is used i" co"servatio"
co"te?t for species ,hich are i"
o"e of the cate(ories =
E"da"(ered
Vul"era&le
Rare
I"deter!i"ate
RED DATA BOO@
I1N cate(ories
E?ti"ct
A species "ot defi"itely located i"
the ,ild a"d "ever si(hted eve"
o"ce i" the last $ years
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Wy Biodiversity is i!"ortant8
9rovides food% fodder% fruit% fuel% ti!ber% !edicine
*#o!!ercial value :
;il% Fertili
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,#Recreational =alue:
an not be !easured in ter!s of !oney#
+# Aestetic =alue:
Art% 9oetry% >iterature#
2#Scientific =alue:
)ene 9ool% ?volution%
@u!an Welfare% etc%#
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=alue of a $ree A tree tat lives for 24 years generates:
Rs# 2#, las wort of o'ygen
Facilitates Rs# 1#+ las wort of soil erosion control
reates Rs# *4#2 las wort of air "ollution control
9rovides Rs# 2#, laswort of selter for birds
and ani!als
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Recycles Rs# 1#+ las wort of fertility
Besides "rovide flower% fruits and ti!ber
Wen a tree is fell it is so!eting wort!ore tan Rs# ,,# 3 las#
7#=alue of a $ree
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$reats to Biodiversity
*# Deforestation and overgra
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,# 9oacing and unting for fles% fur%
sin% orn% naiI and recreation#
+# Forest fires including s!oing in te
woods#
2# ;ver e'"loitation‑
of te resources#
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1# Natural cala!ities lie floods% ig wind velocities% eart&uaes% etc#%#
.# 9ollution of various inds and release of to'ic substances#
6#Soil erosion and loss of soil nutrients#
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3#9o"ulation "ressure and une&ual
distribution of te resources
*4# Agricultural e'"ansion
**#S"reading urbani
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*,# li!atic canges lie de"letion of o
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I!pact of 0oss Of BiodiversityI!pact of 0oss Of Biodiversity
.lo&al ,ar!i"( a"d cli!ate cha"(e
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I"creased pollutio"
Soil erosio" a"d loss of fertility
Deco!positio" rate
&y !icro&es is altered
Nutrie"t cycli"( is altered
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Reduces (e"e pool 9 affects speciatio"
Food chai" is altered
Alteratio" i" +ydrolo(ic
1ycle
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Conservation Measures:Conservation Measures:
1. Maintenance of the integrity1. Maintenance of the integrityof the habitat and improvementof the habitat and improvementof habitat in productivity andof habitat in productivity andquality for the desired speciesquality for the desired species
to grow and reproduce well.to grow and reproduce well.
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88 /reve"tio" a"d co"trol of /reve"tio" a"d co"trol of
forest fires% Bur"i"( offorest fires% Bur"i"( of
(rassla"ds has to &e co"trolled%(rassla"ds has to &e co"trolled%
By co"trolli"( the forest fire6By co"trolli"( the forest fire6
protectio" ca" &e (ive" toprotectio" ca" &e (ive" to
,ildlife%,ildlife%
)) E?cessive cutti"( shouldE?cessive cutti"( should
&e eli!i"ated a"d o"ly !ature&e eli!i"ated a"d o"ly !ature
trees should &e harvested% Ne,trees should &e harvested% Ne,
seedli"(s should replace theseedli"(s should replace the
harvested trees%harvested trees%
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** Fra(!e"tatio" of the forest area or ,ildlifeFra(!e"tatio" of the forest area or ,ildlife
ha&itat6 ,hich decreases the &iolo(ical diversityha&itat6 ,hich decreases the &iolo(ical diversity
:&oth (e"etic diversity a"d ecolo(ical diversity
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55 Measures to chec4 the velocity of ,i"d i"Measures to chec4 the velocity of ,i"d i"
deserted areas6 pla"ti"( ,i"ddeserted areas6 pla"ti"( ,i"d
&rea4s across the directio" of ,i"d is helpful%&rea4s across the directio" of ,i"d is helpful%
Trees a"d shru&s !ay &eTrees a"d shru&s !ay &epla"ted i" several ro,s to chec4 the &lo,i"(pla"ted i" several ro,s to chec4 the &lo,i"(
a,ay of the fertile top soil6a,ay of the fertile top soil6
,hich deter!i"es the ve(etatio"al (ro,th%,hich deter!i"es the ve(etatio"al (ro,th%
77 O"e should "ot s!o4eO"e should "ot s!o4e
i" the ,oods% 1a!ps firei" the ,oods% 1a!ps fire
a"d trash fires shoulda"d trash fires should
&e carefully te"ded a"d&e carefully te"ded a"d
thorou(hlythorou(hly
e?ti"(uished%e?ti"(uished%
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33 .rasses such as.rasses such as Cynodon dactylonCynodon dactylon
are utilised as erosio" resisti"( pla"ts%are utilised as erosio" resisti"( pla"ts%
1o"servatio" of !a"y such types of1o"servatio" of !a"y such types of
(rasses help i" i!provi"( the soil(rasses help i" i!provi"( the soil
fertility of the re(io" for lu?uria"t (ro,th of thefertility of the re(io" for lu?uria"t (ro,th of the
pla"ts%pla"ts%
'' Reforestatio" i" de(raded forest a"d a(riculturalReforestatio" i" de(raded forest a"d a(ricultural,astela"ds ,ith suita&le,astela"ds ,ith suita&le
strai"s of tree species6strai"s of tree species6
,hich are via&le6 (e"etically,hich are via&le6 (e"etically
superior a"d disease resista"tsuperior a"d disease resista"t
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#$%/rotectio" of forest fro! illicit felli"( a"d#$%/rotectio" of forest fro! illicit felli"( a"d
over(raCi"(%over(raCi"(%
##%Esta&lish!e"t a"d !ai"te"a"ce of##%Esta&lish!e"t a"d !ai"te"a"ce of
(er!plas! &a"4s of ,ild species for future(er!plas! &a"4s of ,ild species for future
(e"etic i!prove!e"t a"d &reedi"((e"etic i!prove!e"t a"d &reedi"(
pro(ra!!e%pro(ra!!e%
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#8%#8% The !ai"te"a"ce a"d preservatio" ofThe !ai"te"a"ce a"d preservatio" of
(er!plas! of ve(etatively propa(ated(er!plas! of ve(etatively propa(ated
species is ofte" a difficult tas4% +e"ce tospecies is ofte" a difficult tas4% +e"ce to
co"seve these (e"epool develop!e"tco"seve these (e"epool develop!e"t
of tissues culture tech"iues should &eof tissues culture tech"iues should &e
(reatly e!phasiCed%(reatly e!phasiCed%
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#)% I!prove!e"t of the heredity#)% I!prove!e"t of the heredity
of trees a"d proper adoptio" of of trees a"d proper adoptio" of
&reedi"( tech"iues%&reedi"( tech"iues%
#*% The Ma"a(e!e"t of "atural#*% The Ma"a(e!e"t of "aturalforests6 ,hich ,ill e"sureforests6 ,hich ,ill e"sure
future productivity a"dfuture productivity a"d
e"viro"!e"tal sta&ility6 shoulde"viro"!e"tal sta&ility6 should
&e practiced%&e practiced%
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#% If the pri"ciples a"d procedures of#% If the pri"ciples a"d procedures of
Social Forestry are follo,ed6 theSocial Forestry are follo,ed6 the
stress o" the e?ploitatio" of re"e,a&lestress o" the e?ploitatio" of re"e,a&leforest resources ca" &e !i"i!ised%forest resources ca" &e !i"i!ised%
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#5% 1o"servatio" of e"da"(ered a"d e"de!ic species#5% 1o"servatio" of e"da"(ered a"d e"de!ic species
i" "atural forests6 ,hich are the (uardia"s ofi" "atural forests6 ,hich are the (uardia"s of
diversityG6 should &e (ive" pri!e i!porta"ce%diversityG6 should &e (ive" pri!e i!porta"ce%
#7% /roper utiliCatio" a"d !a"a(e!e"t of "o" ,ood‑#7% /roper utiliCatio" a"d !a"a(e!e"t of "o" ,ood‑
&ased resources a"d esta&lish!e"t of E"er(y&ased resources a"d esta&lish!e"t of E"er(y
/la"tatio"s%/la"tatio"s%
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#3% I!ple!e"tatio" of effective a"d scie"tific#3% I!ple!e"tatio" of effective a"d scie"tific
!ethods to !i"i!ise the pollutio" of ,ater6 soil!ethods to !i"i!ise the pollutio" of ,ater6 soil
a"d air to e"sure hi(h productivity of thea"d air to e"sure hi(h productivity of the&io!ass i" this re(io"% /reve"tio" of ,ater&io!ass i" this re(io"% /reve"tio" of ,ater
pollutio" ,ill protect the auatic a"i!al life%pollutio" ,ill protect the auatic a"i!al life%
#'% I!proper la"d de(radatio" due to !i"i"(#'% I!proper la"d de(radatio" due to !i"i"(
activities should &e stopped%activities should &e stopped%
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8$% Se"si&le a"d ,ise use of forest products a"d8$% Se"si&le a"d ,ise use of forest products a"d
the pu&lic a,are"ess a&out the i!porta"ce ofthe pu&lic a,are"ess a&out the i!porta"ce of
forest ,ealth to !a"4i"d a"d ecosyste! ca"forest ,ealth to !a"4i"d a"d ecosyste! ca"
pro!ote the co"servatio"pro!ote the co"servatio"
8#% 1o"trol of soil erosio" a"d esta&lish!e"t of8#% 1o"trol of soil erosio" a"d esta&lish!e"t of
ve(etative cover ,ill provide fruit or &ro,se forve(etative cover ,ill provide fruit or &ro,se for
,ild a"i!als%,ild a"i!als%
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88% Efforts should &e i"te"sified88% Efforts should &e i"te"sified
to cur& the destructiveto cur& the destructive
activities of poachers%activities of poachers%
8)% Sta&iliCatio" of ,ater levels
i" pools6 po"ds a"d la4es
should &e u"derta4e" so
as to preve"t seaso"al
destructio" of auatic life throu(h evaporatio"%
8*% Develop!e"t of re"e,a&le
resources i" a" area accordi"(
to the "eed of or(a"is!s
i" the sa!e area%
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8% /rey 9 predator relatio" should &e ,or4ed out
&ased o" the carryi"( capacity of the ha&itat%
This ,ill help i" pro!oti"( the ha&itat
i!prove!e"t%
85% 1o"servatio" also i"cludes restoratio" of those
species6 ,hich ca" a"d should &e restored%
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87% Esta&lish!e"t of Natio"al /ar4s6 Natio"al
Sa"ctuaries are e?celle"t areas for the
preservatio" of "atural &iotic co!!u"ities%
83% Esta&lish!e"t of Biosphere Reserves%
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29. Develop!e"t of electro"ics as a tool i" the
co"servatio" of ,ildlife should &e (ive"
pri!e i!porta"ce as electro"ic devices are helpful i" aerial photo(raphy6 data
collectio" of pla"ts a"d a"i!als6 detectio" of
forest fires6 educatio"al pro(ra!!es a"d
!o"itori"( of a"i!al !ove!e"ts%
)$ I!ple!e"tatio" of educatio"al pro(ra!!es to
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)$% I!ple!e"tatio" of educatio"al pro(ra!!es to
pro!ote the 4"o,led(e of co"servatio" a"d
preservatio" of ,ildlife :i"cludi"( flora a"d fau"a<
should &e do"e throu(h literatures6 scie"tific
e?hi&itio"s6 audio visual aids a"d co"fere"ces‑stressi"( upo" e"viro"!e"tal co"servatio"
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Natio"al /ar4
2ildlife Sa"ctuaries
2etla"ds
Ma"(roves
Sacred .roves
/rotected 0a"dscapes
Eth"o&iolo(ical Reserves
Reserve a"d /rotected Forests
/reservatio" plots
Biosphere Reserves
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)#% Tea! of scie"tists fro! various discipli"es li4e)#% Tea! of scie"tists fro! various discipli"es li4e
Bota"y6 Hoolo(y6 A(riculture6 +orticulture6 SoilBota"y6 Hoolo(y6 A(riculture6 +orticulture6 Soil
Scie"ce6 /har!acolo(y6 E"(i"eeri"(6 SilvicultureScie"ce6 /har!acolo(y6 E"(i"eeri"(6 Silviculture
a"d Eco"o!ics a"d trai"ed foresters6a"d Eco"o!ics a"d trai"ed foresters6
ad!i"istrators6 forest lovers all should &e‑ad!i"istrators6 forest lovers all should &e‑
i"te(rated i" !a"a(i"(6 pro!oti"( a"di"te(rated i" !a"a(i"(6 pro!oti"( a"d
i!ple!e"ti"( co"servatio" pro(ra!!esi!ple!e"ti"( co"servatio" pro(ra!!es