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Biodiversity Conservation and PovertyAlleviation
Conservation Science and Practice SeriesPublished in association with the Zoological Society of London
Wiley-Blackwell and the Zoological Society of London are proud to present our Conservation Scienceand Practice series. Each book in the series reviews a key issue in conservation today from amultidisciplinary viewpoint.
Books in the series can be single or multi-authored and proposals should be sent to:Ward Cooper, Senior Commissioning Editor. Email: [email protected]
Each book proposal will be assessed by independent academic referees, as well as our Series EditorialPanel. Members of the Panel include:
Richard Cowling, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South AfricaJohn Gittleman, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, USAAndrew Knight, University of Stellenbosch, South AfricaNigel Leader-Williams, University of Cambridge, UKGeorgina Mace, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, UKDaniel Pauly, University of British Columbia, CanadaStuart Pimm, Duke University, USAHugh Possingham, University of Queensland, AustraliaPeter Raven, Missouri Botanical Gardens, USAHelen Regan, University of California, Riverside, USAAlex Rogers, Institute of Zoology, London, UKMichael Samways, University of Stellenbosch, South AfricaNigel Stork, Griffith University, Australia.
Previously published
Applied Population and Community Ecology:The Case of Feral Pigs in AustraliaEdited by Jim HoneISBN: 978-0-4706-5864-2 Hardcover; July 2012
Tropical Forest Conservation and IndustryPartnership: An Experience from the CongoBasinEdited by Connie J. Clark and John R. PoulsenISBN: 978-0-4706-7373-7 Hardcover; March 2012
Reintroduction Biology: Integrating Science andManagementEdited by John G. Ewen, Doug. P. Armstrong, KevinA. Parker and Philip J. SeddonISBN: 978-1-4443-6156-8 Hardcover; January 2012
Trade-offs in Conservation: Deciding What to SaveEdited by Nigel Leader-Williams, William M. Adamsand Robert J. SmithISBN: 978-1-4051-9383-2 Paperback;ISBN: 978-1-4051-9384-9 Hardcover; September 2010
Urban Biodiversity and DesignEdited by Norbert Muller, Peter Werner and JohnG. KelceyISBN: 978-1-4443-3267-4 Paperback;ISBN: 978-1-4443-3266-7 Hardcover; April 2010
Wild Rangelands: Conserving Wildlife WhileMaintaining Livestock in Semi-Arid Ecosystems
Edited by Johan T. du Toit, Richard Kock and JamesC. DeutschISBN: 978-1-4051-7785-6 Paperback;ISBN: 978-1-4051-9488-4 Hardcover; January 2010
Reintroduction of Top-Order PredatorsEdited by Matt W. Hayward and Michael J. SomersISBN: 978-1-4051-7680-4 Paperback;ISBN: 978-1-4051-9273-6 Hardcover; April 2009
Recreational Hunting, Conservation and RuralLivelihoods: Science and PracticeEdited by Barney Dickson, Jonathan Hutton and BillAdamsISBN: 978-1-4051-6785-7 Paperback;ISBN: 978-1-4051-9142-5 Hardcover; March 2009
Participatory Research in Conservation and RuralLivelihoods: Doing Science TogetherEdited by Louise FortmannISBN: 978-1-4051-7679-8 Paperback; October 2008
Bushmeat and Livelihoods: Wildlife Management andPoverty ReductionEdited by Glyn Davies and David BrownISBN: 978-1-4051-6779-6 Paperback; December 2007
Managing and Designing Landscapes forConservation: Moving from Perspectives to PrinciplesEdited by David Lindenmayer and Richard HobbsISBN: 978-1-4051-5914-2 Paperback; December 2007
Conservation Science and Practice Series
Biodiversity Conservationand Poverty Alleviation:Exploring the Evidencefor a Link
Edited by
Dilys RoeInternational Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK
Joanna ElliottAfrican Wildlife Foundation, Oxford, UK
Chris Sandbrook and Matt WalpoleUnited Nations Environment Programme World Conservation MonitoringCentre, Cambridge, UK
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataBiodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation : exploring the evidence for a link / edited byDilys Roe . . . [et al.].
p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-67479-6 (cloth) – ISBN 978-0-470-67478-9 (pbk.) 1. Biodiversity conservation –Economic aspects. 2. Poverty – Prevention – Environmental aspects. I. Roe, Dilys.
QH75.B53225 2013333.95′16 – dc23
2012017200
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print maynot be available in electronic books.
Front Cover Image: A Malawian girl carries beans back to her village of Murela in the Phalombe Districtwhich is east of Blantyre, Malawi, July 3, 2002. After the droughts and flooding in the last year, half ofthe students stopped going to school because of the ongoing food shortage in the region. The WorldFood Program estimates that 3.2 million people in Malawi alone will be affected before March 2003.© Ami Vitale. www.amivitale.com
Back Cover Image: Red slender loris, Loris tardigradus tardigradus, Sri Lanka © James T. Reardon / ZSL
Cover Design By: Edge Creativewww.edgecreativestudio.com
Set in 9.5/11.5 pt Minion by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
1 2013
Contents
Contributors ixPreface and Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction 1
1. Linking Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Alleviation: What, Whyand Where? 3Dilys Roe, Joanna Elliott, Chris Sandbrook and Matt Walpole
Part I Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Poverty – The Potential forSynergies 19
2. The Potential, Realised and Essential Ecosystem Service Benefits ofBiodiversity Conservation 21Will R. Turner, Katrina Brandon, Thomas M. Brooks, Claude Gascon, HollyK. Gibbs, Keith Lawrence, Russell A. Mittermeier and Elizabeth R. Selig
3. Poverty Reduction and Biodiversity Conservation: Using the Concept ofEcosystem Services to Understand the Linkages 36Heidi Wittmer, Augustin Berghofer and Pavan Sukhdev
4. Dependence of the Poor on Biodiversity: Which Poor, What Biodiversity? 52Bhaskar Vira and Andreas Kontoleon
Part II Biodiversity and Poverty Relationships in Different EcologicalSettings 85
5. Forests, Poverty and Conservation: An Overview of the Issues 87Brian Belcher
6. Biodiversity and Poverty in Coastal Environments 100Jock Campbell and Philip Townsley
7. Linking Biodiversity and Poverty Alleviation in the Drylands – TheConcept of ‘Useful’ Biodiversity 113Michael Mortimore
vi Contents
8. Biodiversity Isn’t Just Wildlife – Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity asa Vital Contribution to Poverty Reduction 127Willy Douma
Part III Poverty Impacts of Different Conservation Interventions 143
9. Does Conserving Biodiversity Work to Reduce Poverty? A State ofKnowledge Review 145Craig Leisher, M. Sanjayan, Jill Blockhus, S. Neil Larsen and AndreasKontoleon
10. Protected Areas – What People Say about Well-Being 160George Holmes and Dan Brockington
11. Species Conservation and Poverty Alleviation – The Case of Great Apesin Africa 173Chris Sandbrook and Dilys Roe
12. Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) andReducing Poverty in Namibia 191Brian T.B. Jones, Anna Davis, Lara Diez and Richard W. Diggle
13. Conservation Enterprise: What Works, Where and for Whom? 206Joanna Elliott and Daudi Sumba
Part IV Distributional and Institutional Issues 223
14. Payments for Environmental Services: Conservation with Pro-PoorBenefits 225Sven Wunder and Jan Borner
15. Pastoralism and Conservation – Who Benefits? 239Katherine Homewood, Pippa Chenevix Trench and Dan Brockington
16. Local Organisations – An Entry Point for Conservation and PovertyReduction 253David H. L. Thomas
17. Poverty Reduction Isn’t Just about Money: Community Perceptions ofConservation Benefits 270Fikret Berkes
Contents vii
Part V Biodiversity and Poverty Relationships in the Context of GlobalChallenges 287
18. Biodiversity, Poverty and Climate Change: New Challenges andOpportunities 289Kathy MacKinnon
19. Conservation in the Anthropocene: Biodiversity, Poverty andSustainability 304William M. Adams
20. Tackling Global Poverty: What Contribution Can Biodiversity and ItsConservation Really Make? 316Dilys Roe, Joanna Elliott, Chris Sandbrook and Matt Walpole
Index 329
Contributors
William M. (Bill) Adams Department of Geography, University of Cambridge,Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK; [email protected]
Brian Belcher Centre for Livelihoods and Ecology, Royal Roads University, 2005Sooke Rd., Victoria, BC V9B 5Y2, Canada; [email protected] for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
Augustin Berghofer Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoser-straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; [email protected]
Fikret Berkes Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3T 2N2, Canada; [email protected]
Jill Blockhus The Nature Conservancy, PO Box 303, Monson, ME 04464, USA;[email protected]
Jan Borner Center for Development Research, University of Bonn, Walter-Flex-Str .3,53113 Bonn, Germany; [email protected]
Katrina Brandon Independent Consultant, Beijing, China; [email protected]
Dan Brockington School of Environment and Development, University ofManchester, Arthur Lewis Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;[email protected]
Thomas M. Brooks NatureServe, 4600 N. Fairfax Dr., 7th Floor, Arlington, VA 22203,USA; [email protected] Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), University of the Philippines, Los Banos, thePhilippinesSchool of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania,Tasmania, Australia
Jock Campbell Integrated Marine Management Ltd, The Innovation Centre, Universityof Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RN, UK; [email protected]
Pippa Chenevix Trench Independent Consultant, Washington D.C., USA;[email protected]
Anna Davis Independent Consultant, Windhoek, Namibia; [email protected]
x Contributors
Lara Diez Nyae Nyae Development Foundation of Namibia (NNDFN), 9 Delius Street,Windhoek, Namibia; [email protected]
Richard W. Diggle World Wildlife Fund, Namibia, PO Box 9681, 19 Lossen Street,Windhoek, Namibia; [email protected]
Willy Douma Hivos, Raamweg 16, 2596 HL The Hague, The Netherlands;[email protected]
Joanna Elliott African Wildlife Foundation, Oxford, UK; [email protected]
Claude Gascon National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1133 Fifteenth St. NW Suite1100, Washington, DC 20005, USA; [email protected]
Holly K. Gibbs Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Department of Geography,Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University ofWisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; [email protected]
George Holmes School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, WoodhouseLane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; [email protected]
Katherine Homewood Department of Anthropology, University College London,Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; [email protected]
Brian T. B. Jones Environment and Development Consultant, Windhoek, Namibia;[email protected]
Andreas Kontoleon University of Cambridge, Department of Land Economy, 19Silver Street, Cambridge CB3 9EP, UK; [email protected]
S. Neil Larsen Independent Consultant, The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, UnitedStates; [email protected]
Keith Lawrence Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington,VA 22202, USA; [email protected]
Craig Leisher The Nature Conservancy, PO Box 303, Monson, ME 04464, USA;[email protected]
Kathy MacKinnon IUCN/World Commission on Protected Areas ConservationScience Group, University of Cambridge, UKIndependent Consultant, Cambridgeshire, UK; [email protected]
Russell A. Mittermeier Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500,Arlington, VA 22202, USA; [email protected]
Michael Mortimore Independent Consultant, Drylands Research, Somerset, UK;[email protected]
Contributors xi
Dilys Roe International Institute for Environment and Development, 80–86 Gray’sInn Road, London WC1X 8 NH, UK; [email protected]
Chris Sandbrook United Nations Environment Programme World ConservationMonitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK;[email protected]
M. Sanjayan The Nature Conservancy, PO Box 303, Monson, ME 04464, USA;[email protected]
Elizabeth R. Selig Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington,VA 22202, USA; [email protected].
Pavan Sukhdev Green Indian States Pvt Ltd, G-175, Palam Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana122017, India; [email protected]
Daudi Sumba African Wildlife Foundation, Ngong Road, Karen, P.O. Box 310, 00502,Nairobi, Kenya; [email protected]
David H.L. Thomas BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, CambridgeCB3 0NA, UK; [email protected]
Philip Townsley Integrated Marine Management Ltd, The Innovation Centre,University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RN, UK; [email protected]
Will Turner Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive Suite 500, Arlington, VA22202, USA; [email protected]
Bhaskar Vira Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place,Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK; [email protected]
Matt Walpole United Nations Environment Programme World ConservationMonitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK;[email protected]
Heidi Wittmer Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr, 15,04318 Leipzig, Germany; [email protected]
Sven Wunder Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Rua doRussel, 450/sala 601, Bairro: Gloria, CEP: 22.210-010, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;[email protected]
Preface and Acknowledgements
The links between environment and development have long been discussed, but onlyrecently has this discussion focussed specifically on the possible links between biodi-versity conservation and poverty alleviation. In 2002, the Convention on BiologicalDiversity (CBD) adopted a target ‘‘to achieve by 2010 a significant reduction of the cur-rent rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level as a contributionto poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on earth’’. The ‘‘2010 Target’’ was notmet and it is clear that biodiversity loss is continuing apace–but even if conservationefforts were successful, would this really contribute to poverty alleviation? There is adiversity of opinion as to the nature and scale of biodiversity conservation, povertyalleviation links and the most appropriate mechanisms that can help to maximisethem. Also, many generalisations and assumptions are made about these links. Toexplore the current state of knowledge and to challenge some of the prevailing mythsand assumptions, a 2-day symposium titled ‘Linking biodiversity conservation andpoverty alleviation: what, why and how?’ was organised at the Zoological Society ofLondon (ZSL) in April 2010 by the editors of this book. This book is based on thepresentations made during that symposium.
First and foremost, the editors would like to thank all the presenters at the meetingand the authors of the chapters contained in this book, for the care, rigour andpatience with which they carried out their work. We are grateful to ZSL for hostingthis meeting, and for the support offered throughout the organisation of the meetingand the development of this book. Joy Hayward and Linda Da Volls deserve a specialmention for their dedication and the countless hours they worked to ensure thesuccessful delivery of this event. We would like to thank Jon Hutton (UNEP-WCMC),Nigel Leader-Williams (University of Cambridge) and Matthew Hatchwell (WildlifeConservation Society) for expertly chairing sessions during the symposium. A thankyou also goes to Bill Adams (University of Cambridge), Willy Douma (Hivos),Katrina Brandon (Conservation International), Steve Bass (International Institute forEnvironment and Development [IIED]) and Jayant Sarnaik (Applied EnvironmentalResearch Foundation) who were engaging panellists in the closing session of thesymposium. Finally, a mention goes to award winners from the Equator Initiativeand everyone else who prepared and presented a poster during the symposium. Eventhough the posters have not been included in the present book, the poster sessionswere a valuable and highly appreciated feature of the symposium.
